第四章 提單相關法律

Chapter4LawsConcerningBillofLading2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU2BriefingObjectives（教學目的）Tograsp（掌握）InternationalconventionsconcerningB/L（有關提單的國際公約）CertainconceptsResponsibilitiesandobligationsofthepartiesLimitationoftheCarriers’liabilitiesCertainprovisionsinChineseMaritimeCode（中國海商法的部分條款）BackclauseofB/L（提單的背面條款）TofamiliarwithOtherprovisions2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU3BriefingDifficultpoints（難點）Responsibilities&obligationsoftheparties（當事人的責任）LimitationoftheCarriers’liabilities（承運人的責任限制）Primafacie&exclusiveevidence（初步證據(jù)和最終證據(jù)）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU4ContentsInternationalconventions（國際公約）HagueRules（海牙規(guī)則）Hague-VisbyRules（海牙維斯比規(guī)則）HamburgRules（漢堡規(guī)則）RotterdamRules（鹿特丹規(guī)則）Domesticlaws（國內法）CMC（中國海商法）BackClausesofBillofLading（提單背面條款）HagueRulesDenHaag海牙Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹Rotterdam鹿特丹2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU6HagueRulesInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawrelatingtoBillsofLading,1924

BackgroundCommonLaw(theUK)（英國普通法）CarriersimpliedguaranteeSeaworthiness(absolute)duedispatchNounreasonabledeviationCauseandeffectbetweenseaworthinessandlossordamagetogoods.（因果關系）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU7BackgroundHartAct,1893(theU.S.)（美國哈特法）CarriersimplytoguaranteeSeaworthiness(relative)duedispatchNounreasonabledeviationHagueRulesNocauseandeffectbetweenseaworthinessandlossordamagetogoods.（不強調因果關系）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU8TheOriginoftheRules1921,adoptionofthedraft10,1923,Brussels,completingthecodificationoftheRules1924,UKCOGSA25th.Aug.1924,Brussels,officialadoptionoftheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawrelatingtoBillsofLadingHagueRules16articlesinclude10substantialarticlesand6proceduralarticles（16條，其中10挑實質性條款）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU9Art.1Definitions（定義條款）“carrier”（承運人）theowner（船舶所有人）thecharterer

（租船人）“contractofcarriage”appliesonlytobillofladinganysimilardocumentoftitle,includinganybillofladingoranysimilardocumentissuedunderorpursuanttoacharter-partyHagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU10HagueRulesArt.1Definitions“goods”（貨物）includesgoods,wares,merchandiseandarticlesofeverykindwhatsoever,exceptLiveanimals（活動物）On-deckcargo（艙面貨）“ship”meansanyvesselusedforthecarriageofgoodsbywater;“carriageofgoods”（貨物運輸）theperiodfromthetimewhenthegoodsareloadedontothetimetheyaredischargedfromtheship.（裝上船到卸離船）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU11Art.3Carriers’responsibilitiesandObligations（承運人的責任與義務）1.Thecarriershallbebound,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,toexerciseduediligenceto

(a)maketheshipseaworthy;（使船舶適航）(b)properlyman,equipandsupplytheship;（配備船員、裝備船舶、配備供應品）(c)maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.（使貨艙適貨）HagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU122.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleIV,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefully（承運人應妥善而謹慎地）Load（裝載）Handle（搬運）Stow（積載）Carry（運送）Keep（保管）carefor（照料）dischargethegoodscarried（卸載）

HagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU13HagueRules3.Afterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,orthemasteroragentofthecarrier,shall,ondemandoftheshipper,issuetotheshipperabilloflading(a)Theleadingmarksnecessaryforidentificationofthegoods（貨物標志）(b)Eitherthenumberofpackagesorpieces,orthequantity,orweight（包數(shù)或件數(shù)或數(shù)量或重量）(c)Theapparentorderandconditionofthegoods（貨物的外表狀況）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU144.Suchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidence

ofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescribedinaccordancewithparagraph3(a),(b)and(c).（提單記載的表面證據(jù)）Exclusiveevidence?（最終證據(jù)）HagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU15HagueRulesArt.4RightsandImmunities（權利與豁免）1.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthinessunlesscausedbywantofduediligenceonthepartofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy,andtosecurethattheshipisproperlymanned,equippedandsupplied,andtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarriedfitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraph1ofArticleIII.不論承運人或船舶，對于因不適航所引起的滅失或損壞，都不負責，除非造成的原因是由于承運人未按第三條第1款的規(guī)定，克盡職責；使船舶適航；保證適當?shù)嘏鋫浯瑔T、裝備和供應該船，以及使貨艙、冷藏艙和該船的其它裝貨處所能適宜并安全地收受、運送和保管貨物。凡由于船舶不適航所引起的滅失和損害，對于已克盡職責的舉證責任，應由根據(jù)本條規(guī)定要求免責的承運人或其他人承擔。

HagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU17HagueRules2.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom

(a)act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,mariner,pilotortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship;（航行疏忽免責）(b)fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier;（火災）(c)perils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;（海難）(d)actofGod;（天災）(e)actofwar;

（戰(zhàn)爭行為）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU18HagueRules(f)actofpublicenemies;（公敵行為）(g)arrestorrestraintofprinces,rulersorpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;（君主、當權者或人民的扣留或管制，或依法扣押）(h)quarantinerestrictions;（檢疫限制）(i)actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,hisagentorrepresentative;（托運人或貨主、其代理人或代表的行為或不行為）HagueRules(j)strikesorlock-outsorstoppageorrestraintoflabourfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral;（不論由于任何原因所引起的局部或全面罷工、關廠停止或限制工作）(k)riotsandcivilcommotions;（暴動和騷亂）(l)savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;（救助或企圖救助海上人命或財產）(m)wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,qualityorviceofthegoods;（由于貨物的固有缺點、質量或缺陷引起的體積或重量虧損，或任何其它滅失或損壞）2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU20HagueRules(n)insufficiencyofpacking;（包裝不充分）(o)insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;（標志不清或不當）(p)latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;（雖克盡職責亦不能發(fā)現(xiàn)的潛在缺點）(q)anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrier,orwithoutthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.非由于承運人的實際過失或私謀，或者承運人的代理人，或雇傭人員的過失或疏忽所引起的其它任何原因；但是要求引用這條免責利益的人應負責舉證，證明有關的滅失或損壞既非由于承運人的實際過失或私謀，亦非承運人的代理人或雇傭人員的過失或疏忽所造成；2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU22HagueRules4.AnydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeaninfringementorbreachoftheseRulesorofthecontractofcarriage,andthecarriershallnotbeliableforanylossordamageresultingtherefrom.

Reasonabledeviation?FortheinterestsofboththecarriersandshippersUnreasonabledeviation?Forthecarriers’interestonly2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU23Limitationofcarriers’liability（責任限制）Art.4.5Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnexionwithgoodsinanamountexceeding100poundssterlingperpackageorunit,ortheequivalentofthatsuminothercurrency

unlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading.HagueRules承運人或是船舶，在任何情況下對貨物或與貨物有關的滅失或損害，每件或每計費單位超過一百英鎊或與其等值的其他貨幣的部分，都不負責；但托運人于裝貨前已就該項貨物的性質和價值提出聲明，并已在提單中注明的，不在此限2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU25HagueRulesArt.4.6Dangerousgoods（危險貨物）Goodsofaninflammable,explosiveordangerousnaturetotheshipmentwhereofthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierhasnotconsentedwithknowledgeoftheirnatureandcharacter,

mayatanytimebeforedischargebelandedatanyplace,ordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutcompensation2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU26HagueRulesthe

shipperofsuchgoodsshallbeliableforalldamageandexpensesdirectlyorindirectlyarisingoutoforresultingfromsuchshipment.Ifanysuchgoodsshippedwithsuchknowledgeandconsentshallbecomeadangertotheshiporcargo,theymayinlikemannerbelandedatanyplace,ordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutliabilityonthepartofthecarrierexcepttogeneralaverage,ifany.2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU27HagueRulesAnyclause,covenant,oragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlossordamageto,orinconnexionwith,goodsarisingfromnegligence,fault,orfailureinthedutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisArticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanasprovidedinthisConvention,shallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.Abenefitofinsuranceinfavourofthecarrierorsimilarclauseshallbedeemedtobeaclauserelievingthecarrierfromliability.2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU28Art.3.6TimebarUnlessnoticeoflossordamageandthegeneralnatureofsuchlossordamagebegiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliverythereofunderthecontractofcarriage,or,ifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.HagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU29HagueRulesThenoticeinwritingneednot

begivenifthestateofthegoodshas,atthetimeoftheirreceipt,beenthesubjectofjointsurveyorinspection.Inanyevent

thecarrierandtheshipshallbedischargedfromallliabilityinrespectoflossordamageunlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearafterdeliveryofthegoodsorthedatewhenthegoodsshouldhavebeendelivered.2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU30HagueRulesArt.10ApplicationoftheRulesTheprovisionsofthisConventionshallapplytoallbillsofladingissuedinanyofthecontractingStates.2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU31DisadvantagesoftheRulesMoreattentiontocarriers’interestUnbalancedallocationoftheriskUn-uniformofinterpretationNotapplicabletocontainercarriageLowlimitationofliabilityShorttimebarHagueRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU322024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU33ProtocoltoAmendtheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoBillofLadingHague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU34Hague-VisbyRulesBackgroundTwoopinionsofmodification

Cargoowners’opinionTotalmodificationAbolishingvague,unreasonableclausesDevelopedshippingcountries’opinionCompromisebothparties’opinionPartialmodificationandamendment2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU35HistoryJune,1963draftofprotocolbyCMIofUNCTADtomaritimelawconference23rd,Feb.1968,Brussels,adoptionofRulesDuringtheconference,representativesvisitedthecityofVisby17articlesincluding6substantialclausesHague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU362024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU372024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU38AmendmenttoHagueRulesEffectofProofofBillofLadingPrimaFacieEvidenceSuchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescribedinaccordancewithparagraph3(a),(b)and(c).

--Art.3.4,HagueRulesHague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU39AmendmenttoHagueRulesEffectofProofofBillofLadingExclusiveEvidenceHowever,prooftothecontraryshallnotbeadmissiblewhenthebillofladinghasbeentransferredtoathirdpartyactingingoodfaith.

--Art.3.4,Hague-VisbyRulesHague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU40Limitationofcarriers’liability(a)Unlessthenatureandvalue

ofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwiththegoodsinanamountexceeding10,000monetaryunits

perpackage

orunitor30monetaryunits

perkilogrammeofgrossweight

ofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU41(c)Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thenumberofpackagesorunitsenumeratedinthebillofladingaspackedinsucharticleoftransportshallbedeemedthenumberofpackagesorunitsforthepurposeofthisparagraphasfarasthesepackagesorunitsareconcerned.Exceptasaforesaidsucharticleoftransportshallbeconsideredthepackageorunit.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU42Hague-VisbyRulesThemonetaryunitreferredtointheprecedingsentencecorrespondsto65.5milligrammesofgoldofmillesimalfineness900.(e)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinthisparagraphifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewithintenttocausedamage,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU43ApplicationofDefensesandLimitsofLiability(HymalayaClause)ThedefencesandlimitsofliabilityprovidedforintheseRulesshallapplyinanyactionagainstthecarrierinrespectoflossordamagetogoodscoveredbyacontractofcarriagewhethertheactionbefounded

incontractorintort.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU44Applicationofdefencesandlimitsofliability(HymalayaClause)Ifsuchanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrier(suchservantoragentnotbeinganindependentcontractor),suchservantoragentshallbeentitledtoavailhimselfofthedefencesandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrierisentitledtoinvokeundertheseRules.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU45TimeBarSubjecttoparagraph6bisthecarrierandtheshipshallinanyeventbedischargedfromallliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofthegoods,unlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.Thisperiodmay,however,beextendedifthepartiessoagreeafterthecauseofactionhasarisen.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU46AnactionforindemnityagainstathirdpersonmaybebroughtevenaftertheexpirationoftheyearprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphifbroughtwithinthetimeallowedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.However,thetimeallowedshallbenotlessthanthreemonths,commencingfromthedaywhenthepersonbringingsuchactionforindemnityhassettledtheclaimorhasbeenservedwithprocessintheactionagainsthimself.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU47ApplicationoftheRulesTheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallapplytoeverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentStatesif:

(a)thebillofladingisissuedinaContractingState,or(b)thecarriageisfromaportinaContractingState,or(c)thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbythebillofladingprovidesthattheseRulesorlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract,whatevermaybethenationalityoftheship,thecarrier,theshipper,theconsignee,oranyotherinterestedperson.Hague-VisbyRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU48HamburgRulesBackgroundChangesinpoliticalandeconomicaspects3rdWorld’sunsatisfactionwiththemodificationandamendmentofVisbyRulestoHagueRules 2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU49OriginoftheRulesUNCTAD&UNCITRALMay,1976,UNCITRALdraftedtheRulesMar.1978,Hamburg,adoptionoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySea,1978HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU50CharacteristicsReservationofsomereasonablecontentsThoroughmodificationtoHagueRulesEnlargingthecarriers’responsibilitiesandliabilities“Completeliabilitysystembasedonfault”7chapterswith34articles。HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU51Definitions"Carrier"

anypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper."Actualcarrier"

anypersontowhomtheperformanceofthecarriageofthegoods,orofpartofthecarriage,hasbeenentrustedbythecarrier,andincludesanyotherpersontowhomsuchperformancehasbeenentrusted.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU52"Shipper"anypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithacarrier,oranypersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfthegoodsareactuallydeliveredtothecarrierinrelationtothecontractofcarriagebysea."Consignee"thepersonentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoods.

HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU53"Goods"liveanimalswherethegoodsareconsolidatedinacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportorwheretheyarepacked,goodsincludessucharticleoftransportorpackagingifsuppliedbytheshipper.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU54"Contractofcarriagebysea"

anycontractwherebythecarrierundertakesagainstpaymentoffreighttocarrygoodsbyseafromoneporttoanother;however,acontractwhichinvolvescarriagebyseaandalsocarriagebysomeothermeansisdeemedtobeacontractofcarriagebyseaforthepurposesofthisConventiononlyinsofarasitrelatestothecarriagebysea.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU55案例一：

1996年4月12日，物資公司與E&B公司簽訂一份購買1000噸丙酮的買賣合同，約定CFR寧波每噸545美元，合同價款54.5萬美元，允許短裝5％。4月28日，丙酮裝上“BowSky”輪，船長簽發(fā)了OdfjellTankersKs公司的提單，收貨人由通知方中國外運指示，起運港為南非德班港，目的港為中國寧波港。5月2日，英之杰公司出具檢驗報告，表明裝入“BowSky”輪上所載貨物駛往中國港口。6月3日，貨物轉船至韓國三富公司所屬“奧林匹亞三富”輪運往目的港，經經驗高錳酸鉀反應試驗的指標低于120。6月27日，“奧林匹亞三富”輪抵達寧波港。經寧波商檢局檢驗，丙酮數(shù)量為931.054噸，高錳酸鉀反應試驗的指標仍低于120。物資公司收貨后，賠付下家違約金2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU56

278110.75元并削價處理了該批貨物。物資公司以合法的提單持有人的身份向寧波海事法院起訴，索賠貨差損失、違約金損失、市場差價損失、儲罐費及利息損失等。 被告辯稱：原告所持正本提單是一程船“BowSky”輪船長簽發(fā)的全程聯(lián)運提單，被告是分段承運人，從未向貨方簽發(fā)過提單，其與原告之間沒有法律關系。在中途港，貨從“BowSky”卸下前相關指標就已經不合要求，貨物少量短卸。被告對貨物污損和短少不負責任。 本案經海事法院主持調解，雙方自愿達成和解協(xié)議而結案。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU57案例二：

1993年，中國出口商A以FOB價格向美國進口商B銷售一批蔬菜。B公司向船公司C訂艙后，通知A公司將貨物裝到C公司指定的船上。C公司又將貨物轉交給了船公司D。 貨物裝船后，C公司向A公司簽發(fā)了提單。該提單載明托運人為A公司，運費到付。船公司D也向C公司簽發(fā)了提單，載明托運人和收貨人都是C公司，運費預付。但是實際上C公司并未向D公司支付運費。 貨物抵達目的港后，發(fā)現(xiàn)已經變質，不能商銷。美國進口商拒絕提貨并拒絕支付運費。D公司不得不將貨物全部銷毀，并支付了巨額的費用。

D公司在中國起訴C公司，要求C公司支付未付的預付運費和在目的港銷毀貨物的費用。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU58

C公司要求將A公司列為被告或第三人參加訴訟，并主張A公司應向D公司支付運費和銷毀費用。其認為：（1）A公司是提單上記名的托運人，依法應付運費；（2）A公司依法應承擔在目的港的銷毀費用。

A公司抗辯：（1）貨物以FOB成交，雖然提單載明A公司為托運人，但B公司也為托運人。（2）B公司作為收貨人，有義務支付到付運費。（3）托運人對收貨人拒絕提貨造成的損失不承擔責任。 法院判決B公司支付運費和銷毀費用。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU59Periodofresponsibility－Art.4.11.TheresponsibilityofthecarrierforthegoodsunderthisConventioncoverstheperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoodsattheportofloading,duringthecarriageandattheportofdischarge.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU60Periodofresponsibility－Art.4.12.Forthepurposeofparagraph1ofthisarticle,thecarrierisdeemedtobeinchargeofthegoods

(a)fromthetimehehastakenoverthegoodsfrom:

(i)theshipper,orapersonactingonhisbehalf;or(ii)anauthorityorotherthirdpartytowhom,pursuanttolaworregulationsapplicableattheportofloading,thegoodsmustbehandedoverforshipment;HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU61(b)untilthetimehehasdeliveredthegoods:

(i)byhandingoverthegoodstotheconsignee;or(ii)incaseswheretheconsigneedoesnotreceivethegoodsfromthecarrier,byplacingthematthedisposaloftheconsigneeinaccordancewiththecontractorwiththelaworwiththeusageoftheparticulartrade,applicableattheportofdischarge;or(iii)byhandingoverthegoodstoanauthorityorotherthirdpartytowhom,pursuanttolaworregulationsapplicableattheportofdischarge,thegoodsmustbehandedover.

HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU62Basisofliability－Art.5.1Thecarrierisliableforlossresultingfromlossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasfromdelayindelivery,iftheoccurrencewhichcausedtheloss,damageordelaytookplacewhilethegoodswereinhischargeasdefinedinarticle4,unlessthecarrierprovesthathe,hisservantsoragentstookallmeasuresthatcouldreasonablyberequiredtoavoidtheoccurrenceanditsconsequences.“CompleteLiabilitySystemBasedonFault”HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU63Delayindelivery－Art.5.2Delayindeliveryoccurswhenthegoodshavenotbeendeliveredattheportofdischargeprovidedforinthecontractofcarriagebyseawithinthetimeexpresslyagreeduponor,intheabsenceofsuchagreement,withinthetimewhichitwouldbereasonabletorequireofadiligentcarrier,havingregardtothecircumstancesofthecase.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU64Thepersonentitledtomakeaclaimfor

thelossofgoodsmaytreatthegoodsaslost

iftheyhavenotbeendeliveredasrequiredbyarticle4within60consecutivedays

followingtheexpiryofthetimefordeliveryaccordingtoparagraph2ofthisarticle.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU65貨物未能在60天內交付，收貨人可以：

1.接受貨物，并向承運人提出延遲交付索賠 （1）市場差價 （2）利息損失 （3）停工停產的損失

2.拒絕接受貨物，并向承運人提出全損索賠 此時索賠的并不是價格差額，而是按市場價格計算的貨物的全部價值。HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU66案例：

1992年10月30日和1993年2月3日，我國某五礦公司與羅馬尼亞A公司簽訂兩份買賣合同，分別約定購買1萬噸線材和1萬噸角鋼。

1993年1月16日五礦公司又與另一羅馬尼亞公司簽訂不買2012噸不同規(guī)格扁鋼的買賣合同。

1993年3月23日至4月12日，兩羅馬尼亞公司在羅馬尼亞康斯坦薩港將貨物裝上“柯茲亞”輪。船長簽發(fā)了1號和2號提單。 裝貨過程中，船東對其主機及其輔助設備和機艙的其他及其進行檢修。4月12日裝貨完畢后，船舶多次移泊，并繼續(xù)對其主機及其輔助設備和機艙的其他及其進行檢修。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU67

5月1日、4日和13日，多次適航均因機器故障未能成功。14日船舶移至港外錨地啟航，期間多次發(fā)生主機故障。16日主要靠左主機航行。而后多次停機漂流。

18日8時駛抵土耳其伊斯坦布爾。同日船長電告公司，船舶無法繼續(xù)航行。19日公司指示繼續(xù)航行，前往塞得港修理。 此后至5月27日，在伊斯坦布爾港錨地修理主機，之后，以右主機單機航行。

31日抵達塞得港，至8月24日，一直在該港修理主機。24日，在引水和拖輪的協(xié)助下，使用左主機通過蘇伊士運河。

28日駛抵吉大港，重新修理主機。

2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU68 9月1日駛抵亞丁港，主機制造工程人員登輪修理主機仍未能修復。之后，使用左主機繼續(xù)航行。

10月6日駛抵新加坡錨地，至10月28日，停泊修理右主機。

11月10日，“柯茲亞”輪終于駛抵廣州黃埔港，歷時近6個月。

11月16日，五礦公司以“柯茲亞”輪不適航，以致貨物延遲運到并發(fā)生嚴重貨損為由，向廣州海事法院申請扣押該輪，要求被申請人提供300萬美元的擔保。 因船東未在規(guī)定時間內提供擔保，經五礦公司申請，法院與1994年5月18日強制拍賣了“柯茲亞”輪。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU69Limitationofcarrier’sliability－Art.6(a)Theliabilityofthecarrierforlossresultingfromlossofordamagetogoodsaccordingtotheprovisionsofarticle5islimitedtoanamountequivalentto835unitsofaccountperpackage

orothershippingunitor2.5unitsofaccountperkilogramofgrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU70(b)Theliabilityofthecarrier

fordelay

indeliveryaccordingtotheprovisionsofarticle5islimitedtoanamountequivalenttotwoandahalftimesthefreightpayableforthegoodsdelayed,butnotexceedingthetotalfreightpayableunderthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbysea.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU71(c)Innocaseshalltheaggregateliabilityofthecarrier,underbothsubparagraphs(a)and(b)ofthisparagraph,exceedthelimitationwhichwouldbeestablishedundersubparagraph(a)ofthisparagraphfortotallossofthegoodswithrespecttowhichsuchliabilitywasincurred.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU72例：

一張?zhí)釂雾椣碌呢浳餅?000噸，假設運費總額50000美元。其中有200噸貨物延遲交付了。因此這批延遲交付貨物的責任限制應為運費總額的2.5倍計算，即

50000×1/5×2.5＝25000美元

但如果延遲交付的貨物為500噸，則責任限額應為：50000×1/2×2.5＝62500美元

則責任限額應為50000美元。2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU73CalculatingUnit(a)Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thepackageorothershippingunitsenumeratedinthebilloflading,ifissued,orotherwiseinanyotherdocumentevidencingthecontractofcarriagebysea,aspackedinsucharticleoftransportaredeemedpackagesorshippingunits.Exceptasaforesaidthegoodsinsucharticleoftransportaredeemedoneshippingunit.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU74(b)Incaseswherethearticleoftransportitselfhasbeenlostordamaged,thatarticleoftransport,ifnotownedorotherwisesuppliedbythecarrier,isconsideredoneseparateshippingunit.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU75Applicationtonon-contractualclaimsArt.7.1,7.2and7.3SameaswhichisstipulatedinHague-VisbyRulesHamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU76Lossofrighttolimitresponsibility–Art.8Thecarrierisnotentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinarticle6ifitisprovedthattheloss,damageordelayindeliveryresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewiththeintenttocausesuchloss,damageordelay,or

recklesslyandwithknowledgethatsuchloss,damageordelaywouldprobablyresult.HamburgRules2024/5/11NavigationalInstitute,JMU77Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofparagraph2ofarticle7,aserva