高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 專題限時(shí)集訓(xùn)9 閱讀理解-主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意（含解析）-人教版高三英語(yǔ)試題

專題限時(shí)集訓(xùn)(九)閱讀理解—主旨大意之概括全文主題和段落大意A(2019·福建省三校聯(lián)考)IarrivedatthisbeautifulSpanishislandatthestartofSeptember,fullofenthusiasmandeagertostartworkingasanEnglishteacher.Isortedallthenecessarypaperworkoutandmovedintoaflatofmyownwithinthefirstcoupleofdays.Great，orsoIthought.At4a．m.andatseveralintervalsafterthat，Iwasrudelyawokenbythecockthatlivesoppositeme.Fantastic！Inowhave5extraalarmseverymorning.Inthefollowingweeks，Ialsostartedtonoticeatrend.Thingsinmyflatstartedtobreakattherateofoneobjectperday，likethehotwaterline，bowls，cups，theshower，doorsorglassshelves.Yes，Iamclumsybutthingsjustfellapart.Ifitwasn'tbroken，itwouldeitherbedirtyormissing.Usingmywashingbasketforthefirsttimewasprettydisgusting.WhenItookoutmyclothes,theywereswiftlyfollowedbyahundredorsobugsthatwerelivinginthebottom.Asforthegenerallackofequipmentinthehouse，therewasnooven，tinopener，sharpknivesorpotatopeeler.Itturnedoutmakingaburgerfromscratchwasn'tthebestidea.Ihadasmallmicrowaveandagrill.IthoughtthegeneralunderstandingwasnevertoputmetalinamicrowavebutIwenton.Smokesoonstartedtoappear.IwasnotquitesureifitwastheburgerorthegrillbutassoonasIopenedthedoor，theelectricitycutout.Ispentthefollowing10minutesinadark，smokyroomhuntingforthepowerswitchusingthelightfrommymobilephone，whichbroketheweekafterandleftmewithoutaconnectiontotheouterworld.Luckily，I'mnowborrowingaphoneandmyluckhasreturned.Nomorethingshavebroken(probablybecausethereisnothinglefttobreak)．I'vealsorealizedthatevenifaflatlookspretty，itdoesn'tmeanitscontentswork.Iamalsolearninghowtoadapttolifewithlimited，brokenutensils(用具)．【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。“我”去西班牙的一個(gè)漂亮的小島上當(dāng)英語(yǔ)老師，雖然擁有自己的公寓，可里面的生活用具很陳舊，給“我”的生活帶來(lái)了諸多不便，但也讓我學(xué)會(huì)了如何利用有限的生活用品生活。1．Whatproblemdidtheauthorhaveinthemorning?A．Sheoftensleptlate.B．Heralarmfailedtowork.C．Shegotsomenoisyneighbors.D．Hersleepwasdisturbedbyarooster.D[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“At4a．m.andatseveralintervalsafterthat,Iwasrudelyawokenbythecockthatlivesoppositeme”可知，凌晨四點(diǎn)開始，每隔一會(huì)兒，作者就被對(duì)面公雞的打鳴聲吵醒；據(jù)此可知，作者的睡眠被公雞打鳴聲打擾了，故D項(xiàng)正確。]2．WhatcanweknowabouttheauthorfromParagraph2?A．Shewasaverycarefulwoman.B．Shewasquitesatisfiedwithherflat.C．Herflatwasprettyoldbutcomfortable.D．Herhouseholdarticleswereinpoorcondition.D[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段第二句可知，作者所住的房子的東西每天損壞一件；據(jù)此可推知，作者所使用的日常用品很破舊，故D項(xiàng)正確。]3．Whathappenedwhentheauthorwasmakingaburger?A．Shewasseriouslyinjured.B．Shemadeaterriblemistake.C．Shebrokeherphoneaccidentally.D．Shesufferedasuddenpowerfailure.B[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段第三、四和五句，并結(jié)合該段其他內(nèi)容可知，作者將金屬烤架放進(jìn)微波爐里，啟動(dòng)后發(fā)生了故障，電源被切斷；據(jù)此可推知，作者在制作漢堡時(shí)犯了個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，故B項(xiàng)正確。]4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Remainingoptimistic.B．Howtochooseaniceflat.C．Learningtoliveinanewflat.D．Whylivingabroadisnoteasy.C[考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，文章尾段尾句是全文的主題句；結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章通過(guò)講述作者在西班牙的一個(gè)小島上當(dāng)英語(yǔ)老師時(shí)如何使用住房?jī)?nèi)的破舊日常用品生活的故事，說(shuō)明了應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)適應(yīng)生活的道理，故C項(xiàng)正確。]B(2019·山西省六校測(cè)試)WorldEnvironmentDayiscelebratedannuallyonJune5thandwascreatedtoinspirepeoplearoundtheglobetotakeanactivepartinenvironmentalprotectionandlearnmoreaboutwayswecanhelptoguaranteethefutureofourplanetissafe.TheveryfirstWorldEnvironmentDaytookplacein1974，establishedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyonthefirstdayoftheStockholmConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentthattookplacein1972.EachyeartheUnitedNationspickathemeandahostcitywhereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers，followedbydifferentkindsofexhibitstopromoteenvironmentalawareness.Environmentalists，academicsandscientistscometogethertobringnewideasonthetableconcerningtheenvironment.The2018WorldEnvironmentDayishostedbyIndia，andthethemeisBeatPlasticPollution.Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbagstoreducetheproductionanduseofdisposableplastic，whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste.EventhoughtheUnitedNationspickaspecifichostcityeveryyear，peoplearoundtheworldstillcelebrateWorldEnvironmentDayintheirhometownswithparades(游行)，concerts，cleaningupandtreeplantingandallkindsofgreenactionstoworktowardshavingabeautifulplanetandbattlingpollution.WorldEnvironmentDayisnotapublicholiday，soyouwon'tbegettingthedayoffworkorschool，butifyouwanttocelebrate，whynotbringittotheattentionofyourparents，friends，colleaguesorclassmates？WorldEnvironmentDayisallaboutworkingtogethertotakeactionfortheplanet，sotrytogeteveryoneyouknowinterestedinhelpingdosomething.Thingsassmallasmakingsurepeoplehaveawaytorecyclecanmakeadifference.Youcouldalsotrybeautifyingyourneighborhoodbyplantinggardens，learnaboutgreenfoods，raisemoneyforalocalwildlifeconservationgroupofsimplylearnabouttheeffectsofdifferentproductsontheearth.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了世界環(huán)境日的由來(lái)和情況，呼吁全員行動(dòng)起來(lái)幫助保護(hù)地球。5．WhyisWorldEnvironmentDaysetup?A．Tomakepeopleknowmoreaboutnature.B．Toaskpeopletohelptoprotecttheglobe.C．Towarnpeopleofthedangerofairpollution.D．Toencouragepeopletoplantheearth'sfuture.B[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第一段中的不定式所作的目的狀語(yǔ)toinspire可以看出，世界環(huán)境日的目的是鼓勵(lì)人們積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)并學(xué)會(huì)很多方法來(lái)幫助確保地球?qū)?lái)的安全，故選B。]6．WhatdopeopledoonWorldEnvironmentDay?A．Decideahostcity.B．Holdathemeparty.C．Discussenvironmentalideas.D．Showsomeplasticproducts.C[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。從第二段中的“whereanyonewhoisconcernedabouttheenvironmentcantalkaboutenvironmentaltopicswithothers”以及第二段最后一句可以看出，人們主要是在這一天討論環(huán)境問(wèn)題。]7．Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestinmeaningto“disposable”inParagraph3?A．High-cost. B．Poor-quality.C．Second-hand. D．Single-use.D[考查詞義猜測(cè)。從第三段中的BeatPlasticPollution可以看出，2018年的主題是“塑戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q”，再結(jié)合畫線詞前面的Iturgespeopletoexploreandchoosesupportablealternativeslikepaperorclothbags和后面的whichmakesup10%ofallofthewaste可知，disposableplastic造成大量資源浪費(fèi)，所以“一次性的”符合語(yǔ)境，故選D項(xiàng)。]8．What'sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Everybitofeffortcounts.B．Doingisbetterthansaying.C．Manyhandsmakelightwork.D．Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.A[考查段落大意。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，世界環(huán)境日不是公共節(jié)日，所以人們不放假。但如果你想慶祝的話，為何不讓你周圍的人關(guān)注它呢？所以最后一段主要是講每個(gè)人都可以從身邊小事做起，行動(dòng)起來(lái)保護(hù)地球，每個(gè)人的微小努力都很重要，故選A項(xiàng)。]C(2019·武漢市部分學(xué)校調(diào)研測(cè)試)ThepolicerecentlycaughtthesuspectedGoldenStateKillerusingatooltheycouldonlyhavedreamedofdecadesago，whenashockingseriesofmurdersshookCalifornia：adatabasefilledwithpeople'sgeneticdata(基因數(shù)據(jù))．Thepoliceusedanopen-sourcedatabasecalledGEDmatchtofindrelativeswhomatchedgeneticmaterialtakenfromatoldcrimescene，thenworkedbackwardtoidentifyandcatchthe72-year-oldformerpoliceofficerJosephJamesDeAngelo.GEDmatch's950，000usersvoluntarilyuploadandsharetheirgeneticinformation，makingitaccessibletootherswhosharetheirowndata—includinglawenforcementagencies(執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān))．Morethanadozenothersimilarplatformsalsoexist.“Ifyourrelativeshavecontributedandyouarepartofevenafamilytreethatappearsonlineinoneofthesesharedresources，youcanbeindirectlytrackedthroughthecombinationoftheirDNAandthepubliclyavailablefamilyhistory，”saysDrRobertGreen，amedicalgeneticistatHarvardMedicalSchool.Datesenttocommercialcompanieslike23andMe，whichhasover5millioncustomers，ismuchtougherforoutsiderstoaccess，butthecasehasstillhighlightedtheissueofgeneticprivacy.Althoughmanygenetic-testingcompanieshavebeenaskedtocooperatewithlegalinvestigations，andclearlywarncustomersofthispossibility，notallrequestsarehonored.“23andMehasnevergivencustomerinformationtolawenforcementofficials，”acompanyrepresentativetoldTime.Therisksofkeepingsuchsensitivedateprivatearehigh.Thepotentialforabuseexists；forexample，insurancecompaniescouldtheoreticallyusegeneticdatetorefusecoverage(保險(xiǎn)范圍)，Greensays.Butthesystemsinplacetopreventmisuseappeartobeworking.OneistheGeneticInformationNondiscriminationActof2008，alawthatprotectsconsumersfromemploymentandinsurancediscriminationrelatedtogenetics.Aslongasthat'sthecase，Greensays，thegoodofgenetictestsoutweighsthebad.SharonZehe，alawyerforthedepartmentoflaboratorymedicineandpathologyattheMayoClinic，takesamorecautiousapproach.“Familytreeservicescanbefun，butmakesureyouareusingareputableorganizationthathasstrongprivacypoliciesinplace，”shesays.“Geneticdataisbiologicallyasimportantasafingerprint.”【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。警方利用遺傳基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)識(shí)別并逮捕了“金州殺手”嫌疑人。合法使用基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)可以幫助警方破案，但是基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的保密風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高，一旦泄露將對(duì)個(gè)人隱私造成嚴(yán)重的危害。9．WhoistheGoldenStateKille