古村落鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游古鎮(zhèn)旅游外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯2014年

古村落鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游古鎮(zhèn)旅游外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯2014年文獻(xiàn)出處：RobertaM,JolliffeL.Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanada[J].AnnalsofTourismResearch,2014,30(2):307-322.原文Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanadaRoberta;JolliffeAbstractTourismhasbecomeadevelopmenttoolformanyruralandmoreisolatedareastosupplementtraditionalindustriesthatareoftenindecline.Inthispaper,developmentofculturalruraltourismisexaminedinacasestudyofaFrenchAcadianregiononanislandineasternCanada.Therolesofcultureandcommunity-basedpartnershipsareconsideredinaproposedframeworkwithfourevolvingdevelopmentstages.Thefindingssuggestthattheframeworkisusefulforruraltourismdevelopment;thatculture,whichisoftenwellpreservedinruralareas,isavaluableresourcetoinclude;andthatcommunity-basedpartnershipssuchascooperativesmaybeveryeffective.Keywords:culturaltourism;

ruraldevelopment;

community-basedpartnershipIntroductionRuralcommunitiesandperipheralareassuchasislandsfacethechallengeofcontinuouseconomicdevelopment.Whereprimarytraditionalindustriessuchasfishingandfarmingareindecline,tourismoftenbecomesanothertooltohelpcreatejobsandtoraisethestandardsofliving.Theseareasrealizethispotentialthroughdevelopmentoflocalresources,culture,andheritage.Theintegrationofsuchalternativesourcesmayhelptosustainlocaleconomiesandtoencouragelocaldevelopment.Actuallymanytouristsseekruraldestinationswhichofferpleasantexperiencesrelatedtothenaturalenvironment,historicheritage,andculturalpatterns.Itisthiscultureandheritagethatareoftenwellpreservedbetweengenerationsinruralareasanditisinperiodsofeconomicdeclinethattheirresidentsseemtoclingmoretoadistinctheritage.Cultureandtourismthenbecomeresourcesforsocioeconomicdevelopmentinruralandperipheralcommunities.ThishasbeenobservedinstudyingculturaltourisminmanyofthesmallislandsoftheNorthAtlantic.Theruraltourismconcepthasmanyinterpretations(PageandGetz,1997

and

Sharpleyetal.,1997).BramwellandLane(1994)

proposethatruraltourismcanincludeactivitiesandinterestsinfarms,nature,adventure,sport,health,education,arts,andheritage.In1996,Pedfordexpandstheconceptintolivinghistorysuchasruralcustomsandfolklore,localandfamilytraditions,values,beliefs,andcommonheritage.Turnock(1999)

furtherbroadenstheviewofruraltourismtoembraceallaspectsofleisureappropriateinthecountryside.Giventhesevariousfindings,theconceptsforthisparticularstudyareintegratedasculturalruraltourism.Thisisdefinedasreferringtoadistinctruralcommunitywithitsowntraditions,heritage,arts,lifestyles,places,andvaluesaspreservedbetweengenerations.Touristsvisittheseareastobeinformedaboutthecultureandtoexperiencefolklore,customs,naturallandscapes,andhistoricallandmarks.Theymightalsoenjoyotheractivitiesinaruralsettingsuchasnature,adventure,sports,festivals,crafts,andgeneralsightseeing.Thisconceptfitsthe

WTO(1994)

findingthatenvironmentalandculturalheritagearemajorthemesthatcanbeconservedforfutureusewhilebenefitingthepresent.CulturalruraltourismdevelopmentTohelpunderstandtheculturalruraltourismprocess,aframeworkisproposedforanalysisofthedevelopmentactivitiesthatoccurinthecasestudy.Theframeworkisbasedonavarietyofsourcesthatindicateanicheforprovidingtouristsaneducational,adventuresome,andenrichingexperience.Thesourcesincludethemodelby

Lewis(1998),thetourismproductlifecyclefindingsof

Butler(1980)

and

Hill(1993),andthefindingsby

Prohaska(1995)

forthedevelopmentofculturaltourisminislanddestinations,whichareoftenruralareas.AlsoconsideredarePedford’sfindings

(1996)

thatlocalresidentsneedtobecomeinvolvedaspartofanarea’slivinghistorytoaidelocalculturaltourism.Thehostprovidestheknowledgeoftraditionsandfolklorewhichcontributetotourists’authenticexperienceswithoutendangeringtheresourceconcerned.ThisfitswiththeUSNationalTrustHeritageTourismprogramthatpromotesheritagedevelopmentbybalancingshort-termgainandlong-termpreservation.TheframeworkasshowninTable2

incorporatesthefindingsofthesestudies.Stageoneistheinitialevolutionwhenaruralregionemploysthetourismconceptinitseconomicdevelopmentprocess.Thisinvolvestheintegrationofculturalandruralresourcesintothesocioeconomicplanningforacommunity.Theprocessseemstobeginslowlywhenafewtouristsarriveinthecommunityandsomeresidentsseeanopportunity.Thisstageincludesmoreofindividualofferings.Thesecondstageevolvesfromthissimplestart.Itisthestagetoplanandtoimplementstrategiesthatstarttobenefitthewholeregion.Thiswilldevelopintomoreformalplansbasedoncooperationamongthecommunity’sresidents,organizations,andbusinesses.Inruralareas,thismightinvolvepartnershipsbetweenlocalandregionalgroupsaswellasnationalorganizationsandvariouslevelsofgovernment.

PageandGetz(1997)discusstheimportanceofcommunitycooperationandpartnershipsinruraltourism.

Prohaska(1995)

alsonotesthatlocalhoststendtoseekgovernmentassistanceforheritageareaswithuniqueordistinctidentitiesthathavebeendevelopedovergenerations.Atthisstage,examplesmayincludefestivalsandspecialculturaleventstoattractmoretouristsintoanarea.Thethirdstageisdevelopingtheplansintomoreadvancedandformalculturalruraltourismofferingsthatbenefitthecommunityintheshort-termandconservetheresourcesforthelong-term.Atthisstage,thereareincreasedefficiencyandeffectivedevelopmentofmorepermanentattractions,activities,andeducationalprogramsofthenaturalenvironment,historicalsites,andculturalexperiences.Atourismorganizationfortheregionalsotakescontroloftheprocesstoensuremorecoherentandintegratedmarketingofthearea.Thefinalstageisthefullycentralizedplanningandimplementingoftourismintheruralregion.Atthispoint,theplanningshouldberesponsible,appropriate,andenduringforshortandlong-termcommunitybenefitswhilealsopreservingitsresources.ItisatthisfourthstagethatfiveprinciplesproposedbytheUSNationalTrustplayaroletohelpguidethepreservationoflong-termculturalruraltourism.Theseprinciplesincludeauthenticityandquality,educationandinterpretation,preservationandprotection,localprioritiesandcapacity,andpartnerships(Prohaska1995).Ingeneral,thisframeworkislikeapyramidwithafewpeopleatthetopinstageonestartingtheprocessslowly.Bystagefour,thebaseisbroadandincludesmanypeopleandorganizationsworkinginteameffortsintheprocessforthebenefitofthewholeregion.譯文古村落和鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游:來自加拿大的案例研究作者：羅伯塔;喬利夫摘要旅游業(yè)已經(jīng)成為許多農(nóng)村和偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的重點(diǎn)開發(fā)產(chǎn)業(yè)，用以補(bǔ)充當(dāng)?shù)氐膫鹘y(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)。在本文中，鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游的發(fā)展研究，主要選取的是加拿大東部的一個(gè)說法語的地區(qū)，即阿卡迪亞地區(qū)作為案例研究。文化和農(nóng)村地區(qū)發(fā)展的伙伴關(guān)系的角色會(huì)分為四個(gè)階段進(jìn)行分析研究。研究結(jié)果表明，該分析框架有助于鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游發(fā)展；,通常來說，文化在農(nóng)村地一般是保存的比較完好，它是一種寶貴的資源，以及農(nóng)村地區(qū)的合作社等可能對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)氐穆糜螛I(yè)都是非常有益的。關(guān)鍵詞：文化旅游；農(nóng)村發(fā)展；合作社引言農(nóng)村社區(qū)和周邊地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展面臨著持續(xù)的挑戰(zhàn)。在主要的漁業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)等傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)都在減少的背景下，旅游業(yè)往往成為另一個(gè)工具來幫助創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和提高當(dāng)?shù)氐纳钏?。而這些都要通過充分利用好潛在的本地資源來實(shí)現(xiàn)，通過發(fā)展本地文化和遺產(chǎn)旅游。這種替代性產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展資源有助于維持當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。實(shí)際上，許多游客尋求農(nóng)村目的地旅游，主要就是想享受愉快的體驗(yàn)與感受農(nóng)村地區(qū)的自然環(huán)境、歷史傳統(tǒng)和文化模式。文化、農(nóng)村和旅游的概念是多維的并且是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。弗雷德里克斯(1993)討論了農(nóng)村地區(qū)旅游的內(nèi)容，包括基于感知和現(xiàn)有的本地設(shè)施的歷史古跡、自然美景、和清潔空氣等。哈代(1988年)和米勒(1989)認(rèn)為，農(nóng)村旅游是指當(dāng)?shù)乇４嫱旰玫倪z產(chǎn)旅游文化傳統(tǒng)。同樣，麥克納提（1991)和維勒和霍爾(1992)認(rèn)為文化包括家庭模式、民俗、社會(huì)習(xí)俗、博物館、紀(jì)念碑、歷史建筑和地標(biāo)等。其他也包括一些荒野地區(qū)，（本譯文歸百度文庫所有，完整譯文請(qǐng)到百度文庫）有價(jià)值的景觀、自然歷史、建筑等也可以作為文化旅游的一部分(普倫蒂斯，1993；塔塞利，1990)。對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村旅游的概念，有許多的解釋。布拉姆韋爾和萊恩(1994)提出，鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以包括農(nóng)場(chǎng)活動(dòng)、自然、冒險(xiǎn)、體育、衛(wèi)生、教育、藝術(shù)和遺產(chǎn)等。貝德福德則將這一概念擴(kuò)大到了歷史文化，如農(nóng)村習(xí)俗和民間傳說，地方和家族傳統(tǒng)，價(jià)值觀，信仰和共同遺產(chǎn)等方面。特諾克(1999)進(jìn)一步拓寬了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的概念，他認(rèn)為，鄉(xiāng)村旅游指農(nóng)村的各個(gè)方面的休閑活動(dòng)。鑒于這些不同的研究，鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游這個(gè)特殊的概念，本文中指的是在一個(gè)獨(dú)特的農(nóng)村社區(qū)，在該地區(qū)，有自己的傳統(tǒng)文化，傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)，生活方式和價(jià)值觀，一代又一代的保留并繼續(xù)傳承下去。游客參觀這些農(nóng)村地區(qū)，可以了解當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕腕w驗(yàn)當(dāng)?shù)氐拿袼?、自然景觀和歷史地標(biāo)等。他們也喜歡農(nóng)村的其他活動(dòng)，比如：自然、冒險(xiǎn)、體育、節(jié)日、工藝品和風(fēng)景觀光等。這個(gè)概念符合世貿(mào)組織(1994)的觀點(diǎn)，環(huán)境和文化遺產(chǎn)是重要的主題，可以保存下來以供將來使用并且使當(dāng)下受益。鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游的發(fā)展為了幫助更好地理解鄉(xiāng)村文化旅游的發(fā)展過程，本文提出了一個(gè)分析框架用以闡述案例研究中當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村地區(qū)的旅游開發(fā)活動(dòng)。該分析框架是基于各種各樣的活動(dòng)項(xiàng)目，提供給游客，以供他們體驗(yàn)。貝德福德(1996)的研究中還認(rèn)為，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裥枰獏⑴c到該地區(qū)的文