計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)（高等院校計(jì)算機(jī)相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)）全套教學(xué)課件

全套可編輯PPT課件共12章，包括：計(jì)算機(jī)概述、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件、操作系統(tǒng)、編程和語(yǔ)言、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、因特網(wǎng)、計(jì)算機(jī)安全、云計(jì)算、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電子商務(wù)。1WhatisaComputer2History3Categories4FutureDevelopmentsLeadin

Theword“computer”isdefinitelynotunfamiliartoeveryone.Everydayweencounterdifferenttypesandsizesofcomputers.Theyarewidelyusedinbusiness,government,education,healthcare,andalmostallotherfields.Undoubtedly,computersarevaluabletools.Withoutitsdevelopment,themodernworldofhightechnologycouldnothavecomeabout.1WhatisaComputer

Acomputerisanelectronicmachine,operatingunderthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory,whichcanacceptdata(input),manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules(process),produceresults(output),andstoretheresultsforfutureuse.[1]Dataisacollectionofunorganizedfacts,whichcanincludewords,numbers,images,andsounds.Computersmanipulateandprocessdatatocreateinformation.Dataenteringintoacomputeriscalledinput.Theprocessedresultsarecalledoutput.Acomputercanalsoholddataandinformationforfutureuseinanareacalledstorage.Thiscycleofinput,process,output,andstorageiscalledtheinformationprocessingcycle.Apersonwhocommunicateswithacomputerorusestheinformationitgeneratesiscalledauser.Theelectric,electronic,andmechanicalequipmentthatmakesupacomputeriscalledhardware.Softwareistheseriesofinstructionthattellsthehardwarehowtoperformtasks.WhatisaComputer1

Typically,acomputerischaracterizedbyitshighspeed,accuracy,storagecapability,diligence,versatilityandautomation.Itiscapableofperformingcalculationofverylargeamountofdata.Inafewseconds,itcanperformmillionsofcalculation.Inadditiontobeveryfast,computersareveryaccuratewith100%errorfreeofcalculation.Undoubtedly,acomputerhasmuchmorestoragecapacitythanhumanbeings.Itcanstoreanytypeofdatasuchasimages,videos,text,audioandmanyothers.Unlikehumanbeings,acomputerisfreefrommonotony,tirednessandlackofconcentration,whichmeansitcanworkcontinuouslyanddorepeatedworkwithsamespeedandaccuracy.Itisalsoquiteversatile,fromplayingacardgametosolvingacomplexscientificproblem.Besides,itisautomatic,meaningitcanperformthegiventaskwithouthumaninteraction.WhatisaComputer12History

Thehistoryofcomputerdevelopmentisoftenreferredtothedifferentgenerationsofcomputingdevices.Eachgenerationofcomputerischaracterizedbyamajortechnologicaldevelopmentthatfundamentallychangedthewaycomputeroperates,resultinginincreasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliabledevices.[2]History2History2FirstGeneration(1944-1958):VacuumTubesSecondGeneration(1959-1963):TransistorsThirdGeneration(1964-1970):IntegratedCircuitsFourthGeneration(1971-present):MicroprocessorsHistory2FirstGeneration(1944-1958):VacuumTubes

Thefirstgenerationcomputersusedvacuumtubesforcircuitryandmagneticdrumsformemory,andwereoftenenormous,takingupentirerooms.Theywereveryexpensivetooperateandinadditiontousingagreatdealofelectricity,generatedalotofheat,whichwasoftenthecauseofmalfunctions.[3]

Thefirstgenerationcomputersreliedonmachinelanguage,thelowest-levelprogramminglanguageunderstoodbycomputers,toperformoperations,andtheycouldonlysolveoneproblematatime.Inputwasbasedonpunchedcardsandpapertape,andoutputwasdisplayedonprintouts.TheENIAC[4]andUNIVACI[5]computersareexamplesoffirst-generationcomputingdevices.History2SecondGeneration(1959-1963):Transistors

Inthesecondgenerationcomputers,transistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Althoughinventedin1948,thefirstall-transistorcomputerdidnotbecomeavailableuntilthelate1950s.Transistorsaresmallerandlessexpensivethanvacuumtubes,andtheyoperatefasterandproducelessheat.Hence,withsecond-generationcomputers,thesizeandcostofcomputersdecreased,theirspeedincreased,andtheirair-conditioningneedswerereduced.History2ThirdGeneration(1964-1970):IntegratedCircuits

Thetechnologicaldevelopmentthatmarksthethirdgenerationofcomputersistheuseofintegratedcircuits(IC)incomputers.Anintegratedcircuitisapieceofsiliconchipcontainingnumeroustransistors.OneICreplacesmanytransistorsinacomputer,resultinginacontinuationofthetrendsbeguninthesecondgeneration.Thesetrendsincludereducedsize,reducedcost,increasedspeed,andreducedneedforairconditioning.Insteadofpunchedcardsandprintouts,usersinteractedwiththirdgenerationcomputersthroughkeyboardsandmonitorsandinterfacedwithanoperatingsystem,whichallowedthedevicetorunmanydifferentapplicationsatonetimewithacentralprogramthatmonitoredthememory.Computersforthefirsttimebecameaccessibletoamassaudiencebecausetheyweresmallerandcheaperthantheirpredecessors.History2FourthGeneration(1971-present):Microprocessors

Thisgenerationischaracterizedbymoreandmoretransistorsbeingcontainedonasiliconchip.FirsttherewasLargeScaleIntegration(LSI),withtensofthousandsoftransistorsperchip,thencameVeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),withhundredsofthousandsoftransistors.Thetrendcontinuestoday.Themostimportanttrendthatbeganinthefourthgenerationistheproliferationofmicrocomputers.Asmoreandmoretransistorswereputonsiliconchips,iteventuallybecamepossibletoputanentirecomputerprocessor,calledamicroprocessor,onachip.Thefirstcomputertousemicroprocessorsbecameavailableinthemid-1970s.ThefirstmicrocomputerdesignedforpersonalusewastheAltair8800[6],whichwassoldin1975.ThefirstApplecomputer,marketedwiththeIBMPCin1981.Today,microcomputersfaroutnumberallothertypesofcomputerscombined.3CategoriesCategories3

Basedoncostandperformance,computersareusuallyclassifiedintofivecategories:personalcomputers,workstations,minicomputers,mainframecomputersandsupercomputers.Duetorapidlychangingtechnology,thecategoriescannotbedefinedprecisely.Inaddition,thereareothercategoriesthatarenotasusualasthesefive.Forexample,handhelddigitaldevicesaretechnicallycomputers,buttheyarecustomarilyreferredtobyfunctionaspersonaldigitalassistant(PDA),smartphonesandportablemediaplayers.Categories3PersonalComputersNo.1

Apersonalcomputer(PC),alsocalledamicrocomputer,isasmall,relativelyinexpensivecomputerwithamicroprocessorasitscentralprocessingunit(CPU).Itisdesignedtomeetthecomputingneedsofanindividual.Ittypicallyprovidesaccesstoavarietyofcomputingapplications,suchaswordprocessing,photoeditingande-mail.Personalcomputerscanbefurtherclassifiedintodesktopcomputersandportablecomputers.Literally,theformercanbefittednexttoadeskoronadesktopandthelattercanbecarriedaround.Categories3WorkstationsNo.2

Aworkstationisalsoasingleusercomputersystemwhichissimilartoapersonalcomputerbuthasmorepowerfulmicroprocessor.Itisusedforengineeringapplication,desktoppublishing,softwaredevelopment,andothersuchtypesofapplicationswhichrequireamoderateamountofcomputingpowerandrelativelyhighqualitygraphicscapabilities.Workstationsgenerallycomewithalarge,high-resolutiongraphicsscreen,largeamountofRAM,inbuiltnetworksupport,andagraphicaluserinterface(GUI).Categories3

MinicomputersNo.3

Aminicomputerisdesignedtosupportmanytime-sharingterminalsatonce.Operatingfaster,itoftensatisfiesthegeneral-purposecomputingneedsofadepartmentorasmallbusiness.[7]Minicomputerscanoftensupportupto4,000connectedusersatthesametime.Theyalsofrequentlyconnecttootherminicomputersonanetworkanddistributeprocessingamongalltheattachedmachines.Inanetworkenvironment,aminicomputeralsoactsasaserver.Categories3

MainframeComputersNo.4

Amainframecomputer(SeeFigure1-4)isalargeandpowerfulcomputerdesignedforthemostintensivecomputationaltasks.Itcanhandlehundredsorthousandsofconnecteduserssimultaneously.Mainframesaregenerallyusedbybusinessesorgovernmentstoprovidecentralizedstorage,processingandmanagementforlargeamountsofdata.Likeminicomputers,mainframesalsoactasaserverinanetworkenvironment.Categories3SupercomputersNo.5

Supercomputersarelarge,extremelyfast,andexpensivecomputersusedforcomplexorsophisticatedcalculations.Theyhavehundredstothousandsofprocessorsandcanperformtrillionsofcalculationspersecond.Commonusesforsupercomputersincludebreakingcodes,modelingworldwideweathersystemsandsimulatingnuclearexplosions.Figure1-5showsasupercomputer.4FutureDevelopmentsFutureDevelopments4

The“fifth-generation”computerefforttodevelopcomputersthatcansolvecomplexproblemsinwaysthatmighteventuallymeritthedescription“creative”isanothertrendincomputerdevelopment,theidealgoalbeingtrueartificialintelligence.[8]Onepathactivelybeingexploredisparallel-processingcomputing,whichusesmanychipstoperformseveraldifferenttasksatthesametime.Oneimportantparallel-processingapproachistheneuralnetwork,whichmimicsthearchitectureofthenervoussystem.

FutureDevelopments4

Onecontinuingtrendincomputerdevelopmentismicrominiaturization,theefforttocompressmorecircuitelementsintosmallerandsmallerchipspace.Researchersarealsotryingtospeedupcircuitryfunctionsthroughtheuseofsuperconductivity,thephenomenonofdecreasedelectricalresistanceobservedincertainmaterialsatverylowtemperatures.

FutureDevelopments4

Anotherongoingtrendistheincreaseincomputernetworking,whichnowemploystheworldwidedatacommunicationssystemofsatelliteandcablelinkstoconnectcomputersglobally.Thereisalsoagreatdealofresearchintothepossibilityof“optical”computers—hardwarethatprocessesnotpulsesofelectricitybutmuchfasterpulsesoflight.WordsWordselectronic[??lek?tr?n?k]adj.

電子的input['?np?t]n./v.

輸入output['a?tp?t]n./v.輸出manipulate[m?'n?pj?le?t]v.

操作storage['st??r?d?]

n.

存儲(chǔ)electric[?'lektr?k]adj.

電的；電動(dòng)的mechanical[m?'k?n?k(?)l]adj.

機(jī)械的hardware['hɑ?dwe?]n.

硬件software['s?f(t)we?]n.

軟件versatility[?v??s?'t?l?ti?]n.多功能性circuitry['s??k?tr?]n.電路malfunction[m?l'f??(k)?(?)n]n.

故障printout['pr?nta?t]n.

打印輸出transistor[tr?n'z?st?;trɑ?n-;-'s?-]n.

晶體管monitor['m?n?t?]n.顯示器Wordsapplication[??pl?'ke??(?)n]n.應(yīng)用accessible[?k'ses?b(?)l]adj.可進(jìn)入的；可存取的predecessor['pri?d?ses?]n.前身；前任microprocessor[ma?kr?(?)'pr??ses?]n.微處理器proliferation[pr???l?f?'re??n]n.擴(kuò)散；大量產(chǎn)生microcomputer['ma?kr?(?)k?m?pju?t?]n.微型計(jì)算機(jī)outnumber[a?t'n?mb?]v.數(shù)目超過(guò)；比……多workstation['w?rkste??n]n.工作站minicomputer['m?n?k?m?pju?t?]n.小型計(jì)算機(jī)mainframe['me?nfre?m]n.主機(jī)；大型機(jī)supercomputer[?supk?m'pju?t?;?sju?-]n.超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)handheld[h?ndheld]adj.掌上型的；手持型的customarily['k?st?m(?)r?l?]adv.通常，習(xí)慣上portable['p??t?b(?)l]adj.手提的，便攜式的resolution[rez?'lu??(?)n]n.分辨率Wordsinbuilt['?nb?lt]adj.內(nèi)置的time-sharing[ta?m-'??r??]n.分時(shí)共享terminal['t??m?n(?)l]n.終端distribute[d?'str?bju?t;'d?str?bju?t]v.分布server['s??v?]n.服務(wù)器intensive[?n'tens?v]密集的；加強(qiáng)的computational[k?mpj?'te???nl]計(jì)算的centralized['sentr?la?zd]adj.集中的calculation[k?lkj?'le??(?)n]n.計(jì)算simulate['s?mj?le?t]v.模擬；仿真microminiaturization['ma?kro?m?n??t??r?'ze??n]n.微小型化，超小型化superconductivity[?sup?k?nd?k't?v?t?;?sju?-]n.超導(dǎo)（電）性parallel-processing['p?r?lel-pr?'ses??]adj.并行處理mimic['m?m?k]v.模仿architecture['ɑ?k?tekt??]n.體系結(jié)構(gòu)optical['?pt?k(?)l]adj.光學(xué)的PhrasesWordscomeabout 發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)acollectionof 一批；集……為一體的becharacterizedby

具有……的特征becapableof 能夠makeup 組成errorfree 沒(méi)有誤差的takeup 占據(jù)vacuumtube 真空管magneticdrum 磁鼓punchedcard 穿孔卡Wordspapertape 紙帶integratedcircuit 集成電路siliconchip 硅片interactwith 與……互動(dòng)；與……相互作用operatingsystem 操作系統(tǒng)electricalresistance 電阻artificialintelligence 人工智能neuralnetwork 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)AbbreviationsAbbreviationsENIAC

電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator)UNIVAC通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)(UniversalAutomaticComputer)IC 集成電路(IntegratedCircuit)LSI 大規(guī)模集成電路(LargeScaleIntegration)VLSI 超大規(guī)模集成電路(VeryLargeScaleIntegration)IBM 美國(guó)國(guó)際商用機(jī)器公司(InternationalBusinessMachine)PC 個(gè)人電腦(PersonalComputer)PDA 個(gè)人數(shù)字助理(PersonalDigitalAssistant)CPU 中央處理器(CentralProcessingUnit)RAM 隨機(jī)訪問(wèn)內(nèi)存(Random-accessMemory)GUI 圖形用戶界面(GraphicalUserInterface)NotesNotes

Acomputerisanelectronicmachine,operatingunderthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory,whichcanacceptdata(input),manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules(process),produceresults(output),andstoretheresultsforfutureuse.本句中，operatingunderthecontrolofinstructionsstoredinitsownmemory是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，修飾和限定Acomputer，在此短語(yǔ)中，storedinitsownmemory是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，作定語(yǔ)，修飾和限定instructions。whichcanacceptdata(input),manipulatethedataaccordingtospecifiedrules(process),produceresults(output),andstoretheresultsforfutureuse是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)Acomputer進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，which指Acomputer，其中accordingtospecifiedrules(process)為方式狀語(yǔ)。underthecontrolof的意思是“在……的控制下”。

譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)是一種電子機(jī)器，通過(guò)儲(chǔ)存在其內(nèi)存中的指令控制運(yùn)行。計(jì)算機(jī)能夠接收數(shù)據(jù)（輸入），根據(jù)指定的規(guī)則處理數(shù)據(jù)（處理），產(chǎn)生結(jié)果（輸出），并存儲(chǔ)結(jié)果以便將來(lái)使用。01Notes

Eachgenerationofcomputerischaracterizedbyamajortechnologicaldevelopmentthatfundamentallychangedthewaycomputeroperates,resultinginincreasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliabledevices.本句中，thatfundamentallychangedthewaycomputeroperates是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾和限定amajortechnologicaldevelopment。resultinginincreasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliabledevice是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，其中increasinglysmaller,cheaper,morepowerfulandmoreefficientandreliable為并列前置定語(yǔ)修飾devices。

譯文：每一代計(jì)算機(jī)都以某項(xiàng)重大技術(shù)發(fā)展為特征，這些重大技術(shù)發(fā)展從根本上改變了計(jì)算機(jī)的操作方式，促成了越來(lái)越多體積更小、價(jià)格更便宜、功能更強(qiáng)大、更高效和更可靠設(shè)備的產(chǎn)生。02Notes

Theywereveryexpensivetooperateandinadditiontousingagreatdealofelectricity,generatedalotofheat,whichwasoftenthecauseofmalfunctions.

本句中，whichwasoftenthecauseofmalfunctions是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾和限定前面的generatedalotofheat，其中g(shù)eneratedalotofheat與wereveryexpensivetooperate并列，主語(yǔ)為they。

譯文：它們運(yùn)作起來(lái)很昂貴，不僅要使用大量電力，還會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量熱量，這往往是導(dǎo)致故障的原因。03Notes

ENIAC:電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)（ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator），簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“埃尼阿克”，是世界上第一臺(tái)通用計(jì)算機(jī)，也是繼阿塔納索夫-貝瑞計(jì)算機(jī)（Atanasoff-BerryComputer，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ABC）之后的第二臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)，由賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的J.PresperEckert和JohnMauchly研制，于1946年2月14日問(wèn)世。它由17468個(gè)電子管、6萬(wàn)個(gè)電阻器、1萬(wàn)個(gè)電容器和6千個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)組成，重達(dá)30噸，占地160平方米，耗電174千瓦，耗資45萬(wàn)美元。這臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)每秒只能運(yùn)行5千次加法運(yùn)算。0405

UNIVACI:通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)（UniversalAutomaticComputer），簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“尤尼法克”，是世界上第一臺(tái)商用計(jì)算機(jī)，它的設(shè)計(jì)者也是ENIAC的主要研究者Eckert和Mauchly。1951年6月14日，第一臺(tái)UNIVAC作為商品交付給美國(guó)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局使用，它開(kāi)創(chuàng)了電子計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理的先河。后來(lái)，UNIVAC又參加了美國(guó)大選的統(tǒng)計(jì)處理工作，并預(yù)測(cè)了總統(tǒng)當(dāng)選的情況，在美國(guó)引起了巨大的轟動(dòng)。Notes

Altair8800:“牽牛星”8800，是世界上第一臺(tái)微型計(jì)算機(jī)，由計(jì)算機(jī)工程師HenryEdwardRoberts設(shè)計(jì)，由他的公司微型儀器與自動(dòng)測(cè)量系統(tǒng)公司（MITS）于1975年4月出售，售價(jià)375美元，帶有1KB存儲(chǔ)器。0607

Operatingfaster,itoftensatisfiesthegeneral-purposecomputingneedsofadepartmentorasmallbusiness.本句中，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)Operatingfaster作原因狀語(yǔ)，it指代前文的minicomputer。短語(yǔ)satisfytheneedof…的意思是“滿足……的需求”，固定搭配meettheneedof…亦可表達(dá)相同意思。Notes

The“fifth-generation”computerefforttodevelopcomputersthatcansolvecomplexproblemsinwaysthatmighteventuallymeritthedescription“creative”isanothertrendincomputerdevelopment,theidealgoalbeingtrueartificialintelligence.本句中，todevelopcomputersthatcansolvecomplexproblemsinwaysthatmighteventuallymeritthedescription“creative”為不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾和限定The“fifth-generation”computereffort。anothertrendincomputerdevelopment是句子的表語(yǔ)，除去后置定語(yǔ)，句子可簡(jiǎn)化為T(mén)he“fifth-generation”computereffortisanothertrendincomputerdevelopment，即“計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展的另一個(gè)趨勢(shì)是‘第五代’計(jì)算機(jī)的研制工作”。theidealgoalbeingtrueartificialintelligence是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。merit作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表示“值得，應(yīng)受”，可搭配praise，consideration，description等名詞。

譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展的另一個(gè)趨勢(shì)是“第五代”計(jì)算機(jī)的研制工作，亦即研制可以解決復(fù)雜問(wèn)題而且其解決方法或許最終會(huì)與“創(chuàng)造性的”這一形容名副其實(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)，理想的目標(biāo)是真正的人工智能。08ExerciseExerciseExplainthefollowingabbreviations.11234CPURAMIBMIC中央處理器(CentralProcessingUnit)美國(guó)國(guó)際商用機(jī)器公司(InternationalBusinessMachine)隨機(jī)訪問(wèn)內(nèi)存(Random-accessMemory)集成電路(IntegratedCircuit)ExerciseExplainthefollowingabbreviations.15678LSIVLSIPDAGUI大規(guī)模集成電路(LargeScaleIntegration)超大規(guī)模集成電路(VeryLargeScaleIntegration)個(gè)人數(shù)字助理(PersonalDigitalAssistant)圖形用戶界面(GraphicalUserInterface)ExerciseFillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition.201______:acollectionofunorganizedfacts,whichcanincludewords,numbers,images,andsounds02___________:aseriesofinstructionsthattellsthehardwarehowtoperformtasks03______:apieceofsiliconchipcontainingnumeroustransistorsdatasoftwareICExerciseFillineachblankwithasuitabletermoraphraseaccordingtoitsdefinition.204____________:thefirstgeneral-purposecomputerintheworld05____________________:atypeofcomputerthatisextremelyfastandusedforsophisticatedcalculations06_____________________:thephenomenonofdecreasedelectricalresistanceobservedincertainmaterialsatverylowtemperaturesENIACsupercomputersuperconductivityExerciseDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.3010203ThefirstdigitalcomputerintheworldisENIAC.ThefirstcommercialcomputerintheworldisUNIVACI.Dataisorganized,hasmeaning,andisuseful.F(ENIACistheseconddigitalcomputerafterAtanasoff-BerryComputer)

TF(Dataisaunorganized)ExerciseDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.3040506Desktopcomputersandportablecomputersbothbelongtomicrocomputers.Thedevelopmentofcomputershasgonethroughfourgenerations,eachofwhichwascharacterizedbyamajortechnologicaldevelopment.Microminiaturizationisoneofthetrendsincomputerdevelopment.

T

T

TExerciseTranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa.4artificialintelligence opticalcomputerneuralnetworkparallelprocessingoperatingsystem 真空管集成電路電阻硅片小型計(jì)算機(jī)人工智能光計(jì)算機(jī)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)并行處理vacuumtubeintegratedcircuitelectricalresistancesiliconchipminicomputerExerciseTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.5

Dataisacollectionofunorganizedfacts,whichcanincludewords,numbers,images,andsounds.Computersmanipulateandprocessdatatocreateinformation.Dataenteringintoacomputeriscalledinput.Theprocessedresultsarecalledoutput.Acomputercanalsoholddataandinformationforfutureuseinanareacalledstorage.Thiscycleofinput,process,output,andstorageiscalledtheinformationprocessingcycle.Apersonwhocommunicateswithacomputerorusestheinformationitgeneratesiscalledauser.Exercise

數(shù)據(jù)是未經(jīng)組織的內(nèi)容的集合，數(shù)據(jù)可以包括字符、數(shù)字、圖形和聲音。計(jì)算機(jī)管理數(shù)據(jù)，并將數(shù)據(jù)處理生成信息。向計(jì)算機(jī)輸入的數(shù)據(jù)稱(chēng)為輸入，處理的結(jié)果稱(chēng)為輸出。計(jì)算機(jī)能在某一個(gè)稱(chēng)為存儲(chǔ)器的地方保存數(shù)據(jù)和信息以備后用。輸入、處理、輸出和存儲(chǔ)的整個(gè)周期稱(chēng)為信息處理周期。與計(jì)算機(jī)交互或使用計(jì)算機(jī)所產(chǎn)生信息的人稱(chēng)為用戶。ReadingMaterialReadingMaterialHumanBrain—ModelofComputingFuture

EversincetheAmericancomputerscientistJohnMcCarthycoinedtheterm“ArtificialIntelligence”in1955,thepublichasimaginedafutureofsentientcomputersandrobotsthatthinkandactlikehumans.Butwhilesuchafuturemayindeedarrive,itremains,forthemoment,adistantprospect.ReadingMaterial

Andyettheforeseeablefrontierofcomputingisnolessexciting.WehaveenteredtheCognitiveEra.Breakthroughsincomputingareenhancingourabilitytomakesenseoflargebodiesofdata,providingguidanceinsomeoftheworld'smostimportantdecisionsandpotentiallyrevolutionizingentireindustries.ReadingMaterial

Theterm“cognitivecomputing”referstosystemsthat,ratherthanbeingexplicitlyprogrammed,arebuilttolearnfromtheirexperiences.Byextractingusefulinformationfromunstructureddata,thesesystemsacceleratetheinformationage,helpingtheiruserswithabroadrangeoftasks,fromidentifyinguniquemarketopportunitiestodiscoveringnewtreatmentsfordiseasestocraftingcreativesolutionsforcities,companiesandcommunities.ReadingMaterial

TheCognitiveEramarksthenextstageintheapplicationofsciencetounderstandnatureandadvancehumanprosperity.Itsbeginningdatestoearly2011,whenthecognitivecomputingsystemWatsonbeattwohumanchampionsonJeopardy!,agameshow.ReadingMaterial

Broadly,cognitivesystemsofferfivecorecapabilities.First,theycreatedeeperhumanengagement,usingdataaboutanindividualtocreatemorefullyhumaninteractions.Second,theyscaleandelevateexpertise,learningfromexpertsinvariousfieldsandmakingthatknow-howavailabletopeople.Third,theyprovideproducts,suchasthoseconnectedtothe“internetofthings”,withtheabilitytosensetheworldaroundthemandtolearnabouttheirusers.Fourth,theyallowtheiroperatorstounderstandlargeamountsofdata,helpingmanageworkflows,providingcontext,andallowingforcontinuouslearning,betterforecastingandimprovedoperationaleffectiveness.And,finally－perhapsmostimportant－theyallowtheiruserstoperceivepatternsandopportunitiesthatwouldbeimpossibletodiscoverthroughtraditionalmeans.ReadingMaterial

Cognitivesystemsareinspiredbythehumanbrain,anorganthatstillhasmuchtoteachus.Today,computersconsumeabout10percentoftheworld'selectricityoutput,accordingtoMarkMills,CEOoftheDigitalPowerGroup.TobenefitfullyfromtheCognitiveEra,wewillhavetobeabletoharnesshugeamountsofinformation;duringthenext15years,theamountof“digitallyaccessible”dataisexpectedtogrowbyafactorofmorethan1,000.Performingthecalculationsnecessaryforusingsuchalargeamountofdatawillnotbepossiblewithouthugestridesinimprovingenergyefficiency.ReadingMaterial

Matchingtheperformanceandefficiencyofthehumanbrainwilllikelyrequireustomimicsomeofitsstructures,forwhichwecanarrangecomputercomponentsinadense3Dmatrixsimilartoahumanbrain,maximizingnotperformance,butenergyefficiency.Arrangingcomputerchipsina3Denvironmentputsthevariouselementsofthecomputerclosertooneanother.Thisreducesthetimetheytaketocommunicateandimprovesenergyefficiencybyafactorofasmuchas5,000,potentiallyprovidingcomputerswithefficiencyclosetothatofabiologicalbrain.ReadingMaterial

Butman-madecomputersaresoinefficientnotonlybecausetheyneedtopowerthechips,butalsobecausetheyneedenergytoruntheairconditionersthatremovetheheatgeneratedbytheprocessors.Thehumanbrainhasalessontoteachhereaswell.Justasthebrainusessugarandbloodtoprovideenergyandcoolingtoitsvariousregions,a3Dcomputercouldusecoolantfluidtodeliverenergytothechips.Byadoptingsomeofthecharacteristicsofthehumanbrain,computershavethepotentialtobecomefarmorecompact,efficientandpowerful.Andthis,inturn,willallowustotakefulladvantageofcognitivecomputing—providingourrealbrainswithnewsourcesofsupport,stimulusandinspiration.1CPU2MemorySubsystem3I/OSubsystemLeadin

Acomputersystemconsistsofhardwaresystemandsoftwaresystem.Hardwareisthematerialfoundationofthecomputer,butwithoutsoftware,hardwarecannotbeinstructedtoprocessdataintoinformation.Hence,hardwareisthebodyofthecomputerandsoftwarethesoul.[1]Inthischapter,wemainlyintroducethecomputerhardwareandsoftwarewillbeillustratedinthefollowingchapter.Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthefunctionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponentsthatcanbephysicallyhandled.Itisusuallydividedintothreeprimarysubsystems:theCPU,thememorysubsystemandtheinput/output(I/O)subsystem.Thesethreepartsareinterconnectedbybuses,oftenmadeofgroupsofwires.1CPUCPU1

Thecomputer'scentralprocessingunit(CPU)istheelectroniccircuitrythatprovidesthecomputationalabilityandcontrolofthecomputer.Internally,theCPUhasthreesections,asshowninFigure2-1.

Asitsnameimplies,thearithmeticandlogicunit(ALU)performstwoclassesofoperations:arithmeticandlogic.Arithmeticoperationsincludeaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivision.Anycomputercanbeprogrammedtoperformanyarithmeticoperation.LogicoperationsinvolveBooleanlogic[2]:AND,OR,XORandNOT.ThesecanbeusefulbothforcreatingcomplicatedconditionalstatementsandprocessingBooleanlogic.Mostcomputerscanalsoperformcertainlogicoperationsonwords.Astheabovediagramshows,theALUreceivesitsoperandsfromtheregistersetoftheCPUandstoresitsresultsbackintheregisterset.Itperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.CPU11ArithmeticandLogicUnit

Thecontrolunit,oftencalledacontrolsystem,isafunctionalunitsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.Itmakestheconnectionsbetweenvariousfunctionalunitsofthecomputersystemandinterpretsinstructionsintheprogramonebyone.Thecontrolunitfetchesinstructionsfrommemoryanddeterminestheirtypesordecodesthem.Itthenbreakseachinstructionintoaseriousofcontrolsignalsthatoperatetheotherpartsofthecomputer.Controlsystemsinadvancedcomputersmaychangetheorderofsomeinstructionssoastoimproveperformance.It'snotice