語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)(狀語(yǔ)從句)(定語(yǔ)從句)(倒裝句)講義

語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)----非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一．基本概念：什么是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式)?什么是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式)?在英語(yǔ)中可以充當(dāng)句子謂語(yǔ)的詞必須是動(dòng)詞,而這個(gè)動(dòng)詞形式又必須與句子的主語(yǔ)間保持著正確的人稱,數(shù),及語(yǔ)態(tài),時(shí)態(tài)的變化關(guān)系,即:主語(yǔ)的人稱,數(shù),時(shí)間,及主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)發(fā)出或被動(dòng)反射關(guān)系,這一正確的變化關(guān)系就是動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式,也是我們判斷句中的謂語(yǔ)形式正確與否的依據(jù).(*注意:以please構(gòu)成的祈使句通常是省去主語(yǔ)的,但句中的動(dòng)詞仍是謂語(yǔ)形式!(Please)standup!Look!Don’tmove!)需特別注意的是:盡管句中的謂語(yǔ)必須用動(dòng)詞充當(dāng),但并非句中的每一個(gè)動(dòng)詞都是動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式.如:HewentNanjingtoseehisbrotherlastweek.(tosee)Whathesaidmadeusthinkabouttheproblem.(think)Tomenjoysswimminginsummer.(swimming)Mywatchdoesn’twork,whichIwillhaverepaired.(repaired)從以上例句中可看出動(dòng)詞形式:tosee,think,swimming,和repaired有以下特點(diǎn):與句子的主語(yǔ)之間并無(wú)正確的人稱,數(shù),等關(guān)系,即:不隨主語(yǔ)的變化而變化仍有動(dòng)詞的明顯特征,如:動(dòng)作意義,主被動(dòng)含義(注意:不是主被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))*結(jié)論:這種與句子的主語(yǔ)之間無(wú)人稱,數(shù)的變化關(guān)系,但又有著動(dòng)詞固有的特征的動(dòng)詞形式---一個(gè)不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式,就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞).因此,解與動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的題目時(shí),首先考慮的就是:此處該用謂語(yǔ)還是非謂語(yǔ)?!2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的表現(xiàn)形式---哪些動(dòng)詞形式是非謂語(yǔ)形式?基本形式主動(dòng)變形形式被動(dòng)變形形式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendonedoinghavingdonehavingbeendonedone注意:1.)動(dòng)詞的單三人稱,如:goes和過(guò)去式,如:went一類的動(dòng)詞形式,永遠(yuǎn)是謂語(yǔ)形式.難點(diǎn)是:很多動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的拼寫與過(guò)去分詞(done)完全一樣,所以很容易混淆.動(dòng)詞原形既可充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)(但僅限于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),非單三人稱做主語(yǔ)時(shí),以及一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后),又可充當(dāng)非謂語(yǔ),要注意辨別二．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能----在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑篈.作主語(yǔ):非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式中的todosth,tobedone,doingsth,havingdonesth,beingdone,havingbeendone在句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，使用要點(diǎn)如下：Dosth不可作主語(yǔ).X:Getupearlyisagoodhabit.---Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.Doingsth作主語(yǔ)與Todosth作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別是:Doingsth常表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣上的,經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;而Todosth則表示一個(gè)具體的,某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.試比較:Goingswimmingonahotsummerdayisapleasure.(習(xí)慣性,經(jīng)常性)Togoswimmingwithyoutodayisapleasure.(具體性)被動(dòng)態(tài)的doing,即:beingdone作主語(yǔ)時(shí),being不可省略,done不可直接作主語(yǔ).X:Blamedforbreakingtheunvaluablecupmadehimannoyed.---Beingblamedforbreakingtheunvaluablecupmadehimannoyed.如要明確表示doing是誰(shuí)發(fā)出的或beingdone反射到誰(shuí)身上,必須在doing,beingdone前面+sb’s/sth’s(所有格)Thathecamelateforclassmadetheteacherangry.SP=Hiscominglateforclassmadetheteacherangry.SPThattheenvironmentiswellprotectedisimportant.SP=Theenvironment’sbeingwellprotectedisimportant.SPDoingsth,Todosth作主語(yǔ)時(shí),句中謂語(yǔ)必須用單數(shù),不要受緊貼謂語(yǔ)的的名詞的干擾:Eatingmorefruitandvegetablesisgoodforourhealth.B.作表語(yǔ):(在系動(dòng)詞后面,主要是用:todo,doing,done)Hisjibiscleaningtheschool.Hispurposeistowinthefirstprize.Luckily,nobodygotinjuredintheaccident.Glasswallslooksowelldesignedbutwemayfeeluninvited/refused.C.作賓語(yǔ):所謂非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ),就是將一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式放在句中的謂語(yǔ)后面構(gòu)成:主+謂(P)+動(dòng)詞(v)+其他的句式,即:一個(gè)動(dòng)+動(dòng)的句式,其分類如下:1.普通類:S+P+todo/tobedone+其他.注意:英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)的動(dòng)詞后只可用todo,tobedone作賓語(yǔ)(例外:helptodo/dosth),但某些動(dòng)詞,詞組后則可用不定式的各種變形形式作賓語(yǔ),所以必須牢記這些動(dòng)詞和詞組:表一.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)可用動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ):不定式主動(dòng)變形形式賓語(yǔ):不定式被動(dòng)變形形式Sb/sth+seemappearhappenpretendtodosthtobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone(1)Hepretendedtoworkhardafterhefailedintheexam.(towork發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)pretended之后)(2)Hepretendedtobeworkinghardwhentheemployercamein.(tobeworking與謂語(yǔ)pretended同時(shí)發(fā)生)(3)HepretendedtohaveknownthenewswhenIshowedhimthenewspaper.(tohaveknown發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)pretended之前)(4)Allthefoodmayhappentobeeatenwhenwegettheparty,I’mafraid.(tobeeaten發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)happen之后)(5)Allofthemhappenedtobehavingdinnerwhenwegottotheparty.(tobehaving與謂語(yǔ)happened同時(shí)發(fā)生)(6)Allthefoodhappenedtohavebeeneatenwhenwegottotheparty.(tohavebeeneaten發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)happened之前)表二.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)可用動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ):不定式主動(dòng)變形形式賓語(yǔ):不定式被動(dòng)變形形式Sb/sth+besaidbethoughtbesupposedbeconsideredbebelievedbereportedbeknowntodosthtobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone(1)HeissaidtogototheU.Stostudynextyear.(togo發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)issaid之后)(2)Heissaidtobewritinganewnovelatpresent.(tobewriting與謂語(yǔ)issaid同時(shí)發(fā)生)(3)HeissaidtohavestudiedintheU.S.(tohavestudied發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)issaid之前)表三.具有虛擬含義的不定式:在下例動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞詞組后用tohavedone,tohavebeendone來(lái)表示:某人當(dāng)時(shí)想做…,但(后來(lái))實(shí)際未能做到.主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式賓語(yǔ):不定式主/被動(dòng)變形形式Sb+WishedhopeWantedintendedMeantwouldlike/love(would)preferwas/weretohavedonetohavebeendone(1)Iwouldlikeverymuchtohavejoinedyouinthepicnic.(我本非常愿意和你們一起去野炊)(2)Ihoped/wanted/intendedtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.(我真希望被邀請(qǐng)去參加了那個(gè)聚會(huì))使用不定式的各種變形形式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的注意要點(diǎn):(1)必須牢記哪些動(dòng)詞后面可用不定式的各種變形形式作賓語(yǔ).(2)準(zhǔn)確地判斷句中該用不定式的主動(dòng)類(todo,tobedoing,tohavedone),還是被動(dòng)類(tobedone,tohavebeendone),再判斷時(shí)間(時(shí)態(tài)含義)上的區(qū)別.因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)態(tài)含義是指不定式與句子主語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系,是原則問(wèn)題,而時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系則是語(yǔ)境問(wèn)題,是細(xì)微差別.如:Hehappened_________(call)onwhenhewasaway.Thescientistsseem______________(interest)inthisfieldforalongtime.*特殊情況中的不定式作賓語(yǔ):(1)介詞but,except(除…之外)后面既可跟todosth,也可跟dosth用法為:a.)當(dāng)but/except前沒(méi)有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的任何形式時(shí):用todosth;Wehadnochoiceatthattimebuttogiveintohim.Hesaidnothingbut/excepttothrowhimselfintothechair.b.)當(dāng)but/except前有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do的任何形式時(shí):用dosth:Hedidnothinginthemorningbut/exceptwatchTV.Alltheday,heseemstohavenothingtodobut/exceptchatonline.(2)wh-詞:what,who,which,when,where,how,whether,(why除外)后面都可以跟一個(gè)不定式的主動(dòng)式:wh-+todo來(lái)替代一個(gè)完整的賓語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句:主句從句wh-詞+todoIdon’tknowwhowillgotothemeeting.(主動(dòng)態(tài))whoweshouldsendtothecompany.(主動(dòng)態(tài))whotogotothemeeting.主,謂關(guān)系whotosendtothecompany.動(dòng),賓關(guān)系Idon’tknowwhatwecandotostoppollution.(主動(dòng)態(tài))whattodotostoppollution.動(dòng),賓關(guān)系Idon’tknowwhichbookIcanchoose.(主動(dòng)態(tài))whichbooktochoose.動(dòng),賓關(guān)系*需要特別注意的是:在完整的從句中,當(dāng)wh-詞與從句的謂語(yǔ)為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式todo,來(lái)表示這一動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,而不是用被動(dòng)形式tobedone來(lái)表示.即:主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義.Theyhavenevertoldmewhat_________.(選出所有錯(cuò)誤).A.istodoB.todoC.istobedoneD.tobedone.(3)why+dosth/notdosth?構(gòu)成的省略句與完整的問(wèn)句含義完全不同:前者不是疑問(wèn)而是祈使或建議.Comein.Whystandintherain?Youarefree.Whynotjoinusintheboating?2．重點(diǎn)類：1．S+P(特定動(dòng)詞后必須)+doingsth/beingdone2.S+P(特定詞組后必須)+doingsth/beingdone3．S+P(特定詞組含介詞to后必須)+doingsth/beingdone表（一）后面必須跟doingsth/beingdone的動(dòng)詞（共28個(gè)）特定動(dòng)詞+可用動(dòng)詞形式avoid,admit,appreciateadvise,allow+doingsth/beingdonebear,tolerate,stand+doingsth/beingdoneconsider,complete+doingsth/beingdonedislike,delay,deny+doingsth/beingdoneenjoy,escape,excuse+doingsth/beingdonefinish,favour(喜歡，愛(ài)好)+doingsth/beingdoneimagine+doingsth/beingdonekeep(on)+doingsth/beingdonemind,miss+doingsth/beingdoneoppose(反對(duì))+doingsth/beingdonepractise,permit+doingsth/beingdonerisk,resist+doingsth/beingdonesuggest+doingsth/beingdoneunderstand+doingsth/beingdone表(二)后面必須跟doing/beingdone的詞組:(共11個(gè))beworth+doingsth/beingdonebebusy+doingsth/beingdonebefarfrom/(反義)becloseto+doingsth/beingdonecan’t/couldn’thelp/resist+doingsth/beingdonefeellike+doingsth/beingdoneputoff+doingsth/beingdoneinsiston+doingsth/beingdonesucceedin+doingsth/beingdonespend/waste/time/money(in)+doingsth/beingdonehave/finddifficulty/trouble(in)+doingsth/beingdoneTherebe(no)point/sense(in)+doingsth/beingdone注意：beworth后面不能跟：beingdone表(三)詞組含介詞to后面必須跟doingsth/beingdone的詞組(共30個(gè))pay/draw/call/(one’s)attentiontodoingsth/beingdoneattractsb/one’sattentiontodoingsth/beingdoneswitch(sth)/shift(sth)todoingsth/beingdoneadapt(sth)/adjust(sth)todoingsth/beingdoneleadtodoingsth/beingdonedevotesth/oneself/bedevotedtodoingsth/beingdonegetdowntodoingsth/beingdonecontribute(sth)todoingsth/beingdonehaveaccess/anapproachtodoingsth/beingdonelookforwardtodoingsth/beingdoneobject(反對(duì))=beopposedtodoingsth/beingdonebe/getused/accustomedtodoingsth/beingdonebe/getaddictedtodoingsth/beingdoneberelated/inrelationtodoingsth/beingdoneBeclose/next/onthewaytodoingsth/beingdonebeavailabletodoingsth/beingdonea/thekey/answer/replytodoingsth/beingdonea/thesolutiontodoingsth/beingdonea/theresponse/reactiontodoingsth/beingdonea/thelinktodoingsth/beingdone表(四)S+P(同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞)+todosth與+doingsth含義不同(六組)remembertodosthrememberdoingsthforgettodosthforgetdoingsthregrettosthforgetdoingsthmeantosthmeandoingsthcan’t/couldn’thelptodosthcan’t/couldn’thelpdoingsthtrytodosthtrydoingsth掌握要點(diǎn):remember/forget/regret后面跟todosth時(shí),todo表示的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生,而跟doingsth或有時(shí)跟havingdone則表示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生mean的主語(yǔ)為sb時(shí),后面常跟todosth,而主語(yǔ)為sth時(shí),必須跟doingsth,即:sbmeantodosth=sbwant/intendtodosthsthmeandoingHenevermeanstocometoschoollate.Ifyoucometoschoollateagain,itwillmeanyourbeingpunished.Doingitthiswaymeansaskingfortrouble.sbcan’thelpdoingsth:禁不住/忍不住做某事sbcan’thelp(to)dosth:無(wú)法/不能幫助做某事IknownothingaboutmachinessoIcan’thelp(to)repairthecar.sbtrytodosth:某人盡力做某事sbtrydoingsth:某人試試看能否做某事Trysolvingthemathsproblemanotherwayifyoufailthisway.D.作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):在主動(dòng)態(tài)的句子中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);在被動(dòng)態(tài)中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),分類句式如下:普通類:主動(dòng)態(tài):S+P+sb/sth(賓語(yǔ))+todosth/tobedone被動(dòng)態(tài):S+bedone+todosth/tobedone說(shuō)明:1.)英語(yǔ)中的絕大多數(shù)可以跟賓語(yǔ)再跟賓補(bǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞都可以用以上主,被動(dòng)句型2.)此時(shí)賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)的形式一樣Theywantmetoemailthecompany.Theywantthecompanytobeemailed.Iamwantedtoemailthecompany.Thecompanyiswantedtobeemailed.重點(diǎn)類:S+P+sb/sth+dosth2）S+P+sb/sth+doingsth3)S+P+sb/sth+done具體動(dòng)詞見(jiàn)表:動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)可用賓補(bǔ)形式可用賓補(bǔ)形式可用賓補(bǔ)形式備注(看動(dòng)詞)see,lookat,watch,notice,observestareat,glanceat,glareatcatchsightofsb/sthdosthdoingsthdone被動(dòng)態(tài)中do必須變?yōu)閠odosth(聽(tīng)動(dòng)詞)hear,listentosb/sthdosthdoingsthdone被動(dòng)態(tài)中do必須變?yōu)閠odosth(使役動(dòng)詞)make,let,havesb/sthdosthdosthdosthXXdoingsthdoneXdone被動(dòng)態(tài)中do必須變?yōu)閠odosth(使役動(dòng)詞)keep,leavesb/sthsb/sthXtodosthdoingsthdoingsthdonedone被動(dòng)態(tài)中補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式不變findsb/sthXdoingsthdone被動(dòng)態(tài)中補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式不變feelsb/sthdodoingsthdone被動(dòng)態(tài)中補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)形式不變掌握要點(diǎn):1.)背熟以上表格2.)特別要記住那些并非三種形式都可跟的動(dòng)詞3.)搞清do和doing的區(qū)別4.)搞清do/doing和done的區(qū)別5.)注意謂語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)后補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的變化E.作狀語(yǔ):用todosth/tobedone作狀語(yǔ)在句中作目的狀語(yǔ):(Inorder)todosth/nottodosth/tobedone/nottobedone,S+P+…=S+P+…(inorder/soas)todosth/tobedone/nottodo/nottobedoneHeclimbedupthetreetoseefurther.Hespokeuptobeheardinthehugehall.在句中作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):S+P+…,+onlytodosth/tobedone某人做…結(jié)果僅僅…/僅僅被…S+P+…,+nevertodosth/tobedone某人做…從未/在也不…/不被…Hehurriedhome,onlytofindhishousebrokeninto.Hespentmuchonthebet,onlytobecheated.Thereportermadeittotheairport,onlytobetoldthatthemoviestarhaddeparted.Helefthishometown20yearsago,nevertobeseenagain/nevertoreturnagain.注意區(qū)別不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的要點(diǎn)如下:含義上的區(qū)別位置上的區(qū)別,結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)不可前置句首目的狀語(yǔ)前面沒(méi)有only,never不定式在以下句式中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):S+P+too+adj/adv+todoS+P+too+adj+a/an+n+todoS+P+so+adj/adv+astodoS+P+such+n+astodoWill/Wouldyoubesokind/goodastodosth?=Willyoupleasedosth?在句中作方式/方面狀語(yǔ):Thebookiseasytobuy/tounderstand/toborrow/totranslate.*sb/sth+P(be或其他系動(dòng)詞)+adj(easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,fit,dangerous等)+todo此時(shí)不定式用以說(shuō)明這些adj在…方面…掌握要點(diǎn):在本句式中,adj后面的todo與主語(yǔ)之間是一個(gè)被動(dòng)反射關(guān)系,但卻不可用tobedone,即主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義因?yàn)榫渲械膖odo與主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)反射關(guān)系,所以這個(gè)todo必須是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞(vt),如果是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞的todo就必須在其后面加上一個(gè)正確的介詞.Thegirlishardtogetalong_________.Theroomisnicetolive_______.Thestain(污跡)onmyshirtisdifficulttogetrid______.Therobbersfoundthebankeasytobreak_______.Oldladiesareconsideredeasiertorob______something.此句式有可能與Itbe+adjforsb/sthtodosth/tobedone轉(zhuǎn)換:Thebookiseasy(forus)tounderstand.=Itiseasy(forus)tounderstandthebook.=Itiseasyforthebook__________________________________.在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)：sb+be+daj+todosth/tobedone(動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或與be同時(shí)發(fā)生)sb+be+adj+tohavedone/tohavebeendone(動(dòng)作在be前已發(fā)生)Iamgladtoseeyou.(見(jiàn)面時(shí)講，toseeyou與am同時(shí)發(fā)生)Iamgladtohaveseenyou.(分手時(shí)講，tohaveseenyou在am之前發(fā)生)doing和done在句中作狀語(yǔ):doing和done在句子中可以充當(dāng):時(shí)間,原因,條件,讓步,伴隨(補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明)等狀語(yǔ).其本質(zhì)是將一個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句(時(shí)間,原因,…)進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)化,其要點(diǎn)之一是:狀語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)必須與主句中的主語(yǔ)為同一個(gè)人,物,事才可進(jìn)行這種簡(jiǎn)化.換言之,簡(jiǎn)化后的doing短語(yǔ),done短語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)之間有正確的邏輯關(guān)系:主動(dòng)發(fā)出或被動(dòng)反射.*doing和done作狀語(yǔ)的兩種基本句式:原始從句:時(shí)間/條件/原因等連詞＋S1+P(主動(dòng)態(tài))+…+(主句)S+P+…簡(jiǎn)化后:Doingsth/Havingdonesth+(主句)S+P…(不變)原始從句:時(shí)間/條件/原因等連詞＋S1+P(被動(dòng)態(tài))+…+(主句)S+P…簡(jiǎn)化后:Done/Beingdone/Havingbeendone+(主句)S+P…(不變)Ifyouheattheice,youwillgetwater.=Heatingtheice,youwillgetwater.Ificeisheated,itwillbecomewater.=Heated,it(ice)willbecomewater.*(3)Iftheiceisheated,youwillgetwater.S1S2(本句無(wú)法用doing或done來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化從句,只可用:With+sb/sthA+doing/done,+SB+P…Withtheiceheated,youwillgetwater.)掌握要點(diǎn):判斷該用從句還是簡(jiǎn)化式:doingsth/done判斷句子的主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯關(guān)系:主動(dòng)發(fā)出用doingsth/havingdonesth,被動(dòng)反射則必須用:done/beingdone/havingbeendone之一doingsth相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)含義的正在進(jìn)行時(shí),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間含義,havingdonesth則相當(dāng)于主動(dòng)含義的現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去完成時(shí)含義.done相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)態(tài)的一般現(xiàn)在,一般將來(lái),一般過(guò)去的時(shí)間含義,beingdone相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)進(jìn)行含義,havingbeendone相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)完成含義when,while,until,once(一旦),unless,if,as,though等詞可放在doingsth或done前面,以具體表明doingsth/done的狀語(yǔ)含義以下doing不受句子主語(yǔ)的控制:Generally/Frankly/StrictlyspeakingJudgingfrom/by….Thinkingabout…Considering…}+S+P….Allowingfor…Given…Talkingabout/Speakingof….再次提醒:用謂語(yǔ)(從句)還是非謂語(yǔ)(doing/done)是原則問(wèn)題用主動(dòng)形式(doing/havingdone)還是被動(dòng)形式(done/beingdone/havingbeendone)是原則問(wèn)題,用哪種時(shí)態(tài)形式是語(yǔ)境問(wèn)題F.作定語(yǔ):所謂用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ),就是用一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/詞組去修飾一個(gè)名詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的位置:單個(gè)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)要前置于被修飾的名詞(left除外,thefoodleft;比:theleftfood)而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組作定語(yǔ)則要后置非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的原理:就是將一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)詞匯或詞組,其規(guī)則如下:名詞+that/which/who+P(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))…todosth(主動(dòng)將來(lái)含義)簡(jiǎn)化:名詞+{doingsth(主動(dòng)一般或主動(dòng)進(jìn)行含義)havingdone(主動(dòng)完成含義)名詞+that/which/who+P(bedone:被動(dòng)態(tài)從句)tobedone(被動(dòng)將來(lái)含義)done(被動(dòng)一般含義)簡(jiǎn)化:名詞+{beingdone(被動(dòng)進(jìn)行含義)havingbeendone(被動(dòng)完成含義)因此,當(dāng)我們難以確定該用非謂語(yǔ)的何種形式來(lái)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),我們可以用從句還原法來(lái)幫我們一把.例:Whenwearrivedathishouse,wecouldn’tseeany___?______(remaining,remained)guseststhere.=Whenwearrivedathishouse,wecouldn’tseeanyguestswho_____?_____(remained,wereremained)there.由此可見(jiàn)一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞的各種非謂語(yǔ)形式都有可能作定語(yǔ),而一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式中的:tobedone,done,beingdone,havingbeendone是無(wú)法作定語(yǔ)的(特例除外),因?yàn)樗鼈儽旧砭筒淮嬖?如果存在就是一種人為的錯(cuò)誤!特例:fallen,risen,set,可作定語(yǔ):thefallenleaves,therisensun,thesetmoon,但不等于thefallingleaves,therisingsun,thesettingmoon;前者無(wú)被動(dòng)含義而是完成含義,后者則是進(jìn)行含義.只可用todo,tobedone作定語(yǔ)的幾種情況:sbhave(有)sth/sbtodoIhavesomethingtosay.(邏輯關(guān)系:I---say---something)Shehasaquestiontoasktheteacher.(邏輯關(guān)系:She---ask---theteacher---aquestion)Wehaveanewplantotalkaboutwithyou.(邏輯關(guān)系:We---talkaboutanewplanwithyou)sbfindsthtodosbAgive/offersbB+sthtodo*使用本句式時(shí)應(yīng)特注意:判斷have是“有”動(dòng)詞而不是“使”動(dòng)詞.被修飾的名詞(sb/sth與后面的todo為被動(dòng)反射關(guān)系,與句子的主語(yǔ)為主動(dòng)發(fā)出關(guān)系,因此這個(gè)todo必須是一個(gè)vt,如果是一個(gè)vi,就必須在其后面+一個(gè)正確的介詞,即:用todo的主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示與前面名詞之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系!例:(1.)Ihavenobodytogotoseethefilm_______(需要介詞嗎?)(2.)Heissaidtohave3childrentobring___?___/toraise___?____/tocare__?___.(3.)Wefailedtofindevenasinglebedtosleep____?___inthehotel.(4)Wouldyoupleasegiveachairtosit____?___?(5)OnChristmasDay,hismothergavehimanewcoattodress.(改錯(cuò))4.)need,way,right(權(quán)利),chance,reason,等詞后面可用todo作定語(yǔ).5.)被修飾的名詞前有：the+序數(shù)詞/the+last/theonly+名詞+todosth/tobedoneHeisalwaysthefirst(students)toaskquestions.Heisalwaysthefirst(student)tobeaskedquestions.語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)----------------狀語(yǔ)從句一.基本概念:狀語(yǔ)從句是由一個(gè)表達(dá)特定含義的連詞引導(dǎo)的從句,如:表達(dá)時(shí)間含義的連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句;表達(dá)原因含義的連詞引導(dǎo)原因從句;等等.因此,解狀語(yǔ)從句的題目時(shí),首先必須根據(jù)全句的語(yǔ)境,判斷適用連詞的類別,其次,還要注意某一狀語(yǔ)從句中有無(wú)特殊要求或規(guī)定,如時(shí)態(tài)限制,同時(shí)也要注意連詞的一詞多義現(xiàn)象,即:同一連詞具有二個(gè)或以上的含義,可以引導(dǎo)不同含義的狀語(yǔ)從句.二.狀語(yǔ)從句的分類應(yīng)用:A.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:I.普通類中的重點(diǎn):表一連詞含義用法要點(diǎn)when當(dāng)….時(shí)候WhenSA+PA+…,SB+PB+…PA和PB可以同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可先后發(fā)生,不受點(diǎn),線動(dòng)詞的限制while在…期間,與…同時(shí),用于表示:兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作并行發(fā)生并持續(xù)2.)一長(zhǎng)一短兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生WhileSA+PA+…,SB+PB+…WhilehewaswatchingTV,Iwasreadingabook.Whilehewasridinghisbike,hefelldown.Whilehewaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrosshim.*特別注意:while從句中不可用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞!as正當(dāng)…時(shí)候:含義近似assoonas一邊….,一邊…3.)隨著A…,B也…./A發(fā)展,變化,B也發(fā)展,變化Astheteacherturnedaround,theboybegantomakeface.Hesangsongsashewastakingabath.Asitgotdarker,theybecamemoreworried.ASitspricegoesdown,morefamilieswillbuycomputers=Withitspricegoingdown,morefamilieswillbuycomputers特別注意:as從句中不可用be動(dòng)詞!錯(cuò):Ashewasakid,heusedtohelphisfatherwiththefarmwork.對(duì):When/Whilehewasakid,heusedtohelphisfatherwiththefarmwork.對(duì):Asakid,heusedtohelphisfatherwiththefarmwork.When的特例用法:突然….=justthen=suddenlySA+was/weredoingsth+whenSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))2.)SA+was/were(about)todosth,+whenSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))SA+had(just)donesth,+whenSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))While的特例用法:然而,但是…2.)雖然…JacklikessportswhileMarylikesmusic.Whileheisaboyof14,hecanspeak5languages.表二.連詞含義用法要點(diǎn)before在….之前BeforeSA+PA…,SB+PB…正常理解:在A發(fā)生之前,B就/將發(fā)生反向理解:B發(fā)生之后,A才發(fā)生A還未來(lái)及發(fā)生,B就已發(fā)生BeforehegoestoBeijing,hewillcallonyou.Theyhadcovered150km,beforetheyreachedthevillage.Thefilmhadbegun,beforetheygottothecinema.*重點(diǎn)句式:(1)Itwillbe/is+段時(shí)間+beforesb/sth+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))….在某人做…/在某事發(fā)生之前將有/還有…時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)法:某人將在…時(shí)間之后做…/某事將在…時(shí)間之后發(fā)生比較:Itis/hasbeen+段時(shí)間+since+S+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))…某人做某事/某事發(fā)生已…時(shí)間(2)Itis/willbelong/notlongbeforeS+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))…某人很久之后/不久之后就將做某事;某事很久/不久之后就將發(fā)生(3)Itwas/wouldbe+段時(shí)間/+long/notlong+beforeS+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))since自從…時(shí)候起至今SA+have/hasdone(線動(dòng)詞)/have/hasbeendoingsth(線動(dòng)詞)+sinceSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))MyfriendhassincemarriedandmovedtoCalifornia.我的朋友從那以后就結(jié)了婚并移居到加利福尼亞Theyhavebeenfriendssincechildhood.他們從幼時(shí)起一直是好朋友Intermittentlyfrom:She'sbeenskiingsincechildhood.她從幼時(shí)起就開(kāi)始滑雪Hehasn'tbeenhomesincehegraduated.他畢業(yè)后沒(méi)回過(guò)家Theyhavebeenfriendseversincetheywereingradeschool.他們從小學(xué)起就一直是好朋友till/until(1)A是/做…直到B…(2)直到B…時(shí),A才做…(1)SA+P(線動(dòng)詞肯定式的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))+till/untilSB+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))Hewaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequietandhewasabletoreturntwodayslater.他一直等到火山平息下來(lái),兩天后他才得以重回火山上。(2)A.SA+P(點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞否定式not)+till/until+時(shí)間/SB+P…B.Notuntil+時(shí)間/SB+P…+do/does/did/will+SA+P(點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞肯定式)Wecan'tgountilThursday.我們要到星期四才能去。Icouldn'tsewuntilIwassix.我直到六歲時(shí)才會(huì)用針縫東西。Wecan'tstartthejobuntilwehavetheapprovalfromtheauthorityconcerned.沒(méi)有有關(guān)當(dāng)局的批準(zhǔn)我們不能開(kāi)始這項(xiàng)工作。C.Itis/wasnotuntilSB+P…+thatSA+P(點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞肯定式)ItisnotuntilThursdaythatwecango.once一旦A….,B就….OnceSA+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))+SB+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/一般將來(lái)時(shí))Onceprinted,thisdictionarywillbeverypopular!一旦出版，這本詞典將會(huì)非常暢銷！Oncehearriveswecanstart.他一到我們就可以動(dòng)身。II.特殊類：A.A一…,B就…有下列幾種表達(dá)方式:SB+P…assoonasSA+P…SB+P…themoment/theminuteSA+P…SB+P…immediately/directlySA+P…SAhadhardlydonesth+whenSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))…SAhadnosoonerdonesththanSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))…HardlyhadSAdonesthwhenSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))…(4)的倒裝式NosoonerhadSAdonesththanSB+P(一般過(guò)去時(shí))…(5)的倒裝式B.(1)當(dāng)A第一/二/三/四次做…時(shí),B…Thefirst/second/third/fourth….time(when)SA+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過(guò)去時(shí);不可用將來(lái)時(shí)),SB+P…(2)當(dāng)A上一次做…時(shí),B…Thelasttime(when)SA+P(不可用將來(lái)時(shí)),SB+P…(3)當(dāng)A每次做…時(shí),B(都)….Every/Eachtime(when)SA+P(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),不可用將來(lái)時(shí)),SB+P…Eg:Thefirsttime(when)Imether,shewasagirlofabout10.ThelasttimeImethim,heservedinthearmy.Everytimehereadsthebook,itcallsuphischildhood.特別注意:以上幾個(gè)句式前都不可用for錯(cuò):ForthefirsttimeImether,shewasagirlofabout10.比較:某人第…次做某事:Sb+P(dosth)forthefirst/second/third/…time.(后面不可再+S+P…)Theywenttoseethefilmforthefirsttimeyesterdayevening.B.條件狀語(yǔ)從句:連詞含義用法要點(diǎn)if如果….分清是真實(shí)條件句,還是虛擬條件句,*比較:ifonly+S+P….是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的虛擬句=Iwish+S+P…IfonlyIhadbeentotheGreatWall.而不是條件句.If和only不可分隔SupposeSupposingProvided假如…如果…Suppose/Supposing/Provided(that)SA+P….,SB+P….如果A….,B就….Supposingitrainswhatshallyoudo?假使下雨，你會(huì)怎么辦呢？unless如果…不…除非….UnlessSA+P…,SB+P…如果A不…./除非A…,B就….Mybabysisternevercriesunlesssheishungry.我剛出生的妹妹除非餓了，她是從來(lái)不哭的。IshallgotheretomorrowunlessI'mtoobusy.如果我不太忙，明天將到那兒去。特別注意:unless從句中不可用否定式!As/solongas只要…只有在…條件/前提下As/SolongasSA+P….,SB+P….只要SA…..,B就…Youmayborrowthisbookaslongasyoupromisetogiveitback.只要你答應(yīng)歸還，你就可以把這書借走。比較:As/Sofaras…；就…而言；至于….,根據(jù)…AsfarasIknow,hehasgonetotown.就我所知，他到鎮(zhèn)子上去了。ASfarastheproblemofpollutionisconcerned,strongmeasuresshouldbetakenwithoutdelay.Onconditionthat…條件是…,/在…條件下…OnconditionthatSA+P…,SB+P…SB做…,條件是B…Thebankhasagreedtoloanme$10,000,onconditionthatIpayitbackontime.Incase…萬(wàn)一/以防…SA+P…incaseSB+P…A做。..萬(wàn)一/以防B做…/發(fā)生…Takeahatwithyouincasethesunisveryhot.倘若太陽(yáng)很利害，你就把帽子戴上。比較:incaseofsth如果；萬(wàn)一Incaseofraintheycan'tgo.萬(wàn)一下雨，他們就不能去了。Thisisanumbertocallincaseofemergency.特別注意從句中的時(shí)態(tài)及特例(1)以上任何一種條件從句中都不可用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài),只可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)(2)特例:[A]ifsbwill/won’tdosth=ifsbbewilling/unwillingtodosth[B]ifsbam/is/aregoingtodosth}=ifsbwant/plantodosthifsbam/is/aretodosthC.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:連詞含義用法要點(diǎn)Though/although雖然/盡管…Though/althoughSA+P….,(yet/still)SB+P….=WhileSA+P….,SB+P….Though/AlthoughShesaidshewouldbelate,yet/stillshearrivedontime.她說(shuō)她會(huì)遲到，但她卻準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)了比較:despite/inspiteof+名詞/名詞詞組,S+P…Despitethebadweatherweenjoyedourholiday.盡管天氣不好，我們的假期仍過(guò)得很愉快。Theykeptgoinginspiteoftheirfears.他們不顧害怕繼續(xù)前進(jìn)Iwentoutinspiteoftherain.盡管下雨我還是出去了。Inspiteofgreateffortswefailedtocarryourplansthrough."盡管我們作出了巨大努力,我們還是沒(méi)能完成計(jì)劃。"As構(gòu)成的倒裝讓步句Adj/n/adv+as+S+P….,S+P….Greatastheauthorwas,heprovedabadmodel.這位作者盡管了不起，到頭來(lái)卻成了一個(gè)壞榜樣。Ridiculousasitseems,thetaleistrue.這個(gè)故事看似荒唐，卻是真的Childasheis,hecanspeakthreelanguages.Hardashetried,hefailedagain.evenifeventhough即使….Evenif/eventhoughheisbusy,hewillsurelyhelpyouout.比較:asif/asthoughS+P…,S+P…似乎…，仿佛…Shelookedasifsheweremadeofice.她看起來(lái)似乎是冰做的Itseemedasifthemeetingwouldneverend.看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒(méi)完沒(méi)了Shespoketomeasifsheknewme.她和我說(shuō)話的神情，好像她早就認(rèn)識(shí)我似的。Whether….or….是…還是不是;不管…還是；無(wú)論…還是Whethershewinsorwhethersheloses,thisisherlasttournament.不管她是贏是輸，這是她的最后一次錦標(biāo)賽Ishallgo,whetheryoucomewithmeorstayathome.不論你來(lái)還是留在家中，我都要去。Whetherwelikeaparticularpieceofnewsornot,allwehavetodoissitinfrontofthetubeand'letithappen'.不管我們喜歡不喜歡一條消息,我們所能做的只是坐在電視機(jī)前,'讓它過(guò)去'。WhethertheywilleverbecomefutureOlympicchampions,onlytimewilltell.他們究竟會(huì)不會(huì)成為未來(lái)的奧林匹克的冠軍,只有讓時(shí)間來(lái)作出回答。注意:本句式中,不可用if替換whetherHowever…Nomatterhow…無(wú)論A如何/不論A到什么程度,B都…(1)However/nomatterhow+adj/adv(不可加名詞)+SA+P…,SB+P…Hecananswerthequestionhoweverharditis.不管問(wèn)題有多難他都能回答。"Howeverabundantcertainnaturalresourcesmaybe,theycannotreproducethemselvesandareboundtobeusedupultimately.""不管某些自然資源多么豐富,它們不會(huì)再生,終究要被使用完的。""HoweverIcookeggs,thechildstillrefusestoeatthem.""不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。""Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter."狐貍再狡猾也敵不過(guò)好獵手。Dresshoweveryoulike.你喜歡怎么穿就怎么穿(2)[A]However/nomatterhowmany/few+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+S+P…,S+P…[B]However/nomatterhowmuch/little+不可數(shù)名詞+S+P…,S+P…However/nomatterhowmanybooksaboutU.Syouhaveread,youwillgetacultureshockwhenyousetfootinit.However/nomatterhowmuchmoneyhehas,hecan’tbuyourrespect.Nomatter+wh-詞/Wh-詞S+P…,無(wú)論…,不管…,(1)Nomatter+what/who/when/where/how+SA+P…,SB+P…“Yetthereisn'tatrainIwouldn'ttake,/Nomatterwhereit'sgoing”“可我會(huì)踏上任何一輛火車，不管它去哪里”(2)Whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever+SA+P…,SB+P…Whateverhappens,we'llmeetheretonight.不管發(fā)生什么事情，我們今晚都在這兒碰頭Whateverwesaid,he'ddisagree.無(wú)論我們說(shuō)什么，他都不同意。Whateveryourargument,Ishallholdtomydecision.不管你怎樣爭(zhēng)辯,我還是堅(jiān)持自己的決定。Whateveryoudo,Iwon'ttellyoumysecret.不管你做什么，我都不會(huì)把我的秘密告訴你。比較下列句子：Dowhateveryouplease.你喜歡做什么就做什么Theyeatwhatevertheycanfind.他們找到什么就吃什么？Whateverisleftoverisyours.剩下來(lái)的所有的都是你的Whateverrequestsyoumakewillbegranted.你提的任何請(qǐng)求都會(huì)得到許可Sheappliedwhateverstrengthshehadlefttothetask.她將所有剩下的精力都用到這項(xiàng)任務(wù)上Collegestudentsareseendoingwhateverworktheycanfind.我們可以看到,只要有工作,大學(xué)生們什么都干。Whateverdoeshemean?他到底是什么意思?Whateverisit?那到底是什么？D.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞只有where,句式如下:SA+PA(vt)+O(sb/sth)…+whereSB+PB+….SA+PA(vi)…whereSB+PB+……*此句式中where是一個(gè)連詞,其含義為:在…地方:inaplaceinwhich…2.)無(wú)論哪里：無(wú)論在什么地方或處于何種情況；無(wú)論哪里inanyplaceorsituationinwhich;wherever,nomatterwhere3.)到…地方toaplaceinwhich;到…地方或…的地步的形勢(shì)toaplaceorsituationinwhich:Heliveswheretheclimateismild.他住在一個(gè)氣候溫暖的地方Wherethere'ssmoke,there'sfire.哪里有煙，哪里就有火Weshouldgowhereitisquieter.我們應(yīng)該到更安靜些的地方去Theywillgowheretheyarehappy.他們想到他們快樂(lè)的地方去Keepitwhereyoucanseeit.把它放在你看得見(jiàn)的地方。實(shí)際上以上這些以where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)從句均來(lái)自于對(duì)一個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化:SA+PA(vt)+sb/sth+(介詞+a/theplace)+whereSB+PB+….省略SA+PA(vi)………….+(介詞+a/theplace)+whereSB+PB+….省略因此,判斷where從句是定語(yǔ)從句,還是地點(diǎn)從句的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:(1)where前面有沒(méi)有受其引導(dǎo)的從句修飾的名詞(即:先行詞),如有就是定語(yǔ)從句,(此時(shí),主句自身首先必須是完整的),否則就是地點(diǎn)從句.(2)如果where引導(dǎo)是定語(yǔ)從句,where就可以分解為一個(gè)正確的介詞+which,但如果是地點(diǎn)從句(前面沒(méi)有受修飾的先行詞),where就不可分解.Theybuiltthefactoryintheplacewhere(=in/atwhich)thereusedtobealake.Theybuiltafactorywherethereusedtobealake.(where不可分解)Thiskindofplantgrowswell_______?______(where,inwhich)itiswarmandrainsoften.特別注意:where引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可前置句首,而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)(前面有先行詞)則不可!Wherebigcitiesaredeveloping,variouspollutionisbeingcaused.Generallyspeaking,wherethereiswater,lifeislikelytobeseen.E.原因狀語(yǔ)從句:連詞含義用法要點(diǎn)because因?yàn)锽ecauseSA+PA….,SB+PB….注意:(1)because引導(dǎo)的原因從句,表示引起主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的最直接的,語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)的原因,用于對(duì)why問(wèn)句的回答(2)so不可與because用于同一個(gè)句子中(3)because后面不可+doing/done/beingdone等非謂語(yǔ)形式(4)以下一些表示原因的詞組后面不可直接+S+P…只可+sb/sth/doingsth/beingdone/wh-從句這些詞組是:becauseof….Onaccountof…Dueto…Owingto…Thanksto…Butfor….,(要不是因?yàn)椤?.)+S+P(必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)Theflightwascalledoff/canceledbecauseofthebadweather.“Wegotmarriedonaccountofthebaby”“我們因?yàn)楹⒆拥木壒识Y(jié)婚?！盩ooaccidentshaveoccurredduetodrivingathighspeedHerillnesswasduetobadfood.她的病是壞了的食物造成的。Icouldn'tattend,owingtoillness.因?yàn)橛胁?，我不能參加Thankstothegoodweather,arichharvestispromising.as/since因?yàn)椤?由于…Iwenttobedearly,asIwasexhausted.我睡得早，因?yàn)槲揖ＡΡM了Sinceyou'renotinterested,Iwon'ttellyouaboutit.既然你不感興趣，那我就不告訴你了Sinceyouask,Iwilltellyou.你既然問(wèn)，我就告訴你。"Sincemanyofthecustomersworkduringtheday,Billyhastocollectthemoneyatnight.""因?yàn)樵S多顧客白天上班,所以畢利只好晚上去收錢。"注意:(1)當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句且位于句首時(shí)，應(yīng)注意弄清as是表示“原因”還是表示“與…同時(shí)”。句子Astheywereleaving，Iwalkedtothedoor既可表示我向門口走去，