集裝箱租賃合同操作實務(wù)

集裝箱租賃合同操作實務(wù)

集裝箱租賃合同是規(guī)定租箱人與租箱公司雙方權(quán)利、義務(wù)和費用的協(xié)議和合同文本。租箱人在簽署合同之前一般要與租箱公司(或其代理人)商定租箱方式，數(shù)量,租金,交、還箱期，地點，租、退箱費用,損害修理責(zé)任及保險等事宜。租箱合同的主要條款一般有4個方面內(nèi)容。交箱條款交箱條款主要是制約租箱公司的條款，是指租箱公司應(yīng)在合同規(guī)定的時間和地點將答合合同條件的集裝箱交給租箱人。其內(nèi)容主要有：(1)交箱期。是指租箱公司將箱子交給租箱人的時間。為了給雙方都提供一些方便，交箱期通常規(guī)定一個期限,一般為7—30天。(2)交箱量。為了適應(yīng)市場上箱，貨供求關(guān)系的變化，合同中對交箱量有兩種規(guī)定方法，一種是規(guī)定的交箱數(shù)量(或最低交箱量)；另一種是實際交箱量(可高于或低于前者)。(3)交箱時箱子狀況。租箱公司交給租箱人的箱子應(yīng)符合有關(guān)國際公約與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定，同時租和相人還箱時應(yīng)保證箱子保持和接近原來的狀況。為了保證這一點,雙方在提箱時箱子的狀況是通過雙方簽署的設(shè)備交接單來體現(xiàn)的。在具體操作中,規(guī)定租箱人雇用的司機和箱子所在堆場的箱管員,門衛(wèi)可作為雙方代表簽署設(shè)備交接單。還箱條款租箱合同中的還箱條款主要是制約租箱人的條款，是指租箱人應(yīng)在租用期滿后，按合同規(guī)定的時間，地點將狀況良好的箱子還給租箱公司。其主要內(nèi)容為：(1)還箱時間。指規(guī)定的還箱日期。如超期還箱，合同一般通過對超期天數(shù)加收租金方式解決；如果可能提前還箱，則要求事先訂立提前終止條款，定有該條款時，租箱人可提前還箱；如未訂立此條款，即使是提前還箱，租箱人仍需補交提前日數(shù)的追加租金。(2)還箱地點。租箱人應(yīng)按合同規(guī)定或租箱公司另用書面形式確認(rèn)的具體地點還箱。在訂立合同時，租箱人應(yīng)盡量使還箱地點與箱子最終使用地點一致或接近，這樣可以減少空箱運輸費用。(3)還箱時箱子狀況。租箱人在還箱時應(yīng)保證箱子外表狀態(tài)良好，即保證箱子保持提箱時雙方簽訂的設(shè)備交接單上說明的狀況。該條款一般規(guī)定如果還箱時外表有損壞，租箱人應(yīng)承擔(dān)修理責(zé)任與費用。租箱合同中一般還規(guī)定還箱期滿若干天(有的是30天)后，租箱人仍未還箱，租箱公司將作為箱子全損處理。租箱人應(yīng)按合同規(guī)定的金額支付賠償金，在租箱公司未收到賠償金前，租箱人仍需按實際天數(shù)支付租金。損害修理責(zé)任條款租箱人還箱時，應(yīng)按設(shè)備交接單上記載的狀況還箱，如有損壞，則應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)將箱子修理好后還箱，或承擔(dān)修一時費用。如租箱時在合同中訂立損害修理(DamageProtectionPlan,DPP)條款并按規(guī)定付費，則租箱人對租箱期內(nèi)所造成的損壞在一定程度上不負(fù)修理責(zé)任，可將未修理的箱子退還租箱公司。不論箱子在租箱期內(nèi)是否損壞，DPP費用一律不予退還。DPP條款從某仲意義上講，相當(dāng)于租箱人對租箱期內(nèi)集裝箱的損害進行了保險(但不是向保險公司投保)。但租箱人必須了解，DPP費用一般只保箱子的部分損害，不承擔(dān)全損和共同海損等責(zé)任。習(xí)慣上只負(fù)責(zé)比箱子當(dāng)時價值低一些的一個因定限額之內(nèi)，由租箱公司承擔(dān)；如超過此限額則，則超過部分仍需要租箱人承擔(dān)。DPP費用一般按租箱天數(shù)收取。租金及費用支付條款租箱人應(yīng)按時支付合同中規(guī)定承擔(dān)的各種費用及租金，這是自由使用集裝箱和具有某些權(quán)利和減少責(zé)任的前提，不按時支付費用和租金，則構(gòu)成違約，租箱公司有權(quán)采取適當(dāng)?shù)男袆又敝潦栈丶b箱。租箱合同的租金與費用支付條款主要包括下列內(nèi)容：(1)租期。租期一般理解為從交箱之日起至還箱之日止的一段時間。(2)租金計算方法。租金按第箱天計收。租用天數(shù)計算一般從交箱當(dāng)日起算至租箱公司接受還箱的次日為止。在超期還箱情況下，超期天數(shù)按合同規(guī)定的租金另行支付(通常比正常租金高一倍)。如合同中定有提前終止的條款，租箱人支付提前終止費用(一般相當(dāng)于5-7天租金)后，租期到集裝箱進入還箱堆場日終止。(3)租金支付方式。一般租金支付方式有兩種，按月支付或按季支付。租箱人應(yīng)在收到租金付通知單后，在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)(一般為30天)支付。如延則需按合同規(guī)定的費率加付利息。(4)交、還箱手續(xù)費。租箱人應(yīng)按合同規(guī)定支付交、還箱手續(xù)費。該費用主要用來抵償因在堆場交、還箱所產(chǎn)生的費用(裝卸車費、單證費等)，其數(shù)額或由合同規(guī)定，或按交、還箱所在堆場的費用確定。租箱合同中除上述條款外，一般還有設(shè)備標(biāo)志更改條款及其他有關(guān)租箱責(zé)任，義務(wù)，保險和轉(zhuǎn)租等條款。珠江口水域航行注意事項

珠江口水域,海事部門規(guī)定的地理覆蓋范圍為113°32′00″E～114°24′00″E與21°55′00″N～22°20′00″N連線內(nèi)水域。在航海的實踐中，往往從蒲臺島開始至馬友石燈船之間的水域稱之為珠江口水域。此段水域是水上交通繁忙區(qū)域，從2004年6月1日起實行珠江口水域船舶定線制?！抖ň€制》有多航路交叉，水道縱橫交錯，港口密集，在該水域有多條船舶航路產(chǎn)生多種方向的交叉。大濠水道定線制有四條分道通航段，加上現(xiàn)有的香港大嶼山快速船東段分道通航段，共有5條分道通航段的航路交叉，交通流狀況復(fù)雜。為了解決多條航路交叉的問題，避免船舶交叉碰撞，設(shè)立了第三警戒區(qū)，警戒區(qū)內(nèi)設(shè)有半徑為80米的“安全島”，要求船舶穿越警戒區(qū)時，圍繞“安全島”逆時針航行。擔(dān)桿水道定線制與香港東博寮水道分道通航航路也形成交叉，第二警戒區(qū)就是為解決兩條分道通航航路的交叉而專門設(shè)置的。在警戒區(qū)中心設(shè)置燈船，為了使船舶易于辨明大濠水道定線制警戒區(qū)“安全島”的位置，在警戒區(qū)中心設(shè)置1艘安裝有雷達應(yīng)答器的燈船。現(xiàn)以船舶西行為例，過蒲臺島之后，由東博寮水道進入香港水域的船只多為大型船舶，由于受到龍鼓洲西水道水深的制約，駛往深圳赤灣港的大型船舶也借道東博寮水道由龍鼓水道進港。所以，駛經(jīng)東博寮水域外側(cè)時，要嚴(yán)格遵守珠江口水域船舶定線制的規(guī)定，行駛在自己的航線上，遇有從東博寮水道駛出的大型船舶，應(yīng)根據(jù)1972年國際海上避碰規(guī)則進行避讓，必要時慢車等讓，同時可以保持香港海事的12頻道守聽，密切注意出口船舶的動態(tài)。這里也是海事高發(fā)水域，具體原因也就是交叉船舶互相爭行，因為西行船是規(guī)則上規(guī)定的讓路船，所以應(yīng)主動避讓出口船，以免出現(xiàn)緊迫局面。在遇有香港水域漲潮時，停泊在擔(dān)桿列島內(nèi)側(cè)的錨泊船也要依次進港，應(yīng)特別注意其搶頭。駛過東博寮水域之后，應(yīng)當(dāng)注意東行往南丫島拋錨的船舶，及早與之聯(lián)系，確定會讓意圖。有些西行船舶在過外伶仃島之后，向左轉(zhuǎn)向進入桂山錨地或外伶仃島的大型船舶錨地拋錨，追越時要尤其謹(jǐn)慎，做到提前聯(lián)系，取得對方同意后方可追越。再往西船舶駛經(jīng)東南報告線。即以桂山引航錨地中心點(22°07′54″N/113°46′50″為圓心，半徑10海里，從擔(dān)桿水道(22°08′54.5″N/113°57′30″E)至東澳島西南方附近水域(22°00′16″N/113°40′00″E)的圓弧線。在實踐中，我把他設(shè)為一個經(jīng)度：即113度57分東經(jīng)，船舶應(yīng)當(dāng)用VHF09頻道向桂山交管報告自己的信息和動態(tài)。進入大濠水道東南段的第四分隔帶北側(cè)通航分道，航向306度，轉(zhuǎn)向進入前可把大鴉洲燈樁為參照，同時應(yīng)注意從第四分隔帶南側(cè)出口東行的船船，進入第三警戒區(qū)時，將航路1號燈船(即我們習(xí)慣稱的桂山燈船)置于左舷，靠警戒區(qū)右側(cè)半圓航行進入第五分隔帶東側(cè)通航分道，航向348度，再經(jīng)大濠水道北段駛往廣州或珠江三角洲其他港口，通過第五分隔帶北側(cè)端部時，應(yīng)將航路2號燈浮(紅白豎條相間球形望板，裝雷達反射器(3米標(biāo)))置于左舷。在第三警戒區(qū)航行時，應(yīng)注意從第三分隔帶東側(cè)通航分道進口的船舶，以及經(jīng)第六分隔帶、大嶼山快速船分道兩側(cè)通航分道穿越第三警戒區(qū)的高速客船。在由分流角駛?cè)胫榻虻倪^程中，會與進入深圳的船舶航向形成交叉，此時應(yīng)當(dāng)確定會讓意圖，謹(jǐn)慎避讓。此外在漁汛期，還要注意在航道中穿越的拖網(wǎng)漁船?！ず竭\操作

分油機常見故障

1.分離筒達不到規(guī)定轉(zhuǎn)速原因：制動器未松開；摩擦離合器內(nèi)混入油脂，摩擦片打滑或損壞；電動機或電氣設(shè)備故障。2.不能進油或分油過程斷油(1)由于泵或管路的問題不能產(chǎn)生足夠低的吸入壓力，油泵傳動齒輪錐銷折斷；泵嚴(yán)重磨損，間隙太大；泵轉(zhuǎn)速太低；吸如管漏氣；油柜已空。(2)泵吸入壓力過低：油柜油位太低；供油泵前濾器堵塞或管路不通；油溫太低，粘度太大。3.出水口跑油(1)水封水未能建立或受到破壞：起動時水封水未加或加得太少；進油閥開得太猛，水封被破壞；轉(zhuǎn)速不足使水封壓力不夠；分離盤片間臟堵。(2)油水分界面外移至分離盤:外重力環(huán)內(nèi)徑過大；油未加熱至要求值，密度大。4.排渣口跑油：(排渣口未能封閉)(1)滑動圈不能上移堵死密封水腔泄水口。分離筒上小空堵塞不能泄水；滑動圈下方彈簧失效；滑動圈上方塑料堵頭失嚴(yán)。(2)滑動底盤下部缺密封水高置水箱無水；工作水系統(tǒng)管道或控制閥堵塞或嚴(yán)重漏泄；滑動底盤周向密封圈失效漏泄。(3)滑動底盤與分離筒蓋不能貼緊滑動底盤上端面密封環(huán)失效；傳動齒輪和軸承過度磨損使立軸下沉。5.不能排渣缺少壓下滑動圈的開啟工作水：高置水箱無水；工作系統(tǒng)管道或控制閥堵塞或嚴(yán)重漏泄，有關(guān)工作水孔臟堵不通；滑動全周向密封失效。6.出現(xiàn)異常振動或噪聲分離筒安裝不正確，緊固件松動或與機蓋，配水盤摩擦，傳動機械因缺油或油質(zhì)差而覺壞；軸承過度磨損而使立軸下沉，供油泵卡阻或損壞；摩擦離合器損壞或過度磨損，質(zhì)量不均勻，排渣不凈；分離筒內(nèi)積渣不均。提單操作

一、打制訂艙單。1.訂艙單用下貨紙根據(jù)貨主提供的委托單制作。需要填制的項目有：SHIPPER、CONSIGNEE、NOTIFY、POR、MARKS＆NOS、QUANTITY、DESCRIPTIONOFGOODS、GROSSWEIGHTINKILOS、MEASUREMENT、TOTAL。2.打制完上述內(nèi)容后，注明運輸條款。在訂艙單的右上角打上代理人的電話、傳真，并加蓋代理人方章，送至配載的船公司。二、收到貨主正式單據(jù)后進行審單。1.單證必須齊全。貨主必須提供的單據(jù)有：合同副本（售貨確認(rèn)書、形式發(fā)票）、正本裝箱單至少一份、正本發(fā)票至少一份、正本出口收匯核銷單，出口貨物如需海關(guān)監(jiān)管條件還必須提供相應(yīng)證件。2.如果貨主提供的單據(jù)已繕制好，可以從以下方面審核：A、合同、委托與裝箱單、發(fā)票上顯示的尺碼、重量是否一致。B、合同、委托與裝箱單、發(fā)票上顯示的金額以及幣種是否一致（合同金額不小于發(fā)票金額）。C、合同、委托與裝箱單、發(fā)票上顯示的發(fā)票號是否一致。D、合同、委托與裝箱單、發(fā)票上顯示的合同號是否一致。E、正本單據(jù)不許有任何涂改。F、合同不能是手寫，否則用打字機重新繕制。3.如果貨主提供的單據(jù)空白，可按下列項目繕制：A、裝箱單主要填制的內(nèi)容為麥頭、發(fā)票號碼、合同號、裝貨港、卸貨港、品名、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、毛重、凈重。B、發(fā)票主要填制的內(nèi)容為嘜頭、合同號、發(fā)票號、裝貨港、卸貨港、貨物描述、數(shù)量、單價、總價。三、轉(zhuǎn)報關(guān)單據(jù)。接到船公司集港通知后，取回下貨紙。在集港前一天下午3時前，電話同港務(wù)局貨運科做集港計劃，制下貨小條（一式三聯(lián)）。A、轉(zhuǎn)至報關(guān)行的單據(jù)有，裝箱單、發(fā)票、合同、委托報關(guān)協(xié)議、報關(guān)單、下貨紙、聯(lián)系單（一式兩聯(lián)）、海關(guān)監(jiān)管條件涉及的證件，上述單據(jù)各1份。B、編號為1、2、3的單據(jù)必須由貨主提供。C、委托報關(guān)協(xié)議（副本也可以），用規(guī)定格式加蓋出口單位公章，填上相應(yīng)內(nèi)容。D、下貨紙。在前述訂艙單的基礎(chǔ)上，在相應(yīng)的位置補充船名、航次、提單號，貨物描述需用中文加以標(biāo)識，報關(guān)只需提供裝貨單收貨單留底聯(lián)，每一聯(lián)的右上角都應(yīng)加蓋代理人方章。下貨紙裝貨單應(yīng)蓋有該條船船代的簽章。E、聯(lián)系單。聯(lián)系單是代理人與報關(guān)行聯(lián)系的單據(jù)，上面列明代理人轉(zhuǎn)給報關(guān)行何種單據(jù)及份數(shù)，將單據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)至報關(guān)行前，應(yīng)填好一式兩聯(lián)的聯(lián)系單，單據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)至報關(guān)行后，其中一聯(lián)應(yīng)有報關(guān)行相關(guān)人員的簽字，以備存檔。F、合同、裝箱單、發(fā)票、報關(guān)單、許可證、商檢證轉(zhuǎn)至報關(guān)行前應(yīng)有留底。四、確認(rèn)提單。A、繕制提單前應(yīng)注意貨主有無特殊要求，一般情況下，貨主都會在委托中注明。B、如要求在提單中顯示“SHIPPEDONBOARD”簽單時，應(yīng)注意上、下簽章(其中之一應(yīng)簽在SHIPPEDONBOARD旁邊)。C、如果涉及倒簽、預(yù)借，應(yīng)事先與船公司確認(rèn)好是否能接受，如果可以接受，應(yīng)填制好保函傳真給貨主，讓其加蓋公章，返回后再由代理人提供給相關(guān)船公司。貿(mào)易操作

租賃需辦理的手續(xù)

一、以租賃方式引進設(shè)備，其報批手續(xù)同一般技改引進項目相同，需報請有關(guān)上級批準(zhǔn)立項。二、引進單位將上述批件或其復(fù)印本提交租賃公司，經(jīng)審查同意后即可受理。三、根據(jù)引進單位自行選擇或上租的推薦，決定國外制造廠商，進行詢價，組織技術(shù)洽談和商務(wù)談判，對金額較大或技術(shù)性很強的項目，組織赴國外考察，談妥后，由上租同國外制造廠簽訂購貨合同，并與承租人簽訂租賃合同。四、設(shè)備價款由上租籌措外匯支付，設(shè)備由制造廠直接交貨給承租人，在設(shè)備到貨后，由承租單位在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)分期以外匯償付租金，因此在建立項目時承租單位應(yīng)對按期支付的外匯金額做出妥善安排。五、為保證租金的按期償付，承租單位在提出租賃委托書的同時，應(yīng)向上租提交其主管局（公司）或當(dāng)?shù)亟鹑跈C構(gòu)出具的經(jīng)濟保證書，擔(dān)保承租單位按期償付租金。六、租賃期滿，承租人依照合同規(guī)定的象征性價格，將設(shè)備購為己有。海牙－維斯比規(guī)則（English）

Hague-VisbyRulesArticleIDefinitionsIntheseRulesthefollowingexpressionshavethemeaningsherebyassignedtothemrespectively,thatistosay,(a)"carrier"includestheownerorthechartererwhoentersintoacontractofcarriagewithashipper;(b)"contractofcarriage"appliesonlytocontractsofcarriagecoveredbyabillofladingoranysimilardocumentoftitle,insofarassuchdocumentrelatestothecarriageofgoodsbywater,includinganybillofladingoranysimilardocumentasaforesaidissuedunderorpursuanttoacharter-partyfromthemomentatwhichsuchbillofladingorsimilardocumentoftitleregulatestherelationsbetweenacarrierandaholderofthesame;(c)"goods"includesgoods,wares,merchandiseandarticlesofeverykindwhatsoever,exceptliveanimalsandcargowhichbythecontractofcarriageisstatedasbeingcarriedondeckandissocarried;(d)"ship"meansanyvesselusedforthecarriageofgoodsbywater;(e)"carriageofgoods"coverstheperiodfromthetimewhenthegoodsareloadedontothetimetheyaredischargedfromtheship.ArticleIIRisksSubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleVI,undereverycontractofcarriageofgoodsbywaterthecarrier,inrelationtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofsuchgoods,shallbesubjecttotheresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesandentitledtotherightsandimmunitieshereinaftersetforth.ArticleIIIResponsibilitiesandLiabilities1.Thecarriershallbebound,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,toexerciseduediligenceto(a)maketheshipseaworthy;(b)properlyman,equipandsupplytheship;?maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.2.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleIV,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.3.Afterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,orthemasteroragentofthecarrier,shall,ondemandoftheshipper,issuetotheshipperabillofladingshowingamongotherthings(a)theleadingmarksnecessaryforidentificationofthegoodsasthesamearefurnishedinwritingbytheshipperbeforetheloadingofsuchgoodsstarts,providedsuchmarksarestampedorotherwiseshownclearlyuponthegoodsifuncovered,oronthecasesorcoveringsinwhichsuchgoodsarecontained,insuchamannerasshouldordinarilyremainlegibleuntiltheendofthevoyage;(b)eitherthenumberofpackagesorpieces,orthequantity,orweight,asthecasemaybe,asfurnishedinwritingbytheshipper;?theapparentorderandconditionofthegoods:Providedthatnocarrier,masteroragentofthecarriershallbeboundtostateorshowinthebillofladinganymarks,number,quantity,orweightwhichhehasreasonablegroundforsuspectingnotaccuratelytorepresentthegoodsactuallyreceivedorwhichhehashadnoreasonablemeansofchecking.4.Suchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescribedinaccordancewithparagraphs3(a),(b)and?.However,prooftothecontraryshallnotbeadmissiblewhenthebillofladinghasbeentransferredtoathirdpartyactingingoodfaith.5.Theshippershallbedeemedtohaveguaranteedtothecarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofshipmentofthemarks,number,quantityandweight,asfurnishedbyhim,andtheshippershallindemnifythecarrieragainstallloss,damagesandexpensesarisingorresultingfrominaccuraciesinsuchparticulars.Therightofthecarriertosuchindemnityshallinnowaylimithisresponsibilityandliabilityunderthecontractofcarriagetoanypersonotherthantheshipper.6.Unlessnoticeoflossordamageandthegeneralnatureofsuchlossordamagebegiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliverythereofunderthecontractofcarriage,or,ifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.Thenoticeinwritingneednotbegivenifthestateofthegoodshasatthetimeoftheirreceiptbeenthesubjectofjointsurveyorinspection.Subjecttoparagraph6bisthecarrierandtheshipshallinanyeventbedischargedfromallliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofthegoods,unlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.Thisperiodmay,however,beextendedifthepartiessoagreeafterthecauseofactionhasarisen.Inthecaseofanyactualorapprehendedlossordamagethecarrierandthereceivershallgiveallreasonablefacilitiestoeachotherforinspectingandtallyingthegoods.6.bisAnactionforindemnityagainstathirdpersonmaybebroughtevenaftertheexpirationoftheyearprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphifbroughtwithinthetimeallowedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.However,thetimeallowedshallbenotlessthanthreemonths,commencingfromthedaywhenthepersonbringingsuchactionforindemnityhassettledtheclaimorhasbeenservedwithprocessintheactionagainsthimself.7.Afterthegoodsareloadedthebillofladingtobeissuedbythecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrier,totheshippershall,iftheshippersodemands,bea"shipped"billoflading,providedthatiftheshippershallhavepreviouslytakenupanydocumentoftitletosuchgoods,heshallsurrenderthesameasagainsttheissueofthe"shipped"billoflading,butattheoptionofthecarriersuchdocumentoftitlemaybenotedattheportofshipmentbythecarrier,master,oragentwiththenameornamesoftheshiporshipsuponwhichthegoodshavebeenshippedandthedateordatesofshipment,andwhensonotedthesameshallforthepurposeofthisArticlebedeemedtoconstitutea"shipped"billoflading.8.Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlossordamagetoorinconnectionwithgoodsarisingfromnegligence,faultorfailureinthedutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisArticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanasprovidedintheseRules,shallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.Abenefitofinsuranceorsimilarclauseshallbedeemedtobeaclauserelievingthecarrierfromliability.ArticleIVRightsandImmunities1.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthinessunlesscausedbywantofduediligenceonthepartofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy,andtosecurethattheshipisproperlymanned,equippedandsupplied,andtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarriedfitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraph1ofArticleIII.Wheneverlossordamagehasresultedfromunseaworthiness,theburdenofprovingtheexerciseofduediligenceshallbeonthecarrierorotherpersonclaimingexemptionunderthisarticle.2.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom(a)act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,mariner,pilotortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship;(b)fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier;?perils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;(d)actofGod;(e)actofwar;(f)actofpublicenemies;(g)arrestorrestraintofprinces,rulersorpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;(h)quarantinerestrictions;(I)actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,hisagentorrepresentative;(j)strikesorlock-outsorstoppageorrestraintoflabourfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral;(k)riotsandcivilcommotions;(l)savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;(m)wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,qualityorviceofthegoods;(n)insufficiencyofpacking;(o)insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;(p)latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;(q)anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrier,orwithoutthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.3.Theshippershallnotberesponsibleforlossordamagesustainedbythecarrierortheshiparisingorresultingfromanycausewithouttheact,faultorneglectoftheshipper,hisagentsorhisservants.4.AnydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeaninfringementorbreachoftheseRulesorofthecontractofcarriage,andthecarriershallnotbeliableforanylossordamageresultingtherefrom.5.(a)Unlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwiththegoodsinanamountexceeding666.67unitsofaccountperpackageorunitor2unitsofaccountperkilogrammeofgrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.(b)Thetotalamountrecoverableshallbecalculatedbyreferencetothevalueofsuchgoodsattheplaceandtimeatwhichthegoodsaredischargedfromtheshipinaccordancewiththecontractorshouldhavebeensodischarged.Thevalueofthegoodsshallbefixedaccordingtothecommodityexchangeprice,or,iftherebenosuchprice,accordingtothecurrentmarketprice,or,iftherebenocommodityexchangepriceorcurrentmarketprice,byreferencetothenormalvalueofgoodsofthesamekindandquality.?Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thenumberofpackagesorunitsenumeratedinthebillofladingaspackedinsucharticleoftransportshallbedeemedthenumberofpackagesorunitsforthepurposeofthisparagraphasfarasthesepackagesorunitsareconcerned.Exceptasaforesaidsucharticleoftransportshallbeconsideredthepackageorunit.(d)TheunitofaccountmentionedinthisArticleistheSpecialDrawingRightasdefinedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund.Theamountsmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphshallbeconvertedintonationalcurrencyonthebasisofthevalueofthatcurrencyonthedatetobedeterminedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththemethodofvaluationappliedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundineffectatthedateinquestionforitsoperationsandtransactions.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinamannerdeterminedbythatState.Nevertheless,aStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFundandwhoselawdoesnotpermittheapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheprecedingsentencesmay,atthetimeofratificationoftheProtocolof1979oraccessiontheretooratanytimethereafter,declarethatthelimitsofliabilityprovidedforinthisConventiontobeappliedinitsterritoryshallbefixedasfollows:(I)inrespectoftheamountof666.67unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,10,000monetaryunits;(ii)inrespectoftheamountof2unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,30monetaryunits.Themonetaryunitreferredtointheprecedingsentencecorrespondsto65.5milligrammesofgoldofmillesimalfineness900.TheconversionoftheamountsspecifiedinthatsentenceintothenationalcurrencyshallbemadeaccordingtothelawoftheStateconcerned.ThecalculationandtheconversionmentionedintheprecedingsentencesshallbemadeinsuchamannerastoexpressinthenationalcurrencyofthatStateasfaraspossiblethesamerealvaluefortheamountsinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticleasisexpressedthereinunitsofaccount.Statesshallcommunicatetothedepositarythemannerofcalculationortheresultoftheconversionasthecasemaybe,whendepositinganinstrumentofratificationoftheProtocolof1979orofaccessiontheretoandwheneverthereisachangeineither.(e)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinthisparagraphifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewithintenttocausedamage,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.(f)Thedeclarationmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraph,ifembodiedinthebilloflading,shallbeprimafacieevidence,butshallnotbebindingorconclusiveonthecarrier.(g)Byagreementbetweenthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandtheshipperothermaximumamountsthanthosementionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphmaybefixed,providedthatnomaximumamountsofixedshallbelessthantheappropriatemaximummentionedinthatsub-paragraph.(h)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymis-statedbytheshipperinthebilloflading.6.Goodsofaninflammable,explosiveordangerousnaturetotheshipmentwhereofthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierhasnotconsented,withknowledgeoftheirnatureandcharacter,mayatanytimebeforedischargebelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutcompensation,andtheshipperofsuchgoodsshallbeliableforalldamagesandexpensesdirectlyorindirectlyarisingoutoforresultingfromsuchshipment.Ifanysuchgoodsshippedwithsuchknowledgeandconsentshallbecomeadangertotheshiporcargo,theymayinlikemannerbelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutliabilityonthepartofthecarrierexcepttogeneralaverage,ifany.ArticleIvbisApplicationofDefencesandLimitsofLiability1.ThedefencesandlimitsofliabilityprovidedforintheseRulesshallapplyinanyactionagainstthecarrierinrespectoflossordamagetogoodscoveredbyacontractofcarriagewhethertheactionbefoundedincontractorintort.2.Ifsuchanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrier(suchservantoragentnotbeinganindependentcontractor),suchservantoragentshallbeentitledtoavailhimselfofthedefencesandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrierisentitledtoinvokeundertheseRules.3.Theaggregateoftheamountsrecoverablefromthecarrier,andsuchservantsandagents,shallinnocaseexceedthelimitprovidedforintheseRules.4.Nevertheless,aservantoragentofthecarriershallnotbeentitledtoavailhimselfoftheprovisionsofthisArticle,ifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionoftheservantoragentdonewithintenttocausedamageorrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.ArticleVSurrenderofRightsandImmunities,andIncreaseofResponsibilitiesandLiabilitiesAcarriershallbeatlibertytosurrenderinwholeorinpartalloranyofhisrightsandimmunitiesortoincreaseanyofhisresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesundertheRulescontainedinanyoftheseArticles,providedsuchsurrenderorincreaseshallbeembodiedinthebillofladingissuedtotheshipper.TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotbeapplicabletocharter-parties,butifbillsofladingareissuedinthecaseofashipunderacharter-partytheyshallcomplywiththetermsoftheseRules.NothingintheseRulesshallbeheldtopreventtheinsertioninabillofladingofanylawfulprovisionregardinggeneralaverage.ArticleVISpecialConditionsNotwithstandingtheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticles,acarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandashippershallinregardtoanyparticulargoodsbeatlibertytoenterintoanyagreementinanytermsastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierforsuchgoods,andastotherightsandimmunitiesofthecarrierinrespectofsuchgoods,orhisobligationastoseaworthiness,sofarasthisstipulationisnotcontrarytopublicpolicy,orthecareordiligenceofhisservantsoragentsinregardtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofthegoodscarriedbywater,providedthatinthiscasenobillofladinghasbeenorshallbeissuedandthatthetermsagreedshallbeembodiedinareceiptwhichshallbeanon-negotiabledocumentandshallbemarkedassuch.Anyagreementsoenteredintoshallhavefulllegaleffect.ProvidedthatthisArticleshallnotapplytoordinarycommercialshipmentsmadeintheordinarycourseoftrade,butonlytoothershipmentswherethecharacterorconditionofthepropertytobecarriedorthecircumstances,termsandconditionsunderwhichthecarriageistobeperformedaresuchasreasonablytojustifyaspecialagreement.ArticleVIILimitationsontheApplicationoftheRulesNothinghereincontainedshallpreventacarrierorashipperfromenteringintoanyagreement,stipulation,condition,reservationorexemptionastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierortheshipforthelossordamageto,orinconnectionwiththecustodyandcareandhandlingofgoodspriortotheloadingonandsubsequenttothedischargefromtheshiponwhichthegoodsarecarriedbywater.ArticleVIIILimitationofLiabilityTheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotaffecttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierunderanystatuteforthetimebeinginforcerelatingtothelimitationoftheliabilityofownersofvessels.ArticleIXLiabilityforNuclearDamageTheseRulesshallnotaffecttheprovisionsofanyinternationalConventionornationallawgoverningliabilityfornucleardamage.ArticleXApplicationTheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallapplytoeverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentStatesif:(a)thebillofladingisissuedinaContractingState,or(b)thecarriageisfromaportinaContractingState,or?thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbythebillofladingprovidesthattheseRulesorlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract,whatevermaybethenationalityoftheship,thecarrier,theshipper,theconsignee,oranyotherinterestedperson.

中國對外技術(shù)貿(mào)易政策

一.在技術(shù)貿(mào)易中，遵守國際規(guī)范和國際慣例，依法保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，維護合作各方的合法權(quán)益。引進、借鑒別國的先進技術(shù)與經(jīng)驗，推動本國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展；積極鼓勵開拓技術(shù)出口市場，以廣泛參與國際分工，逐步使中國的技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)成為國際技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條的重要一環(huán)。二.以多種靈活方式開展對外技術(shù)貿(mào)易。在技術(shù)引進方面，采取的方式包括許可證貿(mào)易、合作生產(chǎn)、合作設(shè)計、技術(shù)服務(wù)、顧問咨詢、進口關(guān)鍵設(shè)備及成套設(shè)備等，并根據(jù)具體情況確定引進方式。技術(shù)進口的重點是為改造現(xiàn)有企業(yè)服務(wù)，鼓勵引進產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、工藝、制造和生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)。在技術(shù)出口方面，鼓勵出口成熟的工業(yè)化技術(shù)。三.加快科工貿(mào)結(jié)合，建立新型科研開發(fā)體制。要加快科工貿(mào)結(jié)合的步伐，增加科研與開發(fā)的投入，增強引進的消化、吸收、創(chuàng)新能力，逐步使科研開發(fā)實現(xiàn)由國家主導(dǎo)型向企業(yè)主導(dǎo)型轉(zhuǎn)變，建立有利于引進技術(shù)改良和商品化的科研開發(fā)體制，使引進的技術(shù)發(fā)揮更大的效益。四.注重技術(shù)的先進性與適用性相結(jié)合，經(jīng)過消化、吸收能獲得較好的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益。技術(shù)的先進性是指技術(shù)具有較長的生命力，其產(chǎn)品具有競爭能力；技術(shù)的適用性是指技術(shù)的水平與國內(nèi)的總體技術(shù)水平相協(xié)調(diào)，能夠盡快掌握、實施。五.多渠道籌集資金，支持對外技術(shù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。在技術(shù)引進方面，積極爭