2024年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)真題及答案

2024年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題及答案Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)There'snothingmorewelcomingthanadooropeningforyou.theneedtobetouchedtoopenorclose,automaticdoorsareessentialin2disabledaccesstobuildingsandhelpingprovidegeneral3tocommercialbuildings.Self-slidingdoorsbegantoemergeasacommercialproductin1960afterbeinginventedsixyears4byAmericansDeeHortonandLewHewitl.They5asanoveltyfeature,butastheirusehasgrown,their6haveextendedwithinourtechnologicallyadvancedworld.Particularly7inbusylocationsorduringtimesofemergency,thedoors8crowdmanagementbyreducingtheobstaclesputinpeople'sway.9makingaccessbothinandoutofbuildingseasierforpeople,thedifferenceinthewaymanyofthesedoorsopenhelpsreducethetotalarea10bythem.Automaticdoorsoftenopentotheside,withthepanelsslidingacrossoneanother.Replacingswingdoors,these11smallerbuildingstomaximisetheusablespaceinsidewithouthavingto12thewayforalarge,sticking-outdoor.Therearemanydifferenttypesofautomaticdoor,witheach13specificsignalstotellthemwhentoopen.14thesemethodsdiffer,themain15remainthesame.Eachautomaticdoorsystem16thelight,soundweightormovementintheirvicinityasasignaltoopen.Sensortypesarechosento17thedifferentenvironmentstheyareneededin.18,abusystreetmightnot19amotion-sensoreddoor,asitwouldconstantlybeopeningforpassers-by.Apressuresensitivematwouldbemore20tolimitthesurveyedarea.1.[A]Through[B]Despite[C]Besides[D]Without2.[A]revealing[B]demanding[C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience[B]convenience[C]guidance[D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily[C]successively[D]eventually5.[A]heldon[B]startedout[C]settleddown[D]wentby6.[A]relations[B]volumes[C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple[C]flexible[D]stable8.[A]callfor[B]yieldto[C]insiston[D]actas9.[A]Aswellas[B]Intermsof[C]Thanksto[D]Ratherthan10.[A]connected[B]shared[C]represented[D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect[C]require[D]direct12.[A]adopt[B]lead[C]clear[D]change13.[A]adaptingto[B]derivingfrom[C]relyingon[D]pointingat14.[A]Once[B]Since[C]Unless[D]Although15.[A]records[B]positions[C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls[B]analyses[C]produces[D]mixes17.[A]decorate[B]compare[C]protect[D]complement18.[A]Inconclusion[B]Bycontrast[C]Forexample[D]Aboveall19.[A]identify[B]suit[C]secure[D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious[C]impressive[D]delicateSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000yearsago,astheRomansbegantopulloutofScotland,theyleftbehindacurioustreasure:10tonsofnails,nearlyamillionofthethings.Thenailhoardwasdiscoveredin1960inafour-metre-deeppitcoveredbytwometresofgravel.WhyhadtheRomansburiedamillionnails?Thelikelyexplanationisthatthewithdrawalwasrushed,andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10tonsofweapon-gradeiron.TheRomansburiedthenailssodeepthattheywouldnotbediscoveredforalmosttwomillennia.Latercivilisationswouldvaluetheskilledblacksmith'slabourinanailevenmorethantherawmaterial.AsRomaAgrawalexplainsinhernewdelightfulbookNutsandBolts,early17th-centuryVirginianswouldsometimesburndowntheirhomesiftheywereplanningtorelocate.Thiswasanattempttorecoverthevaluablenails,whichcouldbereusedaftersiftingtheashes.Theideathatonemightburndownanentirehousejusttoreclaimthenailsunderlineshowscarce,costlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.Thepriceofnailsfellby90%betweenthelate1700sandmid-1900s,aseconomistDanielSichelpointsoutinaresearchpaper.AccordingtoSichel,althoughthefallingpriceofnailswasdrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy,mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufactureswhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystoturnsteelintonails.Nailsthemselveshavechangedovertheyears,butSichelstudiedthembecausetheyhaven'tchangedmuch.RomanlampsandRomanchariotsareverydifferentfromLEDstripsandsportscars,butRomannailsarestillclearlynails.Itwouldbeabsurdtotrytotrackthechangingpriceofsportscarssince1695,buttoaskthesamequestionofnailsmakesperfectsense.Imakenoapologyforbeingobsessedbyaparticularfeatureoftheseobjects:theirprice.Iamaneconomist,afterall.Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions,onethingI'velearntisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesthatgetallthehype,it'sthecheaptechnologiesthatchangetheworld.TheGutenbergprintingpresstransformedcivilisationnotbychangingthenatureofwritingbutbychangingitscost-anditwouldhaveachievedlittlewithoutaparallelcollapseinthepriceofsurfacestowriteon,thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpanelshadfewnicheusesuntiltheybecamecheap;nowtheyaretransformingtheglobalenergysystem.21.TheRomansburiedthenailsprobablyforthesakeof[A]savingthemforfutureuse[B]keepingthemfromrusting[C]lettingthemgrowinvalue[D]hidingthemfromthelocals22.Theexampleofear[A]highlightthethriftinessofearlyAmericancolonists[B]illustratethehighstatusofblacksmithsinthatperiod[C]contrasttheattitudesofdifferentcivilisationstowardnails[D]showthepreciousnessofnail-makingtechnologyatthattime23.Whatplayedthemajorroleinloweringthepriceofnailsafterthelate1700s?[A]Increasedproductivity.[B]Wideruseofnewenergies.[C]Fiercermarketcompetition.[D]Reducedcostofrawmaterials.24.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thatnails[A]haveundergonemanytechnologicalimprovements[B]haveremainedbasicallythesamesinceRomantimes[C]arelessstudiedthanothereverydayproducts[D]areoneoftheworld'smostsignificantinventions25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisesthelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Cheaptechnologiesbringaboutrevolutionarychange.[B]Technologicalinnovationisintegraltoeconomicsuccess.[C]Technologydefinespeople'sunderstandingoftheworld.[D]Sophisticatedtechnologiesdevelopfromsmallinventions.Text2Parentingtipsobtainedfromhunter-gatherersinAfricamaybethekeytobringingupmorecontentedchildren,researchershavesuggested.TheideaisbasedonstudiesofcommunitiessuchastheKungofBotswana,whereeachchildiscaredforbymanyadults.Kungchildrenasyoungasfourwillhelptolookafteryoungeronesand"baby-wearing",inwhichinfantsarecarriedinslings,isconsideredthenorm.AccordingtoDrNikhilChaudhary,anevolutionaryanthropologistatCambridgeUniversity,thesepractices,Knownasalloparenting,couldleadtolessanxietyforchildrenandparents.DrAnnieSwanepoel,achildpsychiatrist,believesthattherearewaystoincorporatethemintowesternlife.InGermany,oneschemehaspairedanoldpeople'shomewithanursery.Theresidentshelptolookafterthechildren,anarrangementakintoalloparenting.Anothermeasurecouldbeencouragingfriendshipsbetweenchildrenindifferentschoolyearstomirrortheunsupervisedmixed-ageplaygroupsinhunter-gatherercommunities.InapaperpublishedintheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry,researcherssaidthatthewesternnuclearfamilywasarecentinventionwhichfamilybrokewithevolutionaryhistory.Thisabruptshifttoan"intensivemotheringnarrative",whichsuggeststhatmothersshouldmanagechildcarealone,waslikelytohavebeenharmful.“Suchnarrativescanleadtomaternalexhaustionandhavedangerousconsequences,"theywrote.Bycontrast,inhunter-gatherersocietiesadultsotherthantheparentscanprovidealmosthalfofachild'scare.OnepreviousstudylookedattheEfépeopleoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Itfoundthatinfantshadanaverageof14alloparentsadaybythetimetheywere18weeksoldandwerepassedbetweencaregiverseighttimesanhour.Chaudharysaidthatparentsnowhadlesschildcaresupportfromfamilyandsocialnetworksthanduringmostofhumans'evolutionaryhistory,butintroducingadditionalcaregiverscouldreducestressandmaternaldepression,whichcouldhavea“knock-on”benefittoachild'swellbeing.Aninfantborntoahunter-gatherersocietycouldhavemorethantencaregivers-thiscontrastsstarklytonurserysettingsintheUKwhereregulationscallforaratioofonecarertofourchildrenagedtwotothree.Whilehunter-gathererchildrenlearntfromobservationandimitationinmixed-ageplaygroups,researcherssaidthatwestern"instructiveteaching",wherepupilsareaskedtositstill,maycontributetoconditionssuchasattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.ChaudharysaidthatBritainshouldexplorethepossibilitythatoldersiblingshelpingtheirparents“mightalsoenhancetheirownsocialdevelopment.”26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraph,alloparentingreferstothepracticeof[A]sharingchildcareamongcommunitymembers[B]assigningbabiestospecificadultcaregivers[C]teachingparentingdetailstoolderchildren[D]carryinginfantsaroundbytheirparent27.TheschemeinGermanyismentionedtoillustrate[A]anattempttofacilitateintergenerationalcommunication[B]anapproachtointegratingalloparentingintowesternculture[C]theconventionalparentingstyleinwesternculture[D]thedifferencesbetweenwesternAfricanwaysofliving28.AccordingtoParagraph4,the"intensivemotheringnarrative"[A]alleviateparentingpressure[B]consideratefamilyrelationships[C]resultsinthechild-centeredfamily[D]departsfromthecourseofevolution29.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatcanwelearnaboutnurseryintheUK?[A]Theytendtofallshortofofficialrequirements.[B]Theyhavedifficultyfindingenoughcaregivers.[C]Theyoughttoimprovetheircarer-to-childratio.[D]Theyshouldtrytopreventparentaldepression.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?[A]Instructiveteaching:adilemmaforanxiousparents[B]Forahappierfamily,learnfromthehunter-gatherers[C]Mix-agedplaygroup,abetterchoiceforlonelychildren[D]Tracingthehistoryofparenting:fromAfricatoEuropeText3RutkowskiisaPolishdigitalaristwhousesclassicalpaintingstylestocreatedreamyfantasylandscapes.HehasmadeillustrationsforgamessuchasSony'sHorizonForbiddenWest,Ubisoft'sAnno,Dungeons&Dragons,andMagic:TheGathering.Andhe'sbecomeasuddenhitinthenewworldoftext-to-imageAIgeneration.Hisdistinctivestyleisnowoneofthemostcommonlyusedpromptsinthenewopen-sourceAIartgeneratorStableDiffusion,whichwaslaunchedlatelastmonth.Thetool,alongwithotherpopularimage-generationAImodels,allowsanyonetocreateimpressiveimagesbasedontextprompts.Forexample,typein“WizardwithswordandaglowingorbofmagicfirefightsafiercedragonGregRutkowski,”andthesystemwillproducesomethingthatlooksnotamillionmilesawayfromworksinRutkowski'sstyle.Buttheseopen-sourceprogramsarebuiltbyscrapingimagesfromtheInternet,oftenwithoutpermissionandproperattributiontoartists.Asaresult,theyareraisingtrickyquestionsaboutethicsandcopyright.AndartistslikeRutkowskihavehadenough.AccordingtothewebsiteLexica,whichtracksover10millionimagesandpromptsgeneratedbyStableDiffusion,Rutkowski'snamehasbeenusedasapromptaround93,000times.Someoftheworld'smostfamousartists,suchasMichelangelo,PabloPicasso,andLeonardodaVinci,broughtuparound2,000promptseachorless.Rutkowski'snamealsofeaturesasapromptthousandsoftimesintheDiscordofanothertext-to-imagegenerator,Midjourney.Rutkowskiwasinitiallysurprisedbutthoughtitmightbeagoodwaytoreachnewaudiences.Thenhetriedsearchingforhisnametoseeifapiecehehadworkedonhadbeenpublished.Theonlinesearchbroughtbackworkthathadhisnameattachedtoitbutwasn'this.“It'sbeenjustamonth.Whataboutinayear?Iprobablywon'tbeabletofindmyworkouttherebecause[theinternet]willbefloodedwithAIart,"Rutkowskisays."That'sconcerning."“Thereisacoalitiongrowingwithinartistindustriestofigureouthowtotackleormitigatethis,"saysOrtiz.Thegroupisinitsearlydaysofmobilization,whichcouldinvolvepushingfornewpoliciesorregulation.OnesuggestionisthatAImodelscouldbetrainedonimagesinthepublicdomain,andAIcompaniescouldforgepartnershipswithmuseumsandartists,Ortizsays.31.WhatcanbeleamedaboutRutkowskifromthefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]HeisenthusiasticaboutAIgenerationpainting.[B]HeispopularwiththeusersofanAIartgenerator.[C]Heattractsadmirationfromotherillustrators.D]Hespecializesinclassicalpaintingdigitalization.32.Theproblemwithopen-sourceAIartgeneratorsisthatthey[A]lackflexibilityinrespondingtoprompts[B]produceartworksinunpredictablestyles[C]makeunauthorizeduseofonlineimages[D]collectuserinformationwithoutconsent[A]auniquewaytoreachaudiences[B]anewmethodtoidentifyAIimages[C]AI-generatedworkbearinghisname[D]heateddisputesregardinghiscopyright34.AccordingtoOrtiz,AIcompaniesareadvisedto[A]campaignfornewpoliciesorregulations[B]offertheirservicestopublicinstitutions[C]strengthentheirrelationshipswithAIusers[D]adoptadifferentstrategyforAImodeltraining35.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Arists'responsestoAlartgeneration.[B]AI'sexpandedroleinartisticcreation.[C]PrivacyissuesintheapplicationofAl.[D]OpposingviewsonAIdevelopment.Text4ThemiracleoftheChesapeakeBayliesnotinitsdepths,butinthecomplexityofitsnaturalconstruction,theinteractionoffreshandsalinewaterandthemixoflandandwater.Theshallowsprovidehomesforhundredsofspecieswhilestoringfloodwaters,filteringpollutantsfromwater,andprotectingnearbycommunitiesfrompotentiallydestructivestormsurges.Allthiswasputatgreatrisklatelastmonth,whentheUSSupremeCourtissuedarulinginanIdahocasethatprovidestheEPAfarlessauthoritytoregulatewetlandsandwaterways.Specifically,a5-4majoritydecidedthatwetlandsprotectedbytheEPAunderitCleanWaterActauthoritymusthavea“continuoussurfaceconnection”tobodiesofwater.Thisnarrowingoftheregulatoryscopewasavictoryforbuilders,miningoperatorsandothercommercialinterestsoftenatoddswithenvironmentalrules.Anditcarries"significantrepercussionsforwaterqualityandfloodcontrolthroughouttheUS,”asJusticeBrettKavanaughobserved.InMaryland,thegoodnewsisthattherearemanystatelawsinplacethatprovidewetlandsprotections.Butthat'saveryshortsightedview,particularlywhenitcomestotheChesapeakeBay.Therealityisthatwaterandthepollutantsthatsooftencomewithit,don'trespectstateboundaries.TheChesapeakedrawsfroma64000-square-milewatershedthatextendstoVirginia,Pennsylvania,NewYork,WestVirginia,theDistrictofColumbiaandDelaware.WillthosejurisdictionsextendthesameprotectionsnowdeniedunderSackettV.EPA?Perhapssome,butall?Thatseemsunlikely.Itistooeasy,andmisleading,toseesuchcourtrulingsasmerelystandingupfortherightsoflandownerswhentheconsequencescanbesodirefortheirneighbors.Andit'sreminderthattheyEPA'sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBayprogramhaslongbeencrucialasthemeanstotranscendtheinfluenceofdeep-pocketedspecialinterestsinneighboringstates.Pennsylvaniafarmers,touseonetellingexample,aren'tthinkingaboutnextyear'sbluecrabharvestinMarylandwhentheydecidewhethertospreadanimalwasteontheirfields,yettherunoffintonearbycreekscanhaveenormousimpactsdownstream.AndsowewouldalsocallonstatelawmakersfromRichmondtoAlbanytoconsiderreviewingtheirownwetlandsprotectionsandseeforthemselvestheenormousstakesinvolved.Wecan'tofferthematriptotheChesapeakeBaymodel.It'sbeengonesincethe1980sbutperhapsavisittoBlackwaterNationalWildlifeRefugeinDorchesterCountywhereAmericanbaldeaglesflyovertidalmarshessoshallowyoucouldnotpaddleaboatacrossthembutteamingwithaquaticlife.It'sworththescenicdrive.36.TheChesapeakeBayisdescribedinParagraph1as[A]avaluenaturalenvironment[B]acontroversialconservationarea[C]aplacewithcommercialpotentialD]aheadachefornearbycommunities37.TheU.S.SupremeCourt'srulingintheIdahocase[A]reinforceswaterpollutioncontrol[B]weakenstheEPA'sregulatorypower[C]willendconflictsamonglocalresidents[D]mayfaceoppositionfromminingoperators38.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthefutureoftheChesapeakeBay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged39.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheEPA'sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBayProgram?[A]Ithasrestoredthebalanceamongneighboringjurisdictions.[B]Ithastriggeredaradicalreformincommercialfisheries.[C]Ithassetafineexampleofrespectingstateauthorities.[D]Ithasensuredthecoordinationofprotectionefforts.40.Theauthorholdsthatthestatelawmakersshould[A]becautiousabouttheinfluenceoflandowners[B]attachdueimportancetowetlandsprotections[C]recognizetheneedtoexpandwildliferefuges[D]improvethewellbeingofendangeredspeciesPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingcommentsonareportaboutAmericanmuseumsreturningartifactstotheircountriesoforiginandalistofstatementssummarizingthecomments.ChoosethebeststatementfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedname(41—45).Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Simply,therearepeopleinNigeriawhocannottraveltotheSmithsonianInstitutiontoseethatpartoftheirhistoryandculturerepresentedbytheBeninBronzes.Theseshouldbeavailabletothemaspartoftheirculturalheritageandhistoryandasasourceofnationalpride.Thereisnogoodreasonthattheseartifactsshouldbebeyondtheordinaryreachoftheeducationalobjectivesorinspirationofthegenerationstowhichtheywereleft.TheyservenopurposeinamuseumintheUnitedStatesorelsewhereexceptascuriousobjects.Theycannotbecomparedtoworksofartproducedforsalewhichcanbepassedfromhandtohandandplacetoplacebypurchase.Weknowveryexactreproductionsofartworkcanbeandareregularlyproduced.Perhapsmuseumsandgovernmentsmightexploresomerolefortheuseofnearlyexactreproductionsasameansofresolvingissuesrelatingtoreturningworksofartandantiquities.Thecontextofanyexhibitismoreimportanttomethanwhethertheobjectbeingdisplayedis2,000yearsoldor2monthsold.Inmanycasestheexpertshaveahardtimeagreeingonwhatistherealobjectandwhatisaforgery.Again,thestoryanexhibitistryingtotelliswhatmatters.Themonetaryvalueoftheobjectsondisplayisadistantsecondplaceinimportance.(43)SaraWhenvisitingtheBaltimoreMuseumofArt,Icameacrossamagnificent15th-centuryChinesesculpture.Itinspiredmetolearnmoreabouttheculturethatitrepresented.Artifactsinmuseumshavethepowertoinspire,andperhapssparkthatneedtolearnandunderstandthenatureoftheircreators.Havingsaidthat,Idofeelthatwhateverartifactsfindtheirwaytopublicmuseumsshould,infact,besanctionedashavingbeenobtainedonloan,legallypurchased,orobtainedbytreaty.Stealingartifactsfromotherpeoples'culturesisobscene;itrobsnotonlythephysicalobjects,butthedignityandspiritoftheircreators.Ancientartthatisdisplacedinforeigncountriesshouldbereturned…(缺失)(45)JuliaTothoseofyouinthecommentssection,byallmeans,whoarehavingstrongfeelingaboutartifactsbeingremovedfromcitiesintheUSandBritain,Iwouldaskyoutoconsider…(缺失)[A]Itisclearthatcountriesoforiginhaveneverbeencompensatedforstolenartifacts.[B]Itisaflawedlineofreasoningtoargueagainstreturningartifactstotheircountriesoforigin.[C]Museumvisitorcanstilllearnasmuchfromartifactscopiesaftertheoriginalsarereturned.[D]Reproductions,evenifperfectlymade,cannottaketheplaceoftheauthenticobjects.[E]Therealvalueofartifactscanonlyberecognizedintheircountriesoforiginratherthananywhereelse[F]Waystogetartifactsfromothercountriesmustbedecentandlawful.[G]Concernoversecurityisnoexcuseforrefusingtoreturnartifactstotheircountriesoforigin.參考答案：41.E42.C43.F44.G45.BPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)“Elephantsneverforget”orsotheysayandthatpieceoffolkloreseemstohavesomefoundation.TheAfricansavannaelephantalsoknownastheAfricanbushelephant,isdistributedacross37Africancountries.(46)Theysometimestravelmorethansixtymilestofindfoodorwater,andareverygoodatworkingoutwhereotherelephantsare—evenwhentheyareoutofsight.Usingtrackingdevices,researchershaveshownthattheyhave“remarkablespatialacuity”,whenfindingtheirwaytowaterholes,theyheadedoffinexactlytherightdirection,ononeoccasionfromadistanceofroughlythirtymiles.Whatismore,theyalmostalwaysseemtochoosethenearestwaterhole.(47)Theresearchersareconvincedthattheelephantsalwaysknowpreciselywheretheyareinrelationtoalltheresourcestheyneed,andcanthereforetakeshortcuts,aswellasfollowingfamiliarroutes.AlthoughthecuesusedbyAfricanelephantsforlong-distancenavigationarenotyetunderstood,smellmaywellplayapart.Elephantsareverychoosyeaters,butuntilrecentlylittlewasknownabouthowtheyselectedtheirfood.(48)Onepossibilitywasthattheymerelyusedtheireyesandtriedouttheplantstheyfound,butthatwouldprobablyresultinalotofwastedtimeandenergy,notleastbecausetheir