第06講 非謂語動詞之分詞（講義）-2024年中考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練測（全國）（學(xué)生版）

?第06講非謂語動詞之分詞（講義）目錄一復(fù)習(xí)目標掌握目標及備考方向二考情分析近年中考名詞考情分析三網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建知識點頭腦風(fēng)暴四名詞考向1.掌握分詞的定義2.掌握分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語、表語、補語、狀語4.掌握易混易錯點辨析五真題感悟中考分詞經(jīng)典考題【復(fù)習(xí)目標】1.掌握分詞的定義2.掌握分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語、表語、補語、狀語4.掌握易混易錯點辨析【考情分析】從近三年中考卷可以看出，對非謂語動詞分詞的考查是常考點，分詞的正確運用，尤其是現(xiàn)在分詞被動式和完成式的正確運用、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語、定語、賓語補足語和狀語的區(qū)別。但是題目的設(shè)置更加注重語境以及情景化和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，加大了考生對題干的理解難度。因此，2024年中考備考要掌握不定式相關(guān)用法。名詞題型命題規(guī)律非謂語動詞的動詞不定式是歷年中考必考知識點。從考查形式看，一般有單項選擇、完形填空、詞語運用等。所占分值通常為非謂語動詞的動詞不定式是歷年中考必考知識點。從考查形式看，一般有單項選擇、完形填空、詞語運用等。所占分值通常為2～4分。從命題意圖看，側(cè)重考查考生的具體語言環(huán)境中使用非謂語動詞的能力?！揪W(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)建】非謂語動詞指不能單獨作謂語，但同時仍保留動詞某些特征的動詞形式。非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。構(gòu)成：（to）+動詞原形動詞不定在句中的作用（主、賓、表、賓補、定、狀）非謂構(gòu)成：V.-ing語動名詞動用法（主、賓、表、定）詞構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在分詞doing過去分詞done分詞用法（表、補、定、狀）考向一分詞的定義分詞就是具有動詞及形容詞二者特征的詞，分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)和過去分詞(v-ed)兩種，是一種非謂語動詞形式。*現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進行”*過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。考向二現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)主動形式被動形式一般式(not)doing(not)beingdone進行式(not)havingdone(not)havingbeendone現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前；Walkingdownthestreet,hehearssomeonecallinghim.在街上走著，他聽到有人叫他。Havingspentnearlyallourmoney,wecouldn’taffordtostayatahotel.我們幾乎花光了所有的錢，沒有錢住賓館了?，F(xiàn)在分詞的主動形式表示邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的執(zhí)行者；Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.由于不知道她的住址，我們無法和她取得聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式表示邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的承受者；Theareabeingstudiediscalledanarcheologicalsite.正在被研究的那個地方被稱作考古地。Thehousesbeingbuiltarefortheteachers.正在建的那些房子是給老師們的。No.1作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語aswimmingboy(aboywhoisswimming)ThemanspeakingtoLily(themanwhoisspeakingtoLily)動名詞作定語asleepingcar(acarforsleeping)臥車awashingmachine(amachineforwashing)洗衣機awalkingstick＝astick(whichisused)forwalking拐杖areadingroom＝aroom(whichisused)forreading閱覽室易混點：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的動作，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?，F(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，強調(diào)經(jīng)常性狀態(tài)或動作的進行。單個詞通常要前置，短語要后置。Johnhasreallygotthejobbecauseheshowedmetheofficialletterofferinghimit.(＝定語從句John...theofficialletterwhich/thatoffershimit.)約翰的確得到了這份工作，因為他給我看了提供他工作的正式信函。動名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性能，二者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。動名詞作定語只能置于被修飾詞的前面，而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有時可前置，有時可后置，尤其是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時要后置。aswimmingboy＝aboywhoisswimming一個正在游泳的男孩(現(xiàn)在分詞作定語)aswimmingpool＝apoolforswimming游泳池(動名詞作定語)No.2作表語具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征。He’sreallyamusingandtellsjokeswhenhethinkswe’regettingbored.他的確和風(fēng)趣，而且當(dāng)他認為我們感到厭煩時，就會給我們講笑話。No.3作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式，即doing表示動作和謂語動詞的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，與句子的主語是主動關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式即havingdone表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前?，F(xiàn)在分詞在句中作結(jié)果、時間、原因、伴隨、方式、條件、讓步等狀語。Ithasn’trainedforamonth,makingthecropshardtogrow.(作結(jié)果狀語，常用于句尾)一個月沒下雨了，莊家很難生長。Whenreadingthenovel,Iheardthetelephonering.（作時間狀語，分詞前面可加when,while等詞。）看小說時我聽到電話響了。Livingfarfromtheschool,hehastogetupearlyeverymorning.（原因狀語）由于住的離學(xué)校遠，他必修每天早起。Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.(主動意義，非謂語動詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生)看到?jīng)]人在家，她決定給他們留個便條。Havingwaitedforanhour,herealizedhehadlefthiswalletathome.(主動意義，非謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前)等了一個小時后，他意識到他把錢包落在了家中。Havingbeenaskedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.(被動意義，非謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前)我那天晚上因為被要求加班而錯過了一場精彩的電影。No.4作補語說明賓語的性質(zhì)、特征或正在做的動作。一般在感官動詞和使役動詞后用現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行的主動意義，變成被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語相應(yīng)的變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。使役動詞/感官動詞+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補（意義主動或正在進行）Ihavetwomenworkingformeinthecompany.我讓兩個人在公司為我工作。（表示主動進行）IheardanEnglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlattheEnglishevening.(sing動作正在被做)我在英語晚會上聽見有個小女孩唱英文歌?？枷蛉^去分詞的句法功能過去分詞只有一般式，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語、補語等。Givenanotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.再給我一個小時，我也能做出這道題。No.1作定語及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，表示被動和完成；不及物動詞的過去分詞一般作前置定語，不表示被動，只表示完成。Therearefallenleavesonthegroundinfall.秋天地上到處是落葉。(只表示完成，不表示被動)Lookatthebrokenglasses.看看這些碎了的玻璃杯。(表示被動和完成)注意：作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式：doing和done。doing表示正在進行；done表示已經(jīng)完成。boilingwater 正在沸騰的水boiledwater 開水developingcountries 發(fā)展中國家developedcountries 發(fā)達國家No.2作表語過去分詞作表語時，它們大多數(shù)是已經(jīng)形容詞化的，而且大多數(shù)是與心理狀態(tài)有聯(lián)系的詞，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受。過去分詞多用來修飾人、人的聲音或表情。Sheisinterestedinthestory.她對那個故事感興趣。Hervoicesoundedexcited.她的聲音聽起來很興奮。易混點：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，即“令人有某種感覺”，現(xiàn)在分詞與中心詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，其過去分詞含有被動意味，即“人被引起某種感覺”?，F(xiàn)在分詞主動意義過去分詞被動意義exciting令人興奮的，激動人心的excited興奮的，激動的frightening嚇人的frightened受驚嚇的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的，失望的pleasing令人高興的pleased高興的，滿意的satisfying令人滿意的satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚訝的surprised感到驚訝的moving令人感動的moved受感動的，感動的interesting有趣的interested感興趣的amusing有趣的，給人娛樂的amused感到有意思的puzzling令人迷惑不解的puzzled感到困惑不解的encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged受到鼓舞的tiring令人厭倦的/勞累的tired感到疲倦的convincing令人信服的convinced感到信服的No.3作賓語補足語及物動詞的過去分詞作補足語，與賓語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系。有少數(shù)不及物動詞的過去分詞作補足語，表示完成或狀態(tài)。變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，賓語補足語相應(yīng)變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。Aliarcannotmakehimselfbelieved.習(xí)慣于說謊的人無法讓別人相信自己。Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.發(fā)現(xiàn)我的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大后我感到十分驚訝。Beforedrivingintothecity,youarerequiredtogetyourcarwashed.開車進入市區(qū)之前，你必修把車洗一洗。No.4作狀語過去分詞短語作狀語時可表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨和結(jié)果等，也可以改為相應(yīng)的從句或并列句。Givenenoughmoney,I'dbuythatcaratonce.=IfIamgivenenoughmoney,I'dbuythatcaratonce.如果有足夠的錢，我會馬上買下那輛車。Frightenedbythenoiseoutside,thelittlegirldarednotsleepinherbedroom.由于受到外面噪音的驚嚇，小女孩不敢在臥室里睡覺了。易錯點：在when，while，if，asif，though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等連詞連接的狀語從句中，常省略跟主句主語相同的主語和be動詞，形成“連詞＋分詞短語”結(jié)構(gòu)。Whentreatedwithkindness，hewasverylovely.當(dāng)友好地對待他時，他很可愛。部分過去分詞來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時不表示被動關(guān)系，其前不用being。這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有：seated(坐著的),hidden(躲著的),stationed(駐扎的),lost/absorbedin(沉溺于),bornin(出身于),dressedin(穿著),tiredof(厭煩了),facedwith(面對)以及表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞。如：interested,surprised,satisfied,moved等。考向四易混易錯點辨析易混易錯點：1)stopdoing/todostoptodo停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette.stopdoing停止做某事。Imuststopsmoking.2)forgetdoing/todo（同remember）forgettodo忘記要去做某事（未做)Thelightisstillon.Heforgottoturnitoff.(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)forgetdoing忘記做過某事(已做)Heforgotturningthelightoff.(已做過關(guān)燈的動作)3)regretdoing/todoregrettodo對要做的事遺憾。(未做)Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.regretdoing對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.4)trydoing/todotrytodo努力，企圖做某事。Youmusttrytobemorecareful.trydoing試驗，試著做某事。Itriedgardeningbutdidn'tsucceed.6)goondoing/todogoontodo做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。Afterhehadfinishedhismaths，hewentontodohisphysics.goondoing繼續(xù)做原來做的事。7)meandoing/todomeantodo打算、想Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.meandoing意味著Toraisewage（提高工資）meansincreasingpurchasingpower(購買力）.can'thelptodo/doingcan'thelptodo不能幫助做某事He

couldn’t

help

to

wash

the

clothes.

我不能幫忙洗衣服。can'thelpdoing情不自禁做She

couldn’t

help

smiling.

她禁不住笑了起來。關(guān)于use的短語：usedtodo過去常常做某事be/getusedtodoing習(xí)慣做Sbusesthtodo/fordoing使用...做被動sthbeusedtodo/fordoinghavesbdosth讓某人做某事=makesbdosthhavesbdoingsth讓某人做某事=keepsbdoinghavesthdone讓某事被做寧愿做而不愿做prefer(not)todosth.

寧愿（不）做某事=wouldrather(not)dosth.prefersb.(not)todosth.

寧愿某人(不)去做某事prefertodosth.1ratherthandosth.2

寧愿做事情1，而不愿做事情2.=wouldratherdosth.1than(do)sth.2=preferdoingsth.1todoingsth.2(to為介詞)12）既可跟do又可跟doing形式的情況:do(強調(diào)全過程或經(jīng)常做，注意被動語態(tài)）see/watch/hear/noticesbdoing（強調(diào)正在做）need/want/require(sb)todosth需要（某人）做某事13)Sthneed/want/requiredoingsth=tobedone某事需要被做一、用所給單詞適當(dāng)形式填空1．（2023·江蘇無錫·?？级＃?watch)herselfinthemirror,thequeenthoughtshewasthemostbeautifulladyintheworld.2．（2023·江蘇淮安·統(tǒng)考一模）Theoldmanwalkedslowlytohishome,(carry)alargebaginhisback.3．（2023·遼寧盤錦·校聯(lián)考一模）Iheardhim(sing)whenIpassedbyhisroom.4．（2023·甘肅白銀·?？家荒＃㏕heremustbesomeone(visit)thehomesinourneighbourhood.5．（2023·湖南常德·統(tǒng)考一模）—Look!There’saman(perform)Taijineartheriver.—Wow!It’smyteacher,Mr.Wu.6．（2023·江蘇無錫·江蘇省錫山高級中學(xué)實驗學(xué)校校考一模）Soonafter,Mrs.Johnsonwasonherwaytotheshow,(carry)alovelyblackhandbagandahappysmile.7．（2023·江蘇無錫·無錫市天一實驗學(xué)校?？家荒＃〦arthquakelastmonthinTurkeywasarealdisaster,(leave)thousandsofpeoplehomeless.8．（2022·黑龍江大慶·大慶外國語學(xué)校校考模擬預(yù)測）Ihearthegirls(sing)intheroomwhenIpassedby.9．（2022·甘肅天水·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測）WhenIpassedbythecommunity,Isawneighbours(chat)witheachotherhappily.10．（2022·江蘇無錫·?？级＃?connect)thetwocities,thehigh-speedrailwayplaysanimportantroleinourdailylife.11．（2022·江蘇無錫·無錫市天一實驗學(xué)校?？既＃㏕hetornadolastmonthintheUSAwasarealdisaster,(leave)thousandsofpeoplehomeless.12．（2013·江蘇泰州·統(tǒng)考二模）Whensheheardthethunder,sherushedintomyroom,____________（scream）infear.13．（2022·江蘇鹽城·統(tǒng)考一模）Look!Thereisawalletontheground.(lie)14．（2021·黑龍江大慶·統(tǒng)考二模）Mymothersattheresilently,(smile)atme.15．（2023·甘肅武威·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測）Theremustbesomething(visit)thehomesinourneighborhood.16．（2023·江蘇揚州·?？既＃￤ewillhavetheballoonsintheclassroomtocelebratethecomingnewyear.(hang)17．（2023·江蘇無錫·二模）—Youlookupset.What’sthematter?—Ihadmyinvitation(refuse)again.18．（2023·江蘇無錫·無錫市江南中學(xué)校考二模）—Haveyouheardthenews?—Yes.Theschoolbroadcastingstationannouncedthatourschoolhadputthemoney(raise)bythemtogoodusetobuynewinstrumentsforkids.19．（2023·江蘇揚州·統(tǒng)考二模）Aftertherainstorm,thegroundiscoveredwithleaves(fall).20．（2023·遼寧盤錦·校聯(lián)考一模）Toysarenottheonlythings(make)inChina.二、單項選擇21．（2023·福建福州·模擬預(yù)測）MybrotherisreadingthenovelTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn________byMarkTwainthesedays.A．written B．waswritten C．wrote22．（2023·福建·一模）—China’sC919isexpectedtobeputintocommercialoperationinearly2023.—Great.Itisthefirstplane________inChina.A．develop B．developing C．developed23．（2023·四川樂山·統(tǒng)考二模）—Yourhairissolong,youneedtohaveyourhair________.—Butthebarber’sshopis________.A．tocut;closing B．cutting;open C．cut;closed24．（2023·四川成都·統(tǒng)考二模）—Dad,thecomputerdoesn’twork.—Don’tworry.I’llgetit________tomorrow.A．torepair B．repaired C．repairing25．（2023·湖南邵陽·統(tǒng)考一模）—ThereissomethingwrongwiththeTV.—Don’tworry.I’llgetit________thisafternoon.A．repair B．repairing C．repaired26．（2023·江蘇鎮(zhèn)江·一模）________withgasolinecars,electriccarsaremoreenergysaving,makingthemcheapertooperate.A．Compared B．Tocompare C．Comparing D．Compare27．（2023·江蘇揚州·一模）Thecareerhedevotedhimselfto________him________bypeopleallovertheworld.A．made;remembered B．making;rememberC．making;wasremembered D．made;toremember28．（2023·福建·三模）WhenIpassedbythehall,Iheardmanystudents________themusicalinstruments.A．play B．playing C．toplay29．（2023·福建廈門·廈門一中?？级＃￢isitorshavefoundthatYaYahasbecomebony,________manyChineseandanimalloversworryaboutherhealthandlifequalityattheMemphiszoo.A．made B．tomake C．making30．（2023·吉林長春·二模）Themanislyingonthebed,________totheradio.A．listen B．listened C．listens D．listening31．（2023·吉林長春·統(tǒng)考三模）IheardBob________whenIwalkedpasthimjustnow.A．sing B．singing C．sang D．tosing32．（2023·江蘇鎮(zhèn)江·統(tǒng)考二模）—Hurryup,Jason!We’regoingtothecinema,buttheclothesstillneed________.—Don’tworry.Ithinkthirtyminutesisenough.A．washing B．towash C．washed D．wash33．（2023·江蘇南京·三模）ChinalaunchedtheShenzhouXVImannedspaceshipseveraldaysago,________threeastronautstoitsspacestationcombinationforafive-monthmission.A．tosend B．sent C．sending D．havesent34．（2023·江蘇南京·統(tǒng)考一模）Sofar,thereare13wetlandcitiesinChina,________agreatvarietyofcitystyles.A．show B．showing C．toshow D．haveshown35．（2023·河北邯鄲·統(tǒng)考一模）—Doyouremembertheastronauts______youclassesinthespacestation?—TheyareZhaiZhigang,WangYapingandYeGuangfu.A．give B．giving C．togive D．gave三、語法選擇（2023·廣東汕頭·統(tǒng)考一模）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法和上下文連貫的要求，從每題所給的四個選項中選出一個最佳答案。MyparentstookmetoJapanwhenIwaslittle.Ilivedthereforfiveyears.36Icameback,myJapanesewasverygood.“CanIdosomethingusefulwithmyJapanese?”Iaskedmyself.Then,onedaylastspring,Igot37goodopportunity.EveryonewasafraidofSARS,soIstayedathomewith38todo.MyfatherboughtmeaJapanesebook.“Whydon’tyoutranslateitintoChinese?Itwillbebetterthan39computergamesallday.”Ipromisedtodo2,000wordseachday.ButlaterIfounditwashardtokeepthepromise.OnedayinMay,theweatherwasbeautiful.ButIcouldn’tgoout.Those2000wordswerestill40me.Aftertranslatingonlythreepages,Ialreadylostinterestinthebook.Ilookedatitforalongtime.ButIcouldn’tmakemyselfturnthepages.41IwishedIcouldjustgooutsideandplayfootballwithmyfriends!Thewords42bymeagainandagain.Ijustwantedtogiveup.Ifeltasiftwopeoplewerefighting43mymind.Onesaid,“Don’tgiveup!Keepworkinghard,andyou’lldowell!”Butthentheotheronesaid,“Goandplay!Itwillbe44thantranslating.Doyourworktomorrow.”Istoodupandwouldturnoffthecomputer.ButthenIremembered45myparentshadtoldme,“Whateveryoudo,don’tstophalfway.”SoIsatdownandwentonwithit.36．A．Because B．When C．Since37．A．a(chǎn)n B．the C．a(chǎn)38．A．nothing B．something C．everything39．A．beplayed B．playing C．played40．A．waitedfor B．beenwaitedfor C．waitingfor41．A．What B．Whata C．How42．A．werecounted B．counted C．a(chǎn)recounted43．A．in B．with C．a(chǎn)bout44．A．themostinteresting B．moreinteresting C．interesting45．A．how B．where C．what一、單項選擇1．（2022·貴州黔東南·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Anoldman________onthesideoftheroadwasfound________,andhewassenttothehospitalbythebusdriverandpassengersimmediately.A．lies;dies B．lay;died C．lain;dead D．lying;dying2．（2021·貴州黔西·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Todaytherearealreadyrobots________intherestaurants.Theyareservingthepeople.A．works B．worked C．working D．work3．（2021·貴州銅仁·統(tǒng)考中考真題）—Look!Therearesomestudents___