北京市東城區(qū)高三下學(xué)期一模考試英語試題

北京市東城區(qū)2021—2022學(xué)年度第二學(xué)期高三綜合練習(xí)（一）英語本試卷共11頁，共100分?？荚嚂r長90分鐘。考生務(wù)必將答案答在答題卡上，在試卷上作答無效?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共10小題；每小題分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。Everyyear,around20,000Americanteenagersageoutoffostercare(寄養(yǎng))at18,andhavetostarttheirlivesbythemselves.Ellafirstbecameawareoffostercarewhenherparentswereconsideringadoptingachild.Althoughthe___1___didn’tworkout,Ellaoftenfoundherselfthinkingaboutthatchild.“I’mreallyclosewithmyfamily,andjustcouldn’timaginebeing___2___onmyownat18,”shesays.Later,EllavisitedChildrenServices,withalistofquestions,tryingto___3___whatagingoutlookedlike.Onequestionwas“What’snotbeing___4___fortheseyoungpeople?”.Nearthetopofthelistwasfurniture.“Theideaofmovingintoanapartmentandnothavingabedtosleeponpulledatmyheartstrings,”saysElla.Ellacontactedherparents’friendsaskingiftheyhadsparefurnitureto___5___.Andalocalfurniturestoreofferedfreespaceanddeliverytruck.ThensheformedChairity,anonprofitprovidingfurnitureforyoungadultswhohave___6___fostercare.Watchingthoseinneedreceiveabed,atable—whatever—wastransformational.EllaremembersHannah,aformerfostercaregirlwhocouldn’taffordanyfurniture.WhenHannah___7___toChairity,Ellaaskedwhatsheneeded.“Everything,”shereplied.Whenshefoundheronce___8___apartmentstoodafullkitchenset,abed,andatable,shesaid,“Itreallyrelievedmypressure.”“Tothinkwhathadn’tbeenthoughtaboutinyearscouldbringsomuchhappinesstosomebodywas___9___,”Ellasays.Today,Chairityhasgivenfurnituretonearly200youngadults.Aswordhasgotout,Ellahasreceiveddonationsfrommoreandmorepeople.She’sconvincedthesecontributionsgivethoseyoungpeople_____10_____andconfidence.1.A.plan B.job C.way D.task2.A.occasionally B.pletely C.frequently D.slightly3.A.explain B.understand C.expect D.recall4.A.met B.built C.meant D.kept5.A.arrange B.sell C.fix D.donate6.A.left B.found C.improved D.thanked7.A.lookedup B.reachedout C.heldon D.gavein8.A.quiet B.cold C.small D.empty9.A.promising B.puzzling C.amazing D.pressing10.A.purpose B.freedom C.hope D.guidance第二節(jié)語法填空（共10小題；每小題分，共15分）A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Afewweeksago,Iaccidentallydroppedaplateanditbrokeintoabillionpieces!I’dhaditforabout40years.Thismorning,wehadaparcel___11___(deliver)tomyson.Heopeneditand___12___(proud)handedanewplatetome,whichhehadboughtwithhisownsavings,sayingthatheknew___13___upsetIwasandwantedtosurpriseme!B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。On15May,2021,Chinabecamethesecondcountry___14___(land)aspacecraftonMars.Therover,Zhurong,___15___(carry)toMarsonboardtheTianwen1spacecraft,whichwaslaunchedinJuly2020.Equippedwithcamerasandaradar,Zhurong’staskwastosearchforsignsoflife.It___16___(work)onMarssurfaceforovertenmonthsandisingoodshape.C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。COP26,knownas“ConferencesoftheParties”,wasthelatestinaseriesof___17___(meeting)bringingtogethergovernmentstoprotecttheenvironment.Itsmaingoalwastotakemeasures___18___climatechange—long—termchangesinworldweatherpatternsthatarelinkedtohumanactivitiesincludingfarming,industryandtransport.Gasessuchascarbondioxide,___19___areproducedbytheseactivities,trapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcausetemperaturestorise,___20___(lead)toextremefloods,heatwavesandstorms.第二部分：閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ATheGreatWallMarathonisdesignedtobemorethanjustarace.Wewantyoutobeabletoruninamazingplaces,surroundedbyfriendlypeople,andexposedtonewculturalexperiences.It’snotjustabouttherace—it’saboutenjoyingtimetogetherwithfamily,friends,andotherrunningmindedspirits.Itinerary17May2023WeletoJizhou,Tianjin18May2023RouteInspectionDay19May2023RelaxationinJizhouwithtouroption20May2023RaceDay21May2023ExploreBeijing&EveningCelebrationParty22May2023FarewellChina※OnRouteInspectionDay,theRaceOfficialswillprovideyouwithaRaceBriefing,whichwillcovereverythingfromaweatherforecasttoabriefpresentationofthestart/finishprocedures.Allrunnersareexpectedtowalkthe3.5kmsectionofthewallthatispartofthemarathon,halfmarathonand8.5kmFunRuncourse.RaceOfficialsandMedicalStaffwillbepresenttoansweranyquestionsyoumayhave.Rules&RegulationsFullmarathonrunnersmustbeatleast18yearsoldonRaceDay.Halfmarathonrunnersmustbeatleast16yearsold.FunRunparticipantsmustbeatleast12yearsold.FunRunparticipantsundertheageof12arealsowele,solongastheyareacpaniedbyarunneraged16orabove.Thecutofftimeforalldistanceeventsis8hours.Allrunnerswithanetfinishingtimeslowerthan8hourswillreceiveaFNT(FinishedNoTime)ontheresultlist.Ifyoudecidetochangedistancesduringtherace,i.e.ifahalfmarathonrunnerdecidestofollowthemarathonroute,heorshewillreceiveacertificatebutnotanofficialtime.TheraceresultwillreadFNT.Thesameappliestoamarathonrunnerwhochangesdistancesduringtherace.AllrunnerswhochangedistancesbeforeRaceDaywillberegisteredaccordinglyandreceiveanofficialtime.VisaInformation6—8weekspriortotheraceyouwillreceivetheservicevoucherwhichyoucanuseforacquiringavisa.Formoredetailspleasevisitusonlineat.21.WhatwillparticipantsdoonRouteInspectionDay?A.EnjoytheFunRun. B.Joinina3.5kmwalk.C.Getmedicalinsurance. D.Attendatrainingcourse.22.Accordingtotherules,fullmarathonparticipants______.A.willreceiveaFNTontheresultlist B.canchangedistancesonRaceDay.C.shouldbeatleast12yearsold D.willbeawardedmedals23.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Toadvertiseasportevent. B.Topromoteaculturaltour.C.Tointroduceamarathoncamp. D.Topublicizeaplaceofinterest.BRenepeanwasnostrangertoAngelesNationalForest.He’dhikedtheparknumeroustimes.Butwhenhikingalonganewpath,the45yearoldwaslost.Asthedayfadedintodarkness,hisconcernturnedtofear.Withonlyalittlewaterinhisbackpackand10%batteryremainingonhiscellphone,peanwasunpreparedforanythingmorethanthetwohourtriphe’dplanned.peanclimbedtoaspotwherehefoundonebarofsignal.“SOS.Myphoneisgoingtodie.I’mlost,”hetextedafriend,attachingaphotoshowingwherehewas.Theshotshowedhislegshangingoverarockface.Allpeancoulddothenwaswait.Thetemperaturewasdroppingfast.Dressedonlyinshorts,andasweatshirt,thehikerwaschilledtothebone.Hehuggedhimselfintoatightball.Andafterspottingtwomountainlions,hespentthenightonhighalert.Sixtymilesaway,BenKuowasworkingathomewhenhereadapostingfromthepolice,showinganimageofaman’slegs.Thesearchandrescueteamshadspentthepreviousnightunsuccessfullylookingforpean,sotheyreleasedthephoto,hopingsomeonemightrecognizethelocation.“I’vealwayslovedlookingforwherephotosaretaken,”Kuosays.Hefrequentlytriestoidentifywheremoviescenesormercialswerefilmed.He’softensuccessful.Whenhesawtheimage,heautomaticallypulledupasatellitemaponhislaptop.“There’sanamazingamountofinformationyoucangetfromsatellites,”hesays.Thefirstthinghenoticedinpean’sphotowasplentyofgreenery.Afterparingittothesatellitemap,Kuorealizedsomething:“He’sgottobeonthesouthsidebecausethere’renotanygreenvalleysonthenorthside.”Thatfindingledhimtoanareathatlookedliketheterritoryintheimage.Thefinalstepwascrossreferencingtheoriginalphotowith3Dimagesofthearea.Thelocationsmatched!Afterspending27hoursinthewilderness,peanwasfound.pean’sstoryprobablywouldhaveendeddifferentlyhaditnotbeenforthemanwithstrongsatelliteskillsandasharpeyefordetail.24.Whatcausedpeantogetlostonthehike?A.Thethickforest. B.Theunfamiliarroute.C.Theingofnightfall. D.Lowbatteryonthephone.25.Kuowasabletoofferhelpbecauseof______.A.hisphotoreadingability B.hissenseofresponsibilityC.hisprofessionalexperience D.hisfamiliaritywiththearea26.Whatcanwelearnfromthisstory?A.Onegoodturndeservesanother.B.Chancefavorsthepreparedmind.C.Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.D.There’snosuchthingasuselessknowledge.CLastyearscientistsreportedusinganeuralimplant(神經(jīng)植入物)inaman’sbraintorestorehisabilitytomunicate.Themanhasbeenpartiallyparalyzedandunabletoproduceprehensiblespeechsincesufferingaseverestroke.Itisthelatestadvanceintheexplodingfieldofbrainputerinterfaces(接口),orBCIs,whichallowputerstoreadinformationoutofalivingbrain.Brainputerinterfacesarepossiblebecauseoftwofacts.Thefirstisthatyourbraincontainshundredsoftinymaps.Eachrepresentsspecificfeaturesofyourphysicalfeelingsandintendedactions.Andcrucially,thebasicsetofbrainmapsandtheirlocationswithinthebrainareverysimilaracrossindividuals.Thankstotheirspecializedfunctionsanduniversallocations,brainmapsareidealentrypointsforBCItechnologies.PickingupsignalsfromabrainmapisonlythefirststepinmakingausefulBCI.Althoughthelocationofabrainmapisthesameacrossindividuals,thedetails—whatpatternsofactivitywithinthemapmean—differfrompersontoperson.Inasense,theuniquefeaturesofyourspecificbrainmapsserveasakindofencryption(加密),safeguardingyourspecificthoughtsandfeelingsfromwouldbespies.ThatbringsustothesecondfactthatmakesBCIspossible.Thankstoadvancesinmachinelearning,scientistshavedevelopedprogramsthatcanlearntorecognizekeypatternsinavastseaofnumbers.Theytraintheseprogramstodecode(解碼)brainsignalsbyfeedingthemtonsofexamples.ResearchersdevelopingBCIsoftencreatesuchexamplesbyinstructinganindividualtothinkspecificthoughtsatspecifictimes,creatinganeuralcurriculumfortheprogramtolearnfrom.WhiletheuniversalfeaturesandlocationsofbrainmapsmakethemobviousentrancesforBCIs,theuniquefeaturesofyourbrainmapstendtoprotectthemfromspyingeyes.IncaseswhereBCIshavesuccessfullyreadspecificthoughtsorintentionsfromabrain,ithasbeenwiththepermissionoftheindividualwhosebrainwasbeingread.Buttherearesurreptitiouswaystotraindecodersonyourbrainwithoutyourknowledge.Thiscanhappenifyourneuraldatafallsintothehandsofpanieswithdetailedinformationaboutyouractivities.Likealltechnologies,brainputerinterfacesarenotnecessarilygoodorbad.YetwhileharvestingthebenefitsofBCIs,weneedtoensurethatwehavethemeanstoprotectourselvesfromcorporationswitheverymotivetotakeadvantageofthistechnologyfortheirfinancialgain.27.Whatcanwelearnaboutbrainmaps?A.Theycarryuniquemessages.B.Theycanprocessencryptedsignals.C.Theirfunctionsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Theirlocationsrevealhumanthinkingpatterns.28.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.BCIscanboostbrainsignalsdramatically.B.BCIscouldhelprecoverfrombraininjuries.C.MachinelearningenablesBCIstoreadmind.D.ThedecodingofbrainmaybeaffectedbyBCIs.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“surreptitious”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Secure. B.Stable.C.Standard. D.Secret.30.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.ThefuturetrendofBCIs. B.ThepotentialrisksofBCIs.C.TheworkingprincipleofBCIs. D.ThegeneralapplicationsofBCIs.DJournalbasedpeerreview—theprocessofsubjectingascientificresearchpapertotheinspectionofotherswhoareexpertsinthesamefield—isgenerallyheldupasthequalityassurancemechanismforresearch.Itclaimstobeanessentialmeasurewhichpreventspublishingfaultypapers.Reviewingapapercandelayitspublicationbyuptoayear;isthatapriceworthpayingtoensurethetrustworthinessofthepublishedliterature?Well,yesandno.I’mnotyetreadytoabandonjournalbasedpeerreview.I’dstillliketoseeallpaperspasssomesortofcheckingstagebeforeformalpublication,butIfeelthegroundmoving.Thegrowinguseofpreprints,draftsofpaperswhicharepostedonlinewithouthavingbeenpeerreviewed,isacrucialpartofthatshiftbecausetheybringacademicsbacktowhatresearchpublicationisallabout:therapidcirculationofnewresultssotheycanberead,analyzedandbuiltupon.Publicationinjournalshasbeemoreaboutfameandthishasaffectedboththemotivationsofauthorsandthejobofreviewers.petitionforprizedspotsinjournalsdrivesscientiststodosomeoftheirbestwork.Buttheexcessive(過多的)rewardsforpublishingintopjournalsareencouragementstocornercutting,asstoriespolishedbyleavingoutinconvenientdataaremorelikelytobetakenup.Andthejoboftherevieweralsobeesdistorted:itismoreoftennowtodecidenotwhetherapaperisanygood,butwhetheritisgoodenoughforthejournalconsideringpublication.Fortopjournals,thatcandependasmuchonnewsworthinessasscientificquality.Theseproblemsarewellknown,butthetragedyforscienceisthatfewpeoplearewillingtobreakawayfromthepresentsystem.However,asbiologistRonValearguedrecently—fittingly,inapreprint—preprintsmaybeawayoutbecausetheydon’tinvolveamajorshiftawayfromthenorm.Thatmayseemanoddclaimgiventhatpreprintshavebeeninexistencefortwentyyears,yethavenotbeenadopteduniversally.Thisslowuptakeisnotonlyareflectionofthebuiltinconservatismofscientists,butalsoaresultofthewidespreadmisunderstandingthatjournalswon’tacceptmanuscriptswhichhavebeenpostedonlineaspreprints.Thereisalsoafearthatpublicationofpaperswithoutpeerreviewrisksopeningthefloodgatesto“junkscience”—somethingwhich,sofaratleast,hasyettooccur.Preprintsenabletheinformalscientificdiscussionsoncerestrictedtocorrespondencebetweenindividuals.Theycouldalsobeeaneffectiveoutletfornegativeresults—avitalaspectofthescientificprocessoftenignoredbythejournals’excessivepreoccupation(關(guān)注)withnewdiscoveries.Furthermore,preprintssignificantlyincreasethenumberoftimespapersarereadandcitedbyothers.Bytakingadvantageoftheweb’scultureofopennessandaccessibility,preprintsshouldhelptorefocusattentionwhereitmatters—ontheworkitself,notwhereitispublished.31.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatisthepopularopiniononpeerreview?A.Itlimitsthenumberofresearchworks.B.Itensuresthequalityofscientificpapers.C.Itremovespublicdoubtsaboutpublication.D.Itchangestheprocessofscientificpublishing.32.Theauthormayagreethatscientificjournals______.A.urgescientiststopursueintegrityintheirworkB.relyonreviewerstorevisefaultyresearchpapersC.choosearticlesfortheirappealoverscientificvalueD.trytocutcoststomaintaintheirpositioninthefield33.What’stheauthor’sopiniononthegrowinguseofpreprints?A.Itwillcontributetojunkscience.BItmayendthepracticeofpeerreview.C.Itpromotesthespreadofresearchfindings.D.Itimprovesthequalityofscientificpublication.34.Thisisbasicallyapassageto______.A.makeparison B.confirmaconceptC.encourageinnovation D.proposeapractice第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Whenyou’rebehindthewheel,distractions(分心)costlives.Nevertheless,driverstakeselfies,andrespondtotextmessages.____35____Smartphonesareoftenattherootofthesetragedies.AsBigTechsetsitssightsonmodernvehicles,it’sappropriatetoaskifit’stimetolimitattentionstealingtechnologythatdistractsthedriver.BigTechwantstotakeontheautomotiveindustry.Anditisgoodatgrabbingbothattentionandinformationfromusers.Atfirst,thegoalofthesetechnologypanieswastogiveawayservicesatnocost,simplytoattractacustomerbase.____36____Theirincreasingthirstforvaluableuserinformationhasledthemtotheautomotiveindustry,whereawholenewworldofdataawaits.Locationdata,frequentdestinations,passengerpreferences—suchdataisfoundinfamilycars.____37____Mobiletechiswalledofffromvehicleoperatingsystemsbysoftwarethatkeepsinfotainment(informationandentertainment)featuresawayfromthemissioncriticaldrivingelectronics.Ifautomakersgiveuptheircoreoperatingsystemtotechpowerhouses,theywillessentiallybeehardwaresupplierstoSiliconValley.____38____Theirresponsibilityistokeepattentionontheroad,providingvehicleinformationandasmallamountofentertainmentoptionswhilegettingpassengersfromplacetoplaceassafelyaspossible.Smartphonemakersanddigitalmediaprovidersdon’thavethispriority.Theywanteyesontheirproducts,notontheroad.Withelectricvehiclestransformingtheautoindustryandartificialintelligencemoremonthanever,we’reatadangerousmoment.____39____Becausetheirhardwareiswrappedaroundfamilies,theyhaveadutytokeepthemsafe.Theonlywaytheycandothatistomaintaincontrolofthedriver’sseat.Thequality,safetyandsecuritywillmakeorbreaktrustinautomakers.Withoutit,carswillbesimplyonemoreintrusiveandriskymobiledevice.A.CarpanieshaveprioritiesopposedtothoseofBigTech.B.Nowtheyexisttosellinformationabouttheiruserstoadvertisers.C.Theyenjoytheconvenienceandfunbroughtbymoderntechnology.D.Carmakersare,andshouldbe,themosttrustedtechnologypaniesintheworld.E.Currentlyvideostreamingservicesarestartingtobebuiltintocaroperatingsystems.F.Andoperatingsystemsandautonomousdrivingsoftwareareallgatewaysforthisinformation.G.Statisticsshowthatanaverageofeightpeopleadaydieinaccidentscausedbydistracteddriving.第三部分：書面表達（共兩節(jié)，32分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；第40、41題各2分，第42題3分，第43題5分，共12分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。It’saftermidnightandyou’vebeenstudyingallday.Emptyenergydrinkslinethetableandyousigh,“Tomorrow,I’mgettingicecream.Ideservetotreatmyself.”Thisyear,thesocalled“treatyourselfculture”hasexpandedfarbeyondwhatwasoncearewardbasedmindset.Now,“treatingyourself”hasbeemoreaboutstresscausedindulgence(放縱).Itrepresentsthemoredeepseatedissueswiththestressweregularlyputourselvesunder.Therootoftheproblemliesinourbeliefthatweshouldbedoingmoreworkifitisn’thardenough.Especiallyatatopuniversity,Iconstantlyfindmyselfwantingtodomore.Iwantmorecredits,ahighergradepointaverage,andmoreresponsibilitiesI’lllateruseasconversationtopicsininterviews.Thisdriveisbynomeansabadthing.Weallaretryingtoeventuallylandinaplacewherewecanrelaxandliveamoreenjoyablelife.However,therearealotofproblemswiththislogic.Withoutsoundingpletelyhopelessandpessimistic,itispossiblethatthefutureweimagineinourtwentieswillnotbeereality.Therefore,itisimportanttointegratethingsthatmakeushappywithwork,schoolorlifeinducedstress.Psychologycertainlysupportsthisbelief.Whilehavinggoodselfcontrolwaspositivelyassociatedwithhappiness,beingabletoenjoylife’slittlepleasureswithoutfeelingashamedofdoingsoisjustasimportant.Forexample,evenifyouhaveabusyscheduleofwork,maketimetostopbyyourfavoritecoffeeshoporspendtenminutestogoonawalkoutdoors.Icannoturgeyoutogiveupyourlatenightsofstudying,energydrinksandall.Icannottellyoutoalwayschoosetodosomethingthatmakesyouhappyoversomethingyouhaveorshoulddo.Frankly,thisisjustnotthewaylifeworks.Wehavetoputupwiththehardworkandputinthetime.Withoutpain,we’dalsolosehappinessandjoy.It’sallaboutbalance.So,insteadoflookingateverythingasawaytohandlethestressandsomethingto“treatmyself”,let’strytomaketreatingourselvesafarmoremonpracticeinthebusyliveswelead.40Whatcausesthesocalled“treatyourselfculture”?41.Whatdoes“thislogic”inParagraph3referto?42.Decidewhichpartofthefollowing