chekhov英文版苦惱介紹

Misery劉思慧20151219461.IntroductionofChekhovlifewritingfeatures3.AnalysisofMiseryplotcharacterssettingtheme2.Background,works1.1LifeofChekhovHeisoneofthemostfamous

shortstorywriters

intheworldandheisalsoa

dramatist.ChekhovwasborninTaganroginSouthRussiaontheAzovSeaonJan.17/29,1860,thirdofsixchildrenofagrocerystoreowner.Chekhov'sgrandfatherwasa

serf

whoboughthisfamily'sfreedomin1841.Whilehisfathertriedtoimprovehissocialstatusbyattendingtocivicduties,theyoungChekovandhisbrothersandsistersworkedinthefamilystoreandstudiedinthelocalschool.In1867hisfatherwentbankruptandfledtoMoscowtostartanew.Chekhov'smothersoonjoinedhisfatherinMoscow.Chehov,then16,wasleftbehindtofinishhisschooling.InAugust1879hejoinedhisparentsinMoscow,wherehisfatherwasalaborerandhismotherapart-timeseamstress女裁縫.Chekhovsoontookhisfather'splaceasheadofthehousehold,aresponsibilityheshoulderedallhislife.HeimmediatelyenteredthemedicalfacultyofMoscowUniversity.Aftergraduatingin1884,heworkedasadoctorinmanyplaces,whichcreatedsomeopportunitiestocontactwithallworksoflife.Italsoliedafoundationforhisliterarycreation.HealsowenttoworkinthehospitalatChikino,butbyDecemberofthatyearhehadbegantocoughupblood,thefirstsymptomofthetuberculosisthatwastokillhim.Hewasbornin1860anddiedin1904.2.BackgroundThesocialcontradiction

turnedseverein1880sandtheRussiangovernmentofdespotism專制統(tǒng)治strengthenedpoliticalpressureagainstthepeople.A.societypolarized使兩極分化.alongwiththeso-calledReformofMuzhik農奴制改革theRussiansocietygotmoreandmorepolarized.Thepeasantswhohadlosttheirlandandrushedintocitiesbecameindustrialworkers.Sotherelationshipbetweenworkingclassandbourgeoisiegrewtense.B.TheRussianPopulists平民主義

TheRussianPopulists平民主義者criticizedthepolarizedRussianrealityandbroughtforwardtheirpoliticalopinionstoresisttheprevailofcapitalismwiththetraditionalRussianpatriarchalclansystem宗族制度

soastoestablishtheRussiansocialism.C.highpoliticalpressureTheRussianPopulistsassassinatedCzarAlexanderIIin1881butthisterroristactioncausedtheoverwhelmingrevengeofRussiangovernmentovertheRussianpeople.Thesocietythusbeganaperiodwithhighpoliticalpressure.

WorksofChekhovEarlytime(1880-1888)conciseandhumorousMiddletime(1888-1896)thoughtandcreationbecomematureLatertime(1896-1904)peaktimeofcreationsEarlytime(1880-1888)Chekhovnowassumedresponsibilityforthewholefamily.[32]Tosupportthemandtopayhistuitionfees,hewrotedailyshort,humoroussketchesandvignettesofcontemporaryRussianlife,manyunderpseudonymssuchas"AntoshaChekhonte"His

earlystoriesironicallysatirized

theservilecharacterofthepeople.AChameleon[k??mi:li?n]變色龍TheDeathofaGovernmentClerkInmid-1880shisstoriesrevealsasympathytorwardsthemiserablepeople.Middletime(1888-1896)Chekhovturnedintoseriouscriticismondarkrealityinhisshortstories.

WardNo.6第六病室LaterTime短篇三部曲TheGooseberry醋栗TheManinaCaseAStoryaboutAegeanHisdramaticworks.AmajorthemeinAntonChekhov'splaysisthepsychologicallybitternessoftheRussianintellectuals.ThreeSistersThreekind-heartedintellectualsistersandtheirhelplesswaiting.2.2WritingFeatures1.Incontent:(commonpeople'sdailylife)(1).thereflectionoftheunderlyingpeople'smisearablellife.(2).theironyofRussialauthoritariansystemandtheoppressionandexploitationtotheunderlyingpeople.Aswellaspeople'spursuitofhappylifewiththedevelopmentofcapitalism.2.Inlanguageorstyle(1).Hisstoriesandplaysareshort,simpleandconcise.Heconveystheirinnerlivesandfeelingsindirectly.Thestructureiscompact,plotsareveryvivid,thetoneofstoriesishumorousandsatire,thelanguageislivelyanddirect.Theyarefullofmusicryhthmandproufoundmeaning.(2).Hisworkscontainalargenumberoflyricalpsychologicalstoriesandhavesymbolicmeaning.MiseryPlot:Acabmanseekstotellhisgriefinthelossofhissontoanofficer,threeyoungmen,ahouse-porter,butisrebuffedandfinallytellsittohishorse.characters:acabman,anofficer,threeyoungman,ahouse-porter,ahorse.

maincharacters;roundandflatcharactersroundandflatcharactersIona:wedon'tknowwhatsortoffoodhelikes,whetherheevergetsdrunk,whathethinksoftheCzar,orwhetherhebelongstothechurch.Butitishardtoimaginethatknowinganyofthesethingswouldberelevantandwouldincreaseourinterestinhim.Ionaisnotquitesoflataswehaveperhapsimplied.Ionarevealsotherthingsabouthimselfinadditiontohisneedtoexpresshisgrief.e.x.Hetreatshishorseaskindlyaspossibleanduseshishorseasgentlyasispossible.thedrunksThefactthattheyaredrunkexcusestheir"badlanguage",their"ill-tempers,"andeventheirdisplaysofcruelty.Ifthesecharactersarefairlyflat,theyneverthelessarethoroughlybelievable.Thecharactersinastoryhelpcharacterizeothercharacters,bytheirresemblancesortheirdifferences.HowIonamightbehaveifhewereanofficer,orifheweredrunk,wedonotknow,butheisinsomedegreecontrastedwiththeothercharactersandthusgainsmorecomplexity,totheextendthatwecanatleastsaythatheisnotdrunk,arrogant,orquarrelsome.paragraph1setting:aRussiancityinthedaysofhorse-drawnsleighs,thatis,inChekhov'slifetime.aRussianwritinginthelatenineteenthcentury,thecharacterhasaRussianname,andthereislotsofsnowsooneconcludesthatthestoryissetinRussia.paragraph1exposition:Areaderprobablyanticipatesthatsomethingwillintrudeintothisapparentlystaticsituation;somesortofconflictwillbeestablished,andtheninallprobabilitywillberesolved.Chekhovrathersurprisinglytakesusintothemindnotofthecabdriverbutofthehorse,tellingusthatifwewereinsuchasituationasthehorsefindsitself,we"toowouldfinditdifficultnottothink."characters:thechiefcharacters:acabmanandahorseChekhovestablishesconnectionsbetweenthemanandthehorse.paragraph1,6,47,56,59Whenthefirstfaregetsintothesleigh,thedriver"craneshisneck"and"themarecranesherneck,too"Bytheendofthestory,thehorseseemsalmostapartofIona.Perhapsthehorsewillbethebestpossiblelistener,sinceperhapsgriefofIona'ssortcanbetoldonlytotheself.AnalysisofChekhov's"Misery"detaileddescriptionpsychologicaldescriptionAntonChekhov'sshortstoryofafatherandhisgreatdespairforhisdeadsonhasmanytranslations.Themostcommonlyusedtranslationis"Misery."Inonewordthetitleaccuratelysummarizesthemoodthestorycarries,andleavesitsreadertocontemplatetheharshnessofhumannature.Writtenin1886,"Misery"portraystheoverwhelminggriefofIonaPotapov,aRussiansleigh-driver,andhisfutileattemptstosharewithstrangersthedespairinthelossofhisson.Thestorytakesplacealmostaweekafterhisson'sdeath.Disturbingandinconclusive,"Misery"isnotunlikeadocumentationofhumansuffering,specificallyinthelossofone'schild.Chekhovachievesadetailedportrayalofoneman'sgrief,hisattemptstoeasehisheartache,andhisfinalcomfortinsharinghisstorywithhishorse.Strickenwithanimmobilizinggrief,IonaPotapovhasisolatedhimselffromrealityandhispresentsurroundings.Andwithamorbidityvividdescriptionthecentralcharacterisintroduced:IonaPotapov,thesleigh-driver,isallwhitelikeaghost.Hesitsontheboxwithoutstirring,bentasdoubleasthelivingbodycanbebent.Ifaregularsnowdriftfellonhimitseemsasthougheventhenhewouldnotthinkitnecessarytobrushitoff....1Iona'sphysicalbody,too,hasbeeneffectedbytheonsetofhisgreatdespair.Hehastakenonawhite,cadaverous枯槁的;死人似的;尸體般的;面色灰白的appearanceandisphysicallydoubledoverinafetal-likeposition.Thefallingsnowblanketshimandheconsciouslydecidesnottobrushitoff.Wallowinginhisdespairheseemsalmostdeadtotheworld.Eveninhisunstableframeofmind,hemustperformhisdutyasasleigh-driver.Heiswokenfromhistrance-likestatebythecallofamilitaryofficer.Theofficerbelieveshimtobeasleep,asIonapeersatthehimthrough"snow-plasteredeyelashes."Unabletocontrolthereins,Ionatakestheofficeronarecklessride.Thenarratordescribeshisdriving:Ionafidgetsontheboxasthoughheweresittingonthorns,jerkshiselbows,andturnshiseyesaboutlikeonepossessed,asthoughhedoesnotknowwhereheisorwhyheisthere.9Hedisplaysalikenesstoonethatisinsane.Andforthemostpart,heis.Theuncontrollablephysicalticksthathedisplayssuchasuncontrollablefidgeting,thejerkingofhiselbow,andtheinconsistentmovementofhiseyesmirrorthelossofhisgrasponhisemotions.Thegrieffromthelossofhissonhastemporarilyledhimintotherealmofinsanity.paragraph13Witha"wrysmile"and"strainingofhisthroat,"Ionamakeshisfirstattemptinfindingsomeonetoshareinhisgrievousstory.Hetellstheofficerthathissonhasdiedinthepastweek.Atfirsttheofficerseemstobeinterestedintheeventsthatledtotheboy'sdeath.Sparkedbythisseeminglygenuineinterest,Ionaturnshisbodyfullroundtospeaktotheofficer.Iona'scarelessmotiononlyinfuriatestheofficer.

19Turningaroundseveraltimes,Ionadesperatelywantstocontinuehisverbalpurging,buttheofficer"keepshiseyesshut"andis"apparentlydisinclinedtolisten."TheofficerdoesnotwanttobeburdenedbyIona'sstory,orbyjustthesimpleactoflisteningtoit.Andeasily,hetunesIonaout.

22Inmakinghisnextfare,Ionapicksupthreeobnoxiousyoungmen.Themostobnoxiousofthethree,ahunchback,offershimtwenty"kopeks,"anunfairprice."Hehasnothoughtsforthat"andtakesthem.Unrulyandoffensive,thehunchbackmakesareferencetotheuglinessofIona'shat.

Ionaonlylaughsandagrees.Heistoounstableandweaktoofferafightnordoeshispositionassleigh-drivergivehimanystance立場againstthem.Thehunchbackswearsathim"tillhechokesoversomeelaboratelywhimsicalstringofepithets."ThisdisplayismeanttobelittleIona,yetinanotherunsuccessfulattempthebeginstotellthemofhisson'sdeath.HeiscutoffbythehunchbackashetellsIona:"Weshallalldie."Ionawillreceivenosympathythistime.SilenceaccompaniesIonawhenthereisnoonetotellofhisdespair.Andinthissilenceheisonlylefttocontemplate.Hewatchescrowdsofpeoplegobyandthenarratoradds:Canhenotfindamongthesethousandssomeonewhowilllistentohim?Butthecrowdsflitbyheedlessofhimandhismisery...Hismiseryisimmense,beyondallbounds.IfIona'sheartweretoburstandhismiseryflowout,itwouldfloodthewholeworld,itseems,butyetitisnotseen.Ithasfoundahiding-placeinsuchaninsignificantshellthatonewouldnothavefounditwithacandlebydaylight....41

AlloftheseemotionsstirinhissoulandyetthereisnooutletforpoorIona.Heislefttofesterinhisgriefanditgrowsmorewitheverypassingpersonandminute.

paragraph53Whenhecannolongerbarethesilenceorhisthoughtsanylonger,heandhishorsegobacktothestable.Hislastpleaforempathyismadetoanother,youngercabman.Ionaoffershimadrinktoquenchhisthirst.Theyoungcabmanacceptshisoffer.ButwithoutanyconsiderationforIonathecabmancovershisheadandfallstosleep."Justastheyoungmanhadbeenthirstyforwater,he(Iona)thirstforspeech."WillnoonegivethecourtesyoflisteningtoIona.Ionarecognizeshisneedforspeechandself-evaluateshissituation.Hewantstotalkofhisson'sdeath"properlyandwithdeliberation."Hewantstodescribeeverylastdetailofhisson'sillnesstohisdeathandfuneral.Hewantstotellsomeoneofallthesethingsyetnoonewilllisten.Itisdrivinghimmoreintogriefandintothelonelyexpansesofhisemotions,onlyintensifyi