消化內(nèi)科詞匯

消化內(nèi)科詞匯考研消化內(nèi)科專業(yè)英語Gastricmucosa胃粘膜gastricpits胃小凹refluxesophagitis反流性食管炎CastroesophagealRefluxDisease(GERD),胃食管反流病Barrett’sesophagusBarrett食管Helicopbacterpylori幽門螺桿菌loweresophagealsphincter食管下括約肌uppergastrointestinalhemorrhage上消化道出血Chronicatrophicgastritis慢性萎縮性胃炎Chronicsuperficialgastritis慢性淺表性胃炎intestinalmetaplasia腸化pangastritis全胃炎CanceroftheEsophagus,食道癌HiatalHernia,食管裂孔疝PepticUlcerDisease(PUD),消化性潰瘍病parietalcell壁細(xì)胞protonpump質(zhì)子泵kissingulcer對吻潰瘍acutestressulcer急性應(yīng)激性潰瘍Gastrointestinalmucosa-associatedlymphoidtissuelymphoma胃粘膜相關(guān)淋巴組織淋巴瘤endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatography,ERCP內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影Cholelithiasis/Cholecystitis,膽石癥/膽囊炎AcutePancreatitis,急性胰腺炎carcinomaofthePancreatitis胰腺癌primarycarcinomaoftheLier,原發(fā)性肝癌Hepaticencephalopathy肝性腦病hepaticcoma肝昏迷Appendicitis,闌尾炎inflammatoryboweldisease炎癥性腸病RegionalEnteritis(Crohn’sDisease),局灶性腸炎克隆氏病UlceratieColitis,潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎IntestinalObstruction,腸梗阻DierticularDisease,腸憩室疾病colorectalcancer大腸癌carcinoidoflargeintestine大腸類癌colorectallymphoma大腸惡性淋巴瘤melanosiscoli大腸黑變病Polyposis息肉病familypolyposiscoli家Conversely,theMedicalProfessionalwhomhasEnglish,astheirprimarylanguagewillbenefitfromseeingtheconstructionoftheChineseMedicalTerminologyintheirstudiesoftheChineselanguage.FamiliarizeyourselfwiththeLatin,GreekandFrenchworksinthisBookandyouwillbeabletounderstandthevastmajorityofmedicaltermsinuseintheEnglishlanguage.Whenyouencounterawordyouhaveneverseenbeforeyouwillbeabletounderstandit’smeaningby“dissecting”thewordandknowingitscomponentsandhowtheyareusedinotherwords.Englishbeingadynamiclanguagewillcontinuetoincorporatemorenewmedicaltermsandreplaceolderones,youneedtoprepareyourselfbyknowingthematerialcontainedwithinthismanual.MedicalterminologywordsandwordsofimportanceareinBoldscript.Sometimesadefinitionisgivenforthewordandthiswillbeinparentheses.Chineseisaddedtothosewords,whicharewritteninboldscript,tohelpthereaderunderstandtherelationshipbetweentheEnglishTerminologyandtheChineseTerminology.Pinyiniswrittenin(BlueItalicArialscript)withinparenthesis.AnExampleofthisformatisasfollows:Cardiology(thestudyoftheheart)心臟病學(xué)(xinzangbingxue)ObservehowinChinesethewordMyocarditis(inflamedmusclelayerofheart)心肌炎(xinjiyan)hasastructure,whichisnottoodissimilartotheEnglishwith心(xin)meaningheart,肌(ji)meaningmuscleand炎(yan)meaninginflammation.Usingthisworddissectiontechniquethenon-ChinesespeakercanfamiliarizethemselveswiththeChineseMedicalTerminology.HereisanotherexampletoillistratehownicelytheChineseconstructmedicalwords.TheChinesewordforbigis大(da)andIntestineis腸(chang).Andfromthepreviousexample炎(yan)isunderstoodtomeaninflammation.Sowhenyoustarttoputthemtogetherinwantingtosaylargeintestineyouhave大腸(dachang)andforcolitiswhichisaninflammationofthelargeintestineitissimply大腸炎(dachangyan).GenerallytherearethreebasicpartstoEnglishmedicalterms:WordRoot詞根(cigen)Thisisthecentralmeaningofthetermandisusuallyinthemiddleofthemedicalterm.Prefix前綴(qianzhui)Seenatthethebeginningofthetermithelpstoidentifythecentralmeaning.Suffix后綴(houzhui)Alwaysattheendoftheterm,thesuffixmodifiesthecentralmeaningastowhatorwhoisinteractingwithitorwhatishappeningtoit.Hereisanexampleofhowtotakeapartawordtounderstandtheterm:Myocarditis心肌炎(xinjiyan)PrefixWordRootSuffixmyo=muscle肌(ji)card=heart心(xin)itis=inflammation炎(yan)MyoasthePrefixhelpstoidentifytheWordRootcard,anditismodifyingtheWordRootbyimplicatinganinflammationprocessthatisoccurring.Ergo,wecannowunderstandthatMyocarditisisaninflammationoftheheartmuscle.Prefixchange:Myocarditis(inflamedmusclelayerofheart)心肌炎(xinjiyan)Pericarditis(inflamedouterlayerofheart)心包炎(xinbaoyan)Endocarditis(inflamedinnerlayerofheart)心內(nèi)膜炎(xinneimoyan)Suffixchange:Cardiologist(aphysicianspecializingintheheart)心臟病專家(xinzangbingzhuanjia)Cardiomyopathy(damagetoheartmusclelayer)心肌癥(xinjinzheng)Cardiomegaly(enlargementoftheheart)心臟擴(kuò)大癥(xinzangkuodazheng)Thebasicsillustratedabovearejusttointroducethepartsofmedicaltermsanddemonstrate示范(shifan)howmovingthepartsofthewordaroundmodifiesthecentralmeaningwithoutchangingtheWordRootcardio心(xin).WhenthePrefixandSuffixchangesitcanalterthemeaningofatermwithoutchangingitscentralmeaningbykeepingtheWordRootthesame.NowletustaketheWordRoottherm發(fā)熱(fare)whichmeansheat,andseehowitisusedtomakewords.HypoisthePrefixandmeansless,soHypothermia體溫降低(tiwenjiuandi)canmeanlessheat.AndanotherPrefixaddedtothermisMeterwhichmeanstomeasure,consequentlyaThermometer溫度計(wenduji),體溫計(tiwenji)isasomethingusedtomeasuringheat.HerebothformsoftheChinesewordforThermometerarelistedastheChineselanguagedistinguishbetweenathermometerusedformeasuringtheairtemperature溫度計(wenduji)andanotherforbodytemperature體溫計(tiwenji).Thefollowingarefrequentlyusedwordbeginnings(prefixes)andwordendings(suffixes)usedtomakeupmanymedicalterms.Ifyouknowthem,youwillknowthemajorityofsimplemedicalterms.Notethatsomeorganshavemorethanonewordroot.Forexample,letuslookatthewordBreast乳房(rufang)whichcanbewrittenasmasto-ormammo-.Typically,oneisderivedfromtheGreekandonefromLatin.Youneedtoknowbothrootsbecauseyoumayseeeitherofthemused.Anx-rayofthebreastiscalledaMammogram乳房X線照片(rufangXxianzhaopian)andisusedtohelpdetectMastocarcinoma(breastcancer)乳癌andifthesurgeonmustremovethebreastthenthatprocedureistermedaMastectomy乳房切除術(shù)(lufangqiechushu).Rememberthepartsthatmakeupmedicalterminologyareprefixes,wordrootsandsuffixes.Themosttypicalsequenceisprefix,wordroot,andsuffixwiththewordrootbeingcentralbutthisisnotalwaysthecase.Inthismanualyouwillseeahypheninfrontofasuffixtoindicateitisaddedtotheendofaword,letustaketheexampleof–itis(inflammation)炎(yan)or–oma(tumor)瘤(Liu).Prefixesandwordrootsareshownasfreestandingwordparts.Aslashandavowel,suchasseenintheexampleofLeuk/o(white)arecalledcombiningformswhichmakeiteasiertoattachtootherwordparts,and,makethewordeasiertopronounce.AlargerlistingofRootWords,PrefixesandSuffixesaregiveninAppendixBandisincludedinthisbooktohelpthereaderinfurtherdissectingwordsandunderstandingthem.CommonPrefixesa/an=without,noneAnemia貧血(pinxue)Hyper=morethennormalHypertension高血壓(gaoxueya)Hyperthermia過高熱(guogaore)Hypo=lessthennormalHypotension血壓過低(Xueyaguogao)Hypothermia降低體溫(jiandetiwen)Normo=NormalNormotensive正常血壓的(zhenchanxueyade)Brady=slowBradycardia心搏徐緩(xinboxuhuan)Tachy=fastTachycardia心動過速(xindongguosu)micro=smallMicrostomia(abnormallysmallmouth)小口的(xiaokode)macro=largeMacrostomia(abnormallylargemouth)頰橫裂(jiahenglie)mega/-megaly=enlargedMegacolon(abnormallylargecolon)巨結(jié)腸(jujeichang)PrefixesShowingLocationEndo=withinEndoscopy內(nèi)窺鏡檢查法(NeiKuiJingJianChaFa)Peri=aroundPerianal(aroundtheanus)肛門周圍的(GangMenZhouWeiDe)Circum=aroundCircumcise(tocutaround)環(huán)切術(shù)(HuanQieShu)Retro=behindRetrosternal(behindthebreastbone)胸骨后的(XiongGuHouDe)Epi=upon,ontopEpidermis(outermostlayerofskin)表皮(BiaoPi)Trans=throughTransurethral(throughtheurinaryduct)經(jīng)尿道的(JingNiaoDaoDe)Intra=withinIntravenous(insidetheveins,e.g.IVfluids)靜脈內(nèi)的(JingMaiNeiDe)Sub=belowSubclavian(belowtheclavicleorcollarbone)鎖骨下的(SuoGuXiaDe)PrefixesShowingColorLeuk/o=whiteLeukemia(Overabundanceofwhitebloodcells)白血病(Baixuebing)xanth/o=yellowXanthoma(Yellowtumor)黃瘤(Huangliu)cyan/o=blueCyanosis(BluenessduetocoldornoO2inblood)蒼白病(Cangbaibing)melan/o=blackMelanoma(Blacktumoroftheskin)黑素瘤(Heisuliu)CommonWordRootsStomato=MouthStomatitis口腔炎(kouqiangyan)Dento=TeethDentist牙科醫(yī)生(Yaketisheng)Glosso/Linguo=Tongue舌頭(shetou)Glossitis舌炎(Sheyan),Lingualnerve舌神經(jīng)(Sheshenjing)Gingivo=Gums齒齦(Chiyin)Gingivitis齒齦炎(Chiyinyan)Encephalo=Brain腦(nao)Encephalitis腦炎(Naoyan)Gastro=Stomach胃(Wei)Gastritis胃炎(Weiyan)Entero=Intestine腸(Chang)Gastroenteritis腸胃炎(Changweiyan)Colo=Largeintestine大腸Colitis大腸炎(Dachangyan)Megacolon巨結(jié)腸(jujiechang)Procto=Anus肛門(Gangmen)Proctitis直腸炎(Zhichangyan),Proctology直腸病學(xué)(Zhichangbingxue)Hepato=Liver肝臟(Ganzang)Hepatitis肝臟炎(Ganzangyan),Hepatomegaly肝腫大(Ganzhongda)Nephro/Rene=Kidney腎(Shen)Nephrosis腎變病(Shenbianbing),腎病(Shenbing),Renalartery腎臟的動脈(Shenzangdedongmai),orchido=Testis睪丸(Gaowan)Orchiditis睪丸炎(Gaowanyan)Orchidectomy睪丸切除術(shù)(Gaowanqiechushu)Dermo=Skin皮膚(pifu)Dermatitis皮炎(piyan)Masto/Mammo=Breast乳房(rufang)Mastectomy乳房切除術(shù)(rufangqiechushu)Mammography乳房X線照相術(shù)(rufangXxianzhaoxiangshu)osteo=Bones骨骼(guge)Osteoporosis骨質(zhì)疏松癥(guzhishusongzheng)Cardio=Heart心臟(xinzang)Electrocardiogram(ECG)心電圖(xindiantu)Rhino=Nose鼻子(bizi)Rhinitis鼻炎(biyan),鼻粘膜炎(binianmoyan)Phlebo/Veno=Veins靜脈(jinmai)Phlebitis靜脈炎,(jingmaiyan)Phlebotomy刺骼,放血(fangxue)Phlebosclerosis靜脈硬化(jingmaiyinghua)Pneumo/Pulmo=Lung肺(fei)Pneumonitis局限性肺炎(juxianxingfeiyan)Pulmonologist肺科醫(yī)生(feikeyisheng)Hemo/Emia=Blood血(xue)Anemia貧血,貧血癥(pinxue,pinxuezheng)Hematologist血液學(xué)家(xueyexuejia)CommonSuffixes-itis=Inflammation炎癥(yanzheng)Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎(biantaoxianyan)Appendicitis闌尾炎(lanweiyan),盲腸炎(mangchangyan)-osis=Abnormal反常的(fanchangde)Cyanosis蒼白病(Cangbaibing)-ectomy=toremoveAppendectomy闌尾切除術(shù)(lanweiqiechushu)Tonsillectomy扁桃腺切除術(shù)(biantaoxianqiechushu)-otomy=tocutintoTracheotomy(cutintowindpipe氣管(qiguan))氣管切開術(shù)(qiguanqiekaishu)-ostomy=tomakeamouthColostomy結(jié)腸造瘺術(shù)(jiechangzhaoloushu)-scopy/-scopic=tolookColonoscopy結(jié)腸鏡檢查(jiechangjingjiancha)-graphy=recordinganimageMammography乳房X線照相術(shù)(rufangxzhaoxiangshu)-gram=imageMammogram乳房X線照片(rufanfXxianzhaopian)(X-ray)X光照片(Xguangzhaopian)AppendixATypesofPhysiciansandotherMedicalProfessionalsAppendixBPrefixes,CommonRootwordsandSuffixesAppendixCCommonMedicalAbreviationsAppendixDMedicalTermslistedalphabeticallyAbouttheAuthorsAppendixANamesofTypesofPhysiciansandotherMedicalProfessionalsCardiologist心臟病學(xué)家(xinzangbingxuejia)CardiovascularSurgeon心血管外科醫(yī)生(xinxueguanwaikeyisheng)心臟血管醫(yī)師(xinzangxueguanyishi)Dentist牙科醫(yī)生(Yaketisheng)Epidemiologist流行病學(xué)家(liuxingbingxuejia)流行病專家liouxingbingzhuanjia流行病醫(yī)師(liuxingbingyisheng)