可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞

可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞●Unit1NounsandNounPhrases●1.1kindsofnouns●wordformation構(gòu)詞法:Simple簡單名詞,compound復(fù)合名詞andderivativenouns派生名詞●lexicalmeaning詞匯意義:Proper專有名詞andcommonnouns普通名詞Propernouns專有名詞:France,Madrid,TomCommonnouns普通名詞分為四大類：●1.collectivenoun集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱。eg:family,team,cattle,police●2.individualnoun個(gè)體名詞：表示單個(gè)的人或事物。eg.boy,house,tiger,insect●3.abstractnouns抽象名詞：表示抽象的概念。eg:glory,honesty,failure,education●4.materialnoun物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。eg:water,air,bread,rice●andgrammaticalform語法意義:Countablenouns,uncountablenounsandnounsthatcanbecountableanduncountable●1.2functionofnouns●1.Thesubjectofverb:Tomarrived.●2.作補(bǔ)語Thecomplementofthesubjectbe,become,seem:Tomisanactor.Thecomplementoftheobjectcall:WecallherMissWang●3.作賓語Theobjectofaverb:IsawTom.Theobjectofapreposition:IspoketoTom.●4.作同位語:Thesmalldesksandchairsareforusstudents.●5.Anouncanalsobeinthepossessivecase:Tom’sbooks.●6.稱呼語Helen,openthedoor.●7.作副詞Shewaslatethreetimesthisweek.●2.NumberofNouns(名詞的數(shù))●英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(singular)和復(fù)數(shù)(plural)兩種形式,表示一個(gè)人或事物用單數(shù)形式,表示一個(gè)以上的人或事物用復(fù)數(shù)形式。名詞的單數(shù)形式就是詞典上所出現(xiàn)的形式,沒有變化,如:apen,abed,aroom,anEnglishbook?！衩~復(fù)數(shù)形式有著規(guī)則的(Regularplurals)與不規(guī)則的(Irregularplurals)變化形式，以及復(fù)合名詞(compoundnouns)特殊的變化形式。●2.1Regularplurals●1.Thepluralofanounusuallybyadding–stothesingular:day-days,dog-dogs,house-houses“-s”ispronounced/s/afterap,korfsound.Otherwiseitispronounced/z/.When-sisplacedafter-ce,-ge,-se,or-zeanextrasyllable(/IZ/)isaddedtothespokenword.●2.Nounsendingin–o,–s,-ch,-sh,-ss,or-xformtheirpluralbyadding-es:tomato-tomatoes,brush-brushes,box-boxes,church-churches,class-classes●whenesisplacedafter-ch,-sh,-ssor--xanextrasyllable(/IZ/)isaddedtothespokenword.Andafter–o,-esispronounced/Z/.●Notes:●1.如果詞尾的ch發(fā)k音，要加-s,e.g.monarch君主,stomach,patriarch族長,epoch●2.但是有些以字母o結(jié)尾的外來詞或縮寫詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加-s，如果o前面的是元音字母，也只加-s。e.g.:alto男高音，folio對開紙,cuckoo,radio,bamboo●3.Nounsendinginyfollowingaconsonant（輔音）formtheirpluralbydroppingthe-yandadding-ies:baby-babies,country-countries,lady-ladies,fly-flies(例外:stand-bys)●Nounsendinginyfollowingavowel（元音）formtheirpluralbyadding–s:boy-boys,day—days,donkey-donkeys(詞尾為quy時(shí)，變y為i再加-es，如soliloquy,colloquy●4.14nounsendinginforfedroptheforfeandaddves.Thesenounsarecalf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,elf,housewifeloaf-loaves,wife-wives,wolf-wolvesetc.scarf,wharf,staff,dwarf,handkerchief,hoof,可以加-s或-ves.Otherwordsendinginforfeaddsintheordinaryway:cliff-cliffs,safe-safes●2.2Irregularplurals●1.Afewnounsformtheirpluralbyavowelchange改變元音:foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women,goose-geese,man-men,tooth-teethThepluralsofchildandoxarechildren,oxen.●2.Somenounsdonotchangeintheplural:deer-deer,sheep-sheep,Chinese-Chinese,直接從漢語譯音的名詞一般無復(fù)數(shù)，但要用斜體，e.g.:li,dan,mu,renminbi,yuan,liang●3.Certainwordsarealwaysplural:clothes,trousers,barracks,series,species,etc.●4.Collectivenouns,crew,family,team,etc.,cantakeasingularorpluralverb;singularifweconsiderthewordtomeanasinglegrouporunit:Ourteamisthebest.orpluralifwetakeittomeananumberofindividuals:Ourteamarewearingtheirnewjerseys（運(yùn)動衫).●5.crisis類，將-sis換成-ses，如thesis,analysis,diagnosis;●datum類，將-tum換成-ta，如stratum,medium;●criterion類，將-on換成-a，如phenomenon;●plateau類，將-u換成-ux，如adieu;●nucleus類，將-us換成-i，如cactus,focus,fungus●2.3Compoundnouns●1.Normallythelastwordismadeplural:boy-friends,break-ins,travelagentsButwheremanandwomanisprefixedbothpartsaremadeplural:mendrivers,womendoctors●2.Thefirstwordismadepluralwithcompoundsformedofverb+ernouns+adverbs:hangers-on（奉迎者）,lookers-on,runners-up（亞軍隊(duì)）andwithcompoundscomposedofnoun+preposition+noun:ladies-in-waiting（侍女）,sisters-in-law,●2.4Nounsthatcanbecountableanduncountable●advice(勸告)--advices(通知)●green(綠色)--greens(青菜)●air(空氣)--airs(神氣)●good(好事)--goods(貨物)●arm(手臂)--arms(武器)●iron(鐵)--irons(鐐銬)●brain(腦)--brains(智力)●look(看)--looks(外表)●Authority（權(quán)威)--authorities(當(dāng)局)●pain(疼痛)--pains(努力)●cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)●paper(紙)--papers(文件)●condition(情況)--conditions(條件)●regard(尊敬)--regards(問候)●content(內(nèi)容)--contents(目錄)●time(時(shí)間)--times(時(shí)代)●custom(風(fēng)俗)--customs(海關(guān))●water(水)--waters(水域)●force(力量)--forces(軍隊(duì))●work(工作)--works(作品)●glass(玻璃)--glasses(眼鏡)●2.5Numberformsofpropernouns●Propernounsareuniqueinreferenceandthereforehavenopluralforms,exceptforsuchpropernamesastheUnitedStates,thePhilipines,theNetherlands,etcwhicharethemselvespluralinform.●Whenapropernountakesapluralending,ittakesonsomecharacteristicsofacommonnoun,eg:HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns?TherearetwoMissSmiths/MissesSmithinourclass.●3.Partitives單位詞●Partitives,alsocalledunitnouns,arecommonlyusedtodenoteapartofawhole整體的一部分orthequantityofanundifferentiatedmass未分化物質(zhì)的數(shù)量.Bothcountandnoncountnounscanenterpartitiveconstructions單位詞結(jié)構(gòu).Withpluralcountnouns,partitiveconstructionscandenotetheideaof"agroup","apack",etc.Withnoncountnouns,suchconstructionscanachievecountability.●1)Generalpartitives一般表示個(gè)數(shù)的單位詞●apieceofadvice●abitoftrouble●anitemofnews●anarticleoffurniture●severalpiecesofbread●threeitemsofnews●2)Partitivesrelatedtotheshapeofthings表示形狀的單位詞●acakeofsoap一塊肥皂●abarofchocolate●twoears穗ofcorn●tenheadofcattle/cabbage●要表示“?！钡念^數(shù)，可借助head(頭)這個(gè)詞。如：tenheadofcattle(10頭牛)，fortyheadofcattle(40頭牛)等，這些表達(dá)中的headof也可省略，即可說tencattle,fortycattle等，但是我們通常不說onecattle,而應(yīng)說成oneheadofcattle,因?yàn)閏attle是一個(gè)表復(fù)數(shù)意義的集合名詞。同時(shí)應(yīng)注意：以上各例中的head(頭)是一個(gè)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，所以沒用heads這樣的形式?！?)Partitivesrelatedtovolume表示容積的單位詞●abottleofink/oil●twobowlsofrice●severalpailsofwater●aglassofbeer●4)Partitivesrelatedtothestateofaction表示動作狀態(tài)的單位詞●Theuseofthesepartitivesislimitedtocertainsetphrases,eg:afit突然發(fā)作,一陣ofanger/coughing/laughter/feverapeal隆隆聲ofapplause/laughter/thunderaflash一瞬間ofhope/light/lightningadisplay表現(xiàn)ofcourage/force/power/skill/fireworks●5)Partitivesdenotingpairs,groups,flocks,etc表示成雙、成組、成群的單位詞●apairofshoes/scissors/trousers●aflock(禽、畜等的)群ofbirds/chickens/sheep/goats●aherd牧群ofelephants/cattle●aswarm蜂群,一大群ofbees/flies/animals/people●atroupe一群一伙或一群ofactors●agang(一)伙,(一)群ofhooligans小流氓/criminals●apack<貶>一群oflies/cards/thieves●abenchofjudges●4.Genitive名詞屬格●CASE格isagrammaticalcategory.Itdenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinasentence.4.1genitive4.2of+noun4.3independentgenitive4.4doublegenitive●4.1Genitive●4.1.1Formation,●4.1.2meanings●4.1.3andusesofgenitivenouns●4.1.1Formationofgenitivenouns●Rulesofformationareasfollows:●a)Thegenitiveisformedinwritingbyadding'stosingularnounsandtothosepluralnounsthatdonotendin-s,eg:●mymother'sarrival●women'sclothes●b)Pluralnounsendingin–stakesanapostrophe撇號asagenitivemarker,eg:thegirls’dormitoryateachers'college●c)Incompoundnouns復(fù)合名詞orapostmodifiednounphrase有后置限定詞的名詞詞組,thegenitiveendingisaddedtotheendofthecompoundortotheendofthenounphrase,eg:●mymother-in-law'sdeath●anhourandahalf'stalk●somebodyelse'sopinion●theUniversityofMinnesota'sstudent●d)Incoordinatenouns并列名詞,thegenitiveendingisaddedtoeachofthecoordinateelementswhendenotingrespectivepossession,andonlytothelastcoordinateelementwhendenotingcommonpossession.Compare:Mary'sandBob'sbooksMaryandBob'sbooks●e)Intheconstructionof"nounphrase+appositive同位語",thegenitiveendingisaddedtotheendoftheappositive.Itcanalsobeaddedbothtotheendofthenounphraseandtotheappositive.Baselthebookseller'sBasel's,thebookseller's●4.1.2Meaningsofgenitivenouns●Thegenitiveischieflyusedtodenote“possession”,andtherefore,istraditionallycalled“possessivecase所有格".Butgenitivemeaningsarebynomeansrestrictedtopossession.Theycanbesummedupasfollows:●a)Possessivegenitive表示所有關(guān)系,eg:MrBrown'ssuitcasehasbeentakenupstairs.TaiwanispartofChina'sterritory.●b)Subjectivegenitive表示主謂關(guān)系,eg:ThePrimeMinister'sarrivalwasreportedinthemorningpaper.EverybodywaspleasedatDavid'squickrecoveryfromillness.●c)Objectivegenitive表示動賓關(guān)系,eg:Theenemy'sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.Thecriminal'spunishmentwillbetenyearsinprison.●d)Genitiveoforigin表示來源,eg:Ihaven'treceivedmysister'sletteryet.Newton'slawwasdevelopedinthe17thcentury.●e)Descriptivegenitive表示類別,eg:Ifirstmetheronasummer'sday.Thisworkshopmakesmen'sshoes.●f)Genitiveoftime,distance,measure,value,etc表示時(shí)間、度量、價(jià)值等,eg:twohours'delay300kilometres'distancefivedollars'worthofstamps50kilograms'weight●4.1.3Usesofgenitivenouns●Genitivenounsaremostlyusedascentraldeterminers中位限定詞andthereforeperformthesamefunctionas“possessivedeterminers物主限定詞“(traditionallycalled"possessivepronouns"),eg:●theboy'sfather=hisfather●thewoman'shusband=herhusband●thestudents'essays=theiressays●theprimeminister'sarrival=his/herarrival●thecriminal'spunishment=his/herpunishment●Mary'sletter=herletter●thestranger'sstory=hisstory●Ascentraldeterminer中位限定詞,genitivenounscan‘tcollocatewithothercentraldeterminers,norcantheybeprecededbyapremodifier前置限定詞.Forinstance,wecansay"Mary'sletter",butnot"aMary'sletter;wecansay"Mary'sinterestingletter"insteadof"interestingMary'sletter.●This,however,doesnotapplytosomeothergenitivenounssuchasthedescriptivegenitive表示類別的屬格andthegenitivethatdenotestime,distance,valueormeasure表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)值、度量的屬格.Thesegenitivenounsarenotusedasdeterminersbutaspremodifiersinthenounphrase,eg:achildren'sbookthesechildren'sbooksaninterestingchildren'ssomeothernewchildren'sbooksthenewlypublishedchildren'sbooka/anotherthreedays'journeyapleasantthreedays'journeyanotherveryboringthreedays'journey●4.2of+noun所有格的用法●1、用于無生命的東西e.g.therocketofthespaceshuttle●2、用于名詞化的形容詞eg.thehappinessoftheold●3、名詞的修飾語較多時(shí)eg.theverylongandgracefultailoftheoldblackcat.●Ascentraldeterminer,genitivenounsaresometimesinterchangeablewithof-phrases,eg:●Possessivegenitive：China'sforeignpolicy=theforeignpolicyofChinaanelephant'strunk=thetrunkofanelephant●Subjectivegenitive：theprimeminister'sarrival=arrivaloftheprimeminister●Objectivegenitive:thecriminal'spunishment=punishmentofthecriminal●Genitiveoforigin:Newton'slaw=thelawofNewtonShakespeare'stragedies=thetragediesofShakespeare●Butinsomecases,wecanonlyusegenitivenounsinsteadofof-phrases,eg:1)children’spictorial●men’sclothing2)atswords'points劍拔弩張●ahair‘sbreadth間不容發(fā)●awolfinsheep'sclothing●abird‘s-eyeview鳥瞰●atastone‘sthrow一箭之遙●Insomeothercases,however,wecanonlyuseof-phrasesinsteadofgenitivenouns,eg:1)theopinionofthechairmanappointedamonthagothesuggestionsofthosepresentatthemeeting2)theincomeoftherichthestruggleoftheexploited（被剝削者）3)theCityofRome●4.3Independentgenitive獨(dú)立屬格●1)Independentgenitiveisused:●a)whenthemissingnounhasoccurredsomewhereinthecontextandcanbeeasilyretrieved:Hermemoryislikeanelephant's.Mary'sisthelargestapartmentinthebuilding.●b)whenthemissingnounreferstosomebody'shouseorresidence:I'mgoingtodineatmybrother's.Thedoctor'sisontheothersideofthestreet.●c)whenthemissingnounreferstochurch,school,orotherpublicbuildings:JoelivesnearSt.Paul's(Cathedral)inLondon.HewaseducatedatMerchantTaylor's(school).●d)whenthemissingnounreferstocommercialfirms:Pickledvegetablesareavailableatthegrocer's.ChinesetoysaresoldbothatSmith'sandatBrown's.●4.4Doublegenitive雙重屬格Heisafriendofmyfather's.=Heisoneofmyfather'sfriends.Thisisapaintingofmyroommate's.=Thisisoneofthepaintingsownedbymyroommate.SheisabusinessclientofSirRoger's.=SheisoneofSirRoger'sbusinessclients.●Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanseethattheindependentgenitive獨(dú)立屬格intheof-phrasemustbedefinitespecificpersonalreference確定特指的，一般指人.●Semantically,adoublegenitiveisdifferentfromanordinaryof-phrase.Compare:●Heis