美國儲能市場前景及投資研究報告-培訓課件外文版2024.4

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TRENDSEnergystorageintheU.S.CHAPTER

01OverviewProjectedelectricitygenerationworldwidein2022withaforecastto2050,byenergysource(in1,000terawatt-hours)Globaloutlookonelectricitygeneration2022-2050,byenergysourceCoalRenewables(incl.hydroelectric)NaturalgasNuclearLiquidfuels45403530252015105020222025*203020352040204520503Description:Itisprojectedthatelectricitygeneratedworldwidewillincreasebynearly50percentinthecomingthreedecades,toreachsome42thousandterawatt-hoursby2050.Thatyear,renewablesareexpectedtobethelargestsourceofglobalelectricity,accountingforsome50percentofelectricpowerproduced.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;*Forecastfromthisyearonwards.Source(s):EIAProjectedcumulativedeploymentcapacityofenergystoragemarketworldwidein2021,withforecastfiguresto2031(ingigawatt-hours)Cumulativeglobalenergystoragedeployment2022-203130025027823120015010050189151134118106947939020222023*202420252026202720282029203020314Description:By2031,thecumulativeglobalenergystoragedeploymentisprojectedtoreach278gigawatt-hours,upfromroughly40gigawatt-hoursin2022.Thecompoundannualgrowthrateofthesectorisforecastatapproximately30percentbetween2021and2031.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;*FiguresareforecastfromthisyearonSource(s):WoodMackenzieInstalledcapacityofelectrochemicalenergystorageprojectsworldwidein2022,byleadingcountry(inmegawatts)Globalinstalledbaseofbattery-basedenergystorageprojects2022,bymaincountryCapacityinmegawatts4,00001,0002,0003,0005,0006,0007,0008,0008,0009,000UnitedStatesUnitedKingdomChina2,3001,900Australia800773GermanySouthKoreaJapan514492France350Ireland314271Philippines5Description:TheUnitedStateswastheleadingcountryforbattery-basedenergystorageprojectsin2022,withapproximatelyeightgigawattsofinstalledcapacityasofthatyear.Thelithium-ionbatteryenergystorageprojectofMorroBaywasthelargestelectrochemicalpowerstorageprojectinthecountryin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):PTRCapacityofelectrochemicalenergystorageprojectsinthepipelineworldwidein2022,byleadingcountry(inmegawatts)Capacityofplannedbatteryenergystorageprojectsworldwide2022,byselectcountryCapacityinmegawatts05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,0113,500ItalyAustralia2,749UnitedStatesIndia2,6922,000Canada2,0001,995UnitedKingdomGermany1,4006Description:TheEuropeancountryItalyhadoverthreegigawattsofbattery-basedenergystorageprojectsinthepipelineasof2022.AustraliaandtheUnitedStates,whichaccountedforthelargestelectrochemicalenergystoragecapacityworldwideasofthatyear,followedwithapproximately2.7gigawattsofbatterypowerstorageprojectsplannedorunderconstructioneach.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):PTRCapacityofpumpedstoragehydropowerworldwidein2022,byleadingcountry(inmegawatts)Globalpumpedstoragecapacity2022,byleadingcountryCapacityinmegawatts05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,000ChinaJapan45,79021,814UnitedStatesGermanyIndia19,2885,3544,7864,7003,9403,3312,732SouthKoreaItalySpainSouthAfricaTaiwan2,6022,600UnitedKingdom7Description:In2022,Chinarankedfirstintheworldintermsofpumpedstoragehydropowercapacity,withmorethan45.8gigawatts.JapanandtheUnitedStatesfollowedsecondandthirdrespectively,withroughly21.8gigawattsand19.3gigawattsofcapacityrespectively.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):IRENACleanenergyinvestmentsinpowergridsandbatterystorageworldwidefrom2015to2023(in2022billionU.S.dollars)Gridsandbatterystorageinvestmentsworldwide2015-2023GridsBatterystorage400350300250200150100503721323510573363323313253263173083002960201520162017201820192020202120222023*8Description:Globalinvestmentsinpowergridsandenergystorageamountedtoalmost370billionU.S.dollarsin2023,upfromsome350theyearprior.Theseinvestmentswerepartoftheworldwidecleanenergyfunding,which,besidepowergridsandbatterystorage,includedrenewableenergy,nuclearpower,energyefficiency,low-carbonfuelsandcarboncapturestorage,andelectricvehicles.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2015to2023;*EstimatesSource(s):IEAInvestmentsinbatteryelectricitystoragecapacityadditionsworldwidefrom2015to2021(inbillionU.S.dollars)Globalinvestmentinbatteryelectricitystoragecapacity2015-202165.754.443.232.32.11.91.921020152016201720182019202020219Description:Theglobalinvestmentsinbatteryelectricitystorageadditionsfluctuatedbetween2015and2021.Capacityadditionsforbatterypowerstorageamountedto5.7billionU.S.dollarsin2021,upfrom3.2thepreviousyear.Thiswasthehighestfigureoftheperiod,whilelessthantwobillionU.S.dollarswereinvestedinbatteryelectricitystoragein2016and2017.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2015to2021Source(s):IRENALevelizedcostofelectricity(LCOE)intheUnitedStatesin2ndhalf2022,byenergytechnology(innominalU.S.dollarspermegawatt-hour)LevelizedcostofelectricityintheU.S.H22022,bytechnologyLCOEinnominalU.S.dollarspermegawatt-hourMaxMin150050100200250300350304Open-cyclegasturbinesUtility-scalebatteryPVfixed-axis+storageOffshorewind11122813620965173134147Onshorewind+storageCombinedheatandpowerCombined-cyclegasturbinesOnshorewind53541217272107363766PVfixed-axis4459PVtracking10Description:Solarphotovoltaicpowerproductionhadthelowestlevelizedcostofelectricity(LCOE)intheUnitedStatesasoftheendof2022,rangingbetween37and66nominalU.S.dollarspermegawatt-hour.However,theLCOEofsolarPVfixedpowercombinedwithenergystoragefacilitieswashigher,between65and209nominalU.S.dollarspermegawatt-hour.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;H22022;UnsubsidizedfornewbuildSource(s):BCSE;BloombergNEFCHAPTER

02KeymarketindicatorsRatedpowerofenergystorageprojectsintheUnitedStatesin2021,bytechnology(inmegawatts)RatedpowerofenergystorageprojectsintheU.S.2021,bytechnology30,00027,09125,00020,00015,00010,0005,000874Electrochemical7916740PumpedhydrostorageElectromechanicalThermalstorage12Description:In2021,pumpedhydroaccountedformorethan90percentoftheratedpowerstorageintheU.S.,withmorethan27gigawatts.Electrochemicaltechnologiesfollowedbyalargemargin,with874megawatts.Incontrast,thatyear,morethan400gigawattsofstandaloneandhybridbatterystorageprojectswereininterconnectionqueuesintheU.S.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021Source(s):CenterforSustainableSystems;USDepartmentofEnergyDistributionofenergystorageprojectsintheUnitedStatesin2021,bytechnologyShareofenergystorageprojectsintheU.S.2021,bytechnologyElectromechanical*4%Pumpedhydrostorage7%Thermalstorage25%Electrochemical64%13Description:In2021,electrochemicaltechnologies-ofwhichbatteriesarethemostcommontype-accountedforroughlytwo-thirdsofenergystorageprojectsintheU.S.Pumpedhydrostorage,incontrast,representedlessthantenpercentofstorageprojectsinthecountry.Nevertheless,itaccountedbyfarforthelargestenergystoragecapacityintheU.S.atthetime.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2021;includingannouncedprojects;*FigurewascalculatedbySource(s):CenterforSustainableSystems;USDepartmentofEnergybasedonthevaluesprovidedbythesourceandassumingatotalof100percentagepoints.ReadmoreAnnualcapacityadditionsofnon-hydroenergystorageprojectscommissionedintheUnitedStatesfrom2014to2022(inmegawatts)Non-hydrocommissionedenergystoragecapacityadditionsintheU.S.2014-20226,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,00004,7743,6821,1232020422377279214173422014201520162017201820192021202214Description:In2022,thecapacityadditionsofnon-hydroenergystorageprojectscommissionedintheUnitedStatesreached4.77gigawatts,bringingthetotalcapacityinstalledintheperiodunderconsiderationtoover11gigawatts.Non-hydroenergystoragefrequentlyindicateslithium-ionbatteries,whichaccountedforamanufacturingcapacityofsome100gigawatt-hoursintheU.S.thatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2014to2022Source(s):BCSE;BloombergNEF;EIA;FERCInstalledpowercapacityofenergystoragesystemsintheUnitedStatesfrom1stquarter2022to2ndquarter2023(inmegawatt-hours)PowercapacityadditionsofenergystoragesystemsintheU.S.Q12022-Q220236,0005,5974,9715,0004,0003,0002,0001,00003,1063,0732,7662,145Q1'22Q2'22Q3'22Q4'22Q1'23Q2'2315Description:TheUnitedStatesincreasedthepowercapacityofenergystoragesystemsinthecountryby5,597megawatt-hoursinthesecondquarterof2023.Thiswasthehighestquarterlyadditioninthepasttwoyears.Grid-scaleenergystoragefacilitiesaccountedforthelargestshareoftheenergystoragedeploymentsinthecountryasofthatquarterof2023.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;Q12022toQ22023Source(s):WoodMackenzieLeadingenergystorageprojectsintheUnitedStatesasof2023,bycapacity(inmegawatts)LargestenergystorageprojectsintheUnitedStates2023,bycapacityCapacityinmegawatts200

40006008001,0001,200SandiaNationalLaboratoriessolarthermalfacility1,000MorroBaybatteryenergystoragesystemWillowRockcompressedairenergystoragesystemDaggettsolarpowerfacility600500450FPLManateeenergystoragecenter40916Description:ThelargestenergystorageprojectintheUnitedStatesin2023waslocatedattheSandiaNationalLaboratoriessolarthermalfacilityinNewMexico.Thisprojectusedmoltensaltenergystoragetechnologyandaccountforacapacityofonegigawatts.TheremaininglargestenergystorageprojectsintheU.S.usedlithium-ionbatterystorageorcompressedairstoragetechnologies.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;asofJuly2023Source(s):GlobalData;CHAPTER

03BatteriesAnnualbatterycapacityadditionsintheUnitedStatesfrom2017to2022withaforecastto2023(ingigawatts)U.S.batterystoragecapacityadditions2017-20231099.487654.243.213210.490.20.170.1202017201820192020202120222023*18/statistics/1301489/battery-storage-capacity-additions-usIn2022,theUnitedStatesaddedoverfourgigawattsworthofbatterystoragetoitselectriccapacity,anincreaseofonegigawattincomparisontothepreviousyear.Plannedinstallationsshouldaddanother5.2gigawattstothecountry'scapacityby2023.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2017to2022;*PlannedSource(s):EIANumberofbatterystorageplantsintheUnitedStatesin2022,byyearofoperationstartU.S.batterystoragefacilities2022,byyearofoperation140120100801221085960464034242120148432211019Description:In2022,therewereapproximately450batterystoragefacilitiesinoperationintheUnitedStates,ofwhich108startedoperationthatsameyear.Approximately95percentofthefacilitiesinoperationintheNorthAmericancountryatthetimebeganoperatingsince2015.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;1970to2022Source(s):EIA;BatterystoragesupplychainmanufacturingcapacityintheUnitedStatesasofMarch2023,bystatusandcomponent(inmegawatt-hours)BatterystoragepipelinecapacityintheU.S.2023,bystageandcomponentOperatingUnderconstructionAnnouncedProposedexpansion450,000400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000BatteriesBatterycellsCopperfoilCathodeactivematerialBatterypacks20Description:IntheUnitedStates,batterycellsandbatterypacksaccountedforthelargestoperatingcapacityintheenergystoragesupplychainasofMarch2023.Thecountryhadover370gigawatt-hoursinthepipelineforbatteryprojects,ofwhich97percentwasnotunderconstructionyetasofthebeginningof2023.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;March2023Source(s):SEIAInstalledcumulativecapacityofbatterystorageoperationalintheUnitedStatesasof2022,bystate(inmegawatts)U.S.operativebatterystoragecapacity2022,byleadingstateCapacityinmegawatts05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,500CaliforniaTexas4,875.82,086.9Florida540.9MassachusettsNevada239.9200NewYorkHawaiiArizona145.2110.997Illinois96.1Alaska91.7Georgia81.2Maine48WestVirginiaNewJerseyIndiana47.543.23621Description:Californiawastheleadingstateintermsoflarge-scalebatterystorageintheUnitedStates,withacapacityofalmost4.9gigawatts.Thestateaccountedformorethanhalfthebatterystorageofthecountrythatyear.Texasfollowed,withtwogigawattsofbatterystorageoperableatthetime.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022Source(s):EIA;Usagefactorsforutility-scalebatterystoragegeneratorsintheUnitedStatesfrom2013to2022BatterystorageusagefactorintheU.S.2013-20228%7%6%5%6.8%6.4%6.1%5.4%5.2%5.2%3.8%4%3%2%1%0%3.6%1.7%20140.7%20132015201620172018201920202021202222Description:In2022,theusagefactorofutility-scalebatterystoragegeneratorsintheUnitedStatesstoodat6.4percent,onethehighestaveragerecordedinfiveyears.Between2013and2017,theaverageannualusagefactorofbatterystoragegeneratorsinthecountrygrewcontinuously,peakingat6.8percentinthelatteryear.ThebatterycapacityadditionsintheU.S.surpassedfourgigawattsin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2013to2022Source(s):EIADistributionoflarge-scalebatterystorageinstallationsintheUnitedStatesasof2022,bychemicalcompositionU.S.large-scalebatteryinstallationsbreakdown2022,bychemistryBatterystorageshare50%0%10%20%30%40%60%70%80%90%100%99%110%Lithium-ionNickel-based0.5%Flowbattery

0.2%Sodium-based

0.1%Lead-acid

0.1%Other

0.2%23Description:In2022,lithium-ionbatterieswerebyfarthemostusedtechnologyamonglarge-scalebatterystorageinstallationsintheUnitedStates.Atthetime,theyrepresented99percentoftheroughlyninegigawattsofinstalledcapacityinthecountry.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022Source(s):EIA;Distributionoflarge-scalebatterypowerstoragecapacityintheUnitedStatesasof2022,byownershiptypeU.S.large-scalebatterypowerstoragebreakdownbyownership2022Commercialorindustrial2%Investor-ownedutility13%Municipalorgovernment-owned1%Cooperative2%Independentpowerproducer82%24Description:Asof2022,82percentoftotallarge-scalebatterystorageinstalledintheUnitedStateswereownedbyindependentpowerproducers.Investorownedutilities(IOU)weretheseconddominantownershiptypethatyear.13percentoftheexistingpowercapacityoflarge-scalebatterystoragederivedfromthistypeofownership,suchastheCaliforniaIndependentSystemOperator(CAISO).ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022Source(s):EIACHAPTER

04PumpedstorageCapacityofpumpedstoragehydropowerintheUnitedStatesfrom2010to2022(inmegawatts)PumpedstoragecapacityintheU.S.2010-202225,00019,26319,25419,28820,00015,00010,0005,000018,86619,02719,05919,07919,02518,58918,66518,68618,77618,511201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202226Description:In2022,pumpedstoragehydropowercapacityintheU.S.amountedtoapproximately19.3gigawatts,aslightincreasewhencomparedtotthepreviousyear.Pumpedhydropoweraccountedformorethan90percentoftheenergystoragecapacityintheU.S.in2021.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2010to2022Source(s):IRENACapacityofpumpedstoragehydropowerplantsintheUnitedStatesin2022,bystate(inmegawatts)U.S.pumpedstoragehydropowercapacity2022,bystateCumulativecapacityinmegawatts1,500

2,00005001,0002,5003,0003,5004,000CaliforniaVirginia3,745.63,109.3SouthCarolinaMichigan2,849.21,978.8MassachusettsTennesseeGeorgiaPennsylvaniaNewYork1,7681,713.61,634.61,483.81,240MissouriColoradoNewJerseyWashington600.4508.545331427Description:In2022,CaliforniawastheleadingstateintermsofpumpedstoragehydropowercapacityintheUnitedStates,withmorethan3.7gigawatts.Virginiafollowed,alsoboastingmorethanthreegigawattsofcapacity.Atthetime,thecapacityofpumpedhydrostorageintheU.S.stoodatroughly19gigawatts.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022;operableunitsonlySource(s):EIA;NumberofpumpedstoragehydropowerplantsintheUnitedStatesin2022,byyearofoperationstartU.S.pumpedstoragehydropowerfacilities2022,byyearofoperation201818161412108171510966654444444443333322222221111111028Description:In2022,therewere152utility-scalepumpedstoragehydropowerplantsoperatingintheUnitedStates,ofwhichone-thirdstartedoperationsinthe1960s.Theoldestplantstillinoperationinthecountryatthetimedatedbackto1928,whilethemostrecentopenedin2012.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2022Source(s):EIA;Usagefactorsforutility-scalepumpedstoragegeneratorsintheUnitedStatesfromJanuary2020toSeptember2023MonthlypumpedstorageusagefactorintheU.S.2020-202318.0%16.4%15.9%15.9%15%15.9%15.2%15.8%15.6%16.0%14.0%12.0%10.0%8.0%14.8%13.8%13.4%13.3%13.2%12.7%12.4%11.6%11%10.9%10.8%9.7%9.6%

9.6%9.2%

9.2%

9.2%8.8%9.5%9.1%9%9.1%8.9%9%8.1%8.7%8.6%8.6%7.7%8.4%7.6%8.4%8.2%7.9%7.4%7.3%7.2%6.0%29Description:Theusagefactorforutility-scalepumpedstoragegeneratorsintheUnitedStatesvariesseasonally,normallypeakinginthesummermonths.In2023,usagepeakedinJuly,atarateofnearly16percent.Incontrast,thatsameyear,theusagefactorofpumpedstoragewasthelowestinApril,at8.8percent.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;January2020toSeptember2023;*PreliminarySource(s):EIACHAPTER

05OutlookGeneration,storage,andhybridelectricitycapacityininterconnectionqueuesintheUnitedStatesin2010and2022,bysource(ingigawatts)PowercapacityininterconnectionqueuesintheU.S.2010-2022,bysourceSolarOffshorewindHydroSolar(hybrid)GasCoalStorage(hybrid)Wind+batteryOtherhybridsBatterySolar+wind+batteryOtherstorageWindNuclearOther2,5002,0001,5001,00050002010202231Description:In2022,thegeneration,storage,andhybridelectricitycapacityininterconnectionqueuesintheUnitedStatesamountedtosometwoterawatts.Solarandsolarhybridprojectshadthehighestcapacityinqueuesin2021,at491and431gigawatts,respectively.Bycomparison,solarcapacityprojectsininterconnectionqueuesin2010accountedforonly50gigawatts.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2010and2022Source(s):LBNLAnnualpowercapacitydeploymentofenergystoragesystemsintheUnitedStatesin2023,withaforecastto2027(ingigawatt-hours)ProjectedpowercapacityadditionsofenergystoragesystemsintheU.S.2023-20276056.8545040302010046.839.224.620232024*20252026202732Description:ThedeploymentofenergystoragesystemsintheUnitedStatesisprojectedtoreachapproximately24.6gigawatt-hoursin2023.Inthesecondquarterof2023,energystoragecapacityadditionsinthecountryamountedto5.6gigawatt-hours.Thetotalpowercapacityofenergystoragefacilitiesisforecasttoincreasebyover220gigawatt-hoursbetween2023and2027.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2023;*FiguresareforecastfromthisyearonwardSource(s):AmericanCleanPowerAssociation;WoodMackenzieProjecteddiurnalstorageelectricitygenerationcapacityintheUnitedStatesin2022withaforecastto2050(ingigawatts)ProjectedelectricitygenerationfromstorageintheU.S.2022-2050180160140163.5136.312098.810080604020054.531.518.16.320222025*2030203520402045205033Des