Unit 5 Launching Your Career Review Useful Structures 課件-2023-2024學(xué)年高二英語人教版（2019）選擇性必修第四冊(cè)

Compound,Complex,

Compound-complexsentencesObjectives:能夠理解復(fù)雜句的類型，在語境中有選擇地從句法結(jié)構(gòu)、語義邏輯和語篇功能上對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行分析。能夠在寫作中運(yùn)用長(zhǎng)句知識(shí)組織語言，豐富語篇句式，使語篇連貫流暢。

TheFourTypesofSentenceStructure

1.ASimpleSentenceAsimplesentencehasjustoneindependentclause.Forexample:Curiositykilledthecat.

ACompoundSentence

Acompoundsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclauses.Forexample:Ialwayswantedtobesomebody,butIshouldhavebeenmorespecific.(JaneWagner)AComplexSentence

Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:Thehumanbrainneverstopsworkinguntilyoustanduptospeakinpublic.ACompound-ComplexSentence

Acompound-complexsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:IstoppedbelievinginSantaClaus

whenheaskedformyautographinadepartmentstore,but

Istillwanttobelieveinhim.WhatIsaCompoundSentence?

??Acompoundsentenceisasentencethatconnectstwoindependentclauses,typicallywitha

coordinatingconjunction

like

and

or

but.Itisbestforcombiningtwoormoresentencesthatareself-sufficientbutrelatedintoasingle,unifiedone.Compoundsentencesgiveyourwritingafasterpaceanduniterelatedideas,buttheyhaveafewmorerulesthanstandardsentences.Inthisquickguide,weexplainhowtousethemproperlytogiveyourwritinganedge.Therearethreetypesofcompoundsentences.Theplacementandpunctuationofthemarealsodifferent.1.Weneedtoputacommabeforethecoordinatingconjunctiontoframesomecompoundsentences.2.Somecompoundsentencesareframedwithonlyasemicoloninbetweenwithoutanyconjunctions.3.Finally,wecanframecompoundsentenceswithconjunctiveadverbs.Weneedtoputasemicolonbeforetheconjunctiveadverbandacomaafterthesame.So,conjunctionsarerequiredtoframeonlythefirsttypeofcompoundsentencetoshowanyofthefollowing.CauseandeffectTheresultofanysituationoractivityTheoutcomeofanyactivityorsituationBecauseofReasonbehindThusAsaresult

Example:Ihavetobearmyeducationalexpenses,soIhavetofindapart-timejob.

Explanation:Theconjunction“so”isa“coordinatingconjunction”anditisusedtoconnectthesecondindependentclause,“Ihavetofindanypart-timejob”withthefirstone,“Ihavetobearmyeducationalexpenses.”Whattypesofconjunctionsareusedincompoundsentence?Thereissomeparticulartypeofconjunctionwhichcanbeusedtoframecompoundsentences.Alistoftwentywidelyusedcoordinatingconjunctionstoframecompoundsentencesisasfollows:and,therefore,however,but,yet;although,despite,for,either/or,neither/nor;dueto,until,since,because,supposing;furthermore,meanwhile,subsequently,bythetime,providedthatExample:Pijushwantstobeadoctor;thushemuststudyunderproperguidanceandcounseling.Explanation:Thecoordinatingconjunction“thus”isinusetoconnectthesecondindependentclause“hemuststudyunderproperguidanceandcounseling”withthefirstone“Pijushwantstobeadoctor.”并列連詞coordinatingconjunctions用來連接屬于同一層次并具有相同句法功能的詞、短語或句子。Compoundsentencesareeasytoidentifybecausetheyusuallyuseacoordinatingconjunction,whichyoumayrememberasFANBOYS:

for,

and,

nor,

but,

or,

yet,and

so.However,compoundsentencescanalsouseasemicolontoconnecttwoclauses,inwhichcasenoconjunctionisnecessary.1.下列句子中哪些不是compoundsentenceA.Ihaveapetiguana.HisnameisFluffy.B.Ihaveapetiguana,andhisnameisFluffy.C.Ihaveapetiguana;hisnameisFluffy.D.Ialonecannotchangetheworld,butIcancastastoneacrossthewatertocreatemanyripples.E.IhaveapetiguanawhosenameisFluffy.2.下列句子中不是compoundsentence的是:A.Icameheretochewbubblegumandstudygrammar.B.Icameheretochewbubblegumandstudygrammar,butI’malloutofgum.C.Getmesomewater,orthefirewillspread!D.Naturedoesnothurry,yeteverythingisaccomplished.”—LaoTzuE.“Beyourself;everyoneelseisalreadytaken.”—OscarWildeF.“Youwillfacemanydefeatsinlife,butneverletyourselfbedefeated.”—MayaAngelouWhencreatingcompoundsentences,therearetwopunctuationrulestokeepinmind:1

Placeacommabeforethecoordinatingconjunction.2

Ifyou’renotusingacoordinatingconjunction,placeasemicolonbetweentheclauses.Asalways,youusealowercaselettertostartthesecondindependentclause.Sincecompoundsentencesareasinglesentence,onlythefirstletterofthefirstclauseiscapitalized.1.TheInternetisusefulandweuseitalot.2.Ihavetravelledtomanyplaces,butIstillwanttovisitmore.3.ShallIsendthebooktoyou,orwillyoucometogetit?4.Theyhavedifferentideas,sotheyhavesolvedtheproblemindifferentways.5.Don'tturnoffthecomputerbeforeclosingallprograms,oryoucouldhaveproblems.并列句(Compoundsentence)Readthefollowingsentences.Circlethelinkingwordsandunderlinethemainclauses.

由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起的句子

叫并列句。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。ComplexSentence復(fù)合句ComplexSentenceAcomplexsentenceisasentencewithoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:Wemustnotswim

wherethesealsare.(The

independentclause

ishighlighted.Itisanindependentclausebecauseitcouldstandaloneasasentence."wherethesealsare"isa

dependentclause.Itcouldnotstandaloneasasentence.)Themonkeysmovetothetrees

whenthecloudsdarken.(Thisisalsoacomplexsentence."Whenthecloudsdarken"isa

dependentclause

becauseitcouldnotstandaloneasasentence.)ExamplesofComplexsentence1.Stayinthebathuntilthephonerings.2.Boththecockroach/?k?kr??t?/andthebirdwouldgetalongverywellwithoutus,althoughthecockroachwouldmissusmost.3.Whenadistinguishedbutelderlyscientiststatesthatsomethingispossible,heisalmostcertainlyright.Whenhestatesthatsomethingisimpossible,heisveryprobablywrong.(Thisistwocomplexsentences.)Compoundvs.complexsentences

It’seasytogetcompoundsentencesconfusedwithcomplexsentences;bothusetwoormoreclausesinasinglesentence.Themostsignificantdifference,however,isthetypeofclausestheyuse.Compoundsentencesusetwoormoreindependentclauses.Iamworkingnow,butwewilleatlater.Complexsentencescombineindependentclauseswithsubordinateclauses,alsoknownasdependentclauses.Because

Iamworkingnow,wewilleatlater.Inthisexample,becauseIamworkingnowisthesubordinateclause,andwewilleatlateristheindependentclause.Theclueisthewordbecause,whichisasubordinatingconjunction.Wordslikebecause,if,whenever,andsince—aswellascertainprepositionslikeafterandbefore—allactassubordinatingconjunctions.Theirjobistoconnectsubordinateclausestoindependentclauses.

SubordinatingConjunctionsinComplexSentences

Thewordusedtolinkanindependentclausetoadependentclauseiscalledasubordinatingconjunction.Themostcommonsubordinatingconjunctionsare

although,

because,

before,

eventhough,

if,

since,

until,and

when.Intheseexamplesofcomplexsentences,thesubordinatingconjunctionsareshowninbold.Wecanneverobtainpeaceintheouterworld

until

wemakepeacewithourselves.(DalaiLama)Wisemenspeak

because

theyhavesomethingtosay.

Foolsspeak

because

theyhavetosaysomething.(AthenianphilosopherPlato)Eventhough

he'samoron,

IsupportedTysonFury.(BoxerDavidHaye)Theroleofasubordinatingconjunctionandthedependentclauseistoestablishatime,aplace,areason,acondition,aconcession,oracomparisonforthemainclause.(NB:Dependentclausesarealsoknownasasubordinateclauses.)

Acomplex-compoundsentenceoccurswhenasinglesentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonesubordinateclause.AfterIgothomefromwork,myfriendsinvitedmeout,andIleftmyapartmentagain.Inthisexample,afterIgothomefromworkisthesubordinateclause(youcantellbecausethewordafterappearsatthefront).BothmyfriendsinvitedmeoutandIleftmyapartmentagainareindependentclauses,joinedbythecoordinatingconjunctionand.Putallthreeclausestogetherwiththeproperpunctuationandyouhaveaperfectlycorrectcomplex-compoundsentence.Manymenwhospendtheirworkinglifeinthecitydevotetheirweekendstovoluntarytoilintheirgardens,andwhenthespringcomes,theyexperienceallthejoyofhavingcreatedbeauty.Readthefollowingsentence.Circlethelinkingwordandunderlinethemainclauses,thenmarkthesubordinateclauses.

兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列的分句，其中一個(gè)或多個(gè)又

是主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)，這種句子被稱為并列復(fù)合句。并列復(fù)合句(Compound-complexsentence)定語從句時(shí)間狀語從句Changethesesimplesentencesintolongsentences.Payattentiontotheconnectorsyouneedtouse.1Careerguidanceoughttobeincludedathighschool.Theschoolshouldalsoofferaworkexperienceprogramme.Careerguidanceoughttobeincludedathighschool,andtheschoolshouldalsoofferaworkexperienceprogramme.2Dreamingtobecomesomebodygreatiseasy.Workingtoachieveyourdreamcanbequitehard.Dreamingtobecomesomebodygreatiseasy,butworkingtoachieveyourdreamcanbequitehard.3Youneverknowwhereyou'llbeworkinginthefuture.Learnasmuchaspossible.Studyaforeignlanguage.Itiswisetodothesethingsforthesakeofyourfuture.Youneverknowwhereyou'llbeworkinginthefuture,solearnasmuchaspossibleandstudyaforeignlanguage,becauseitiswisetodothesethingsforthesakeofyourfuture.24Socialoccupationsrequirecommunicatingwithpeople.Thisofteninvolveshelpingorprovidingservicetootherpeople.Socialoccupationsrequirecommunicatingwithpeople,whichofteninvolveshelpingorprovidingservicetootherpeople.5AIisdevelopingrapidly.Lawyers,teachers,librarians,driversandreceptionistsmayfindtheirjobsreplacedbyAIinthefuture.Manypeoplebelievethistobetrue.AIisdevelopingrapidlyandmanypeoplebelievethatlawyers,teachers,librarians,driversandreceptionistsmayfindtheirjobsreplacedbyAIinthefuture.Changethesesimplesentencesintolongsentences.Payattentiontotheconnectorsyouneedtouse.2Completethesentencesusingwhat,which,that,who,andhow.3___ATheplanwillrequireyoutofocu