05必修三Unit1語法語法ing分詞作定語和表語（原卷版）

05必修三Unit1語法：語法精講精練動詞ing形式作定語和表語一、動詞-ing形式作定語1.表示名詞的某種性能或用途，通?？梢愿臑閒or短語。如：thereadingroom=theroomforreading閱覽室。再比如：readingmaterials閱讀材料；ashoppingbag購物袋；anoperatingtable手術(shù)臺；awashingmachine洗衣機等。Wearenotallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.閱覽室里不準(zhǔn)我們大聲說話。Ifyoureallywanttosmoke,youmaygotothesmokingroom.如果你確實想吸煙，可以去吸煙室。2.現(xiàn)在分詞做定語時，它和所修飾的詞是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，表示所修飾的名詞的動作或狀態(tài)，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成對應(yīng)的定語從句。如thesleepingchild=thechildwhoissleeping。當(dāng)動詞-ing形式單獨作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞之前；如果作定語的動詞-ing形式是一個短語，則放在該名詞之后。動詞ing形式一般式的被動語態(tài)（beingdone）作定語表示某動作正在被進(jìn)行；動詞ing形式完成式（havingdone）作定語表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。Inthefollowingyears,sheworkedevenharder.在接下來的幾年中，她學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。Makelessnoise.There’sasleepingchild.少弄出點噪音，有個孩子在睡覺。Themanager,havingmadeitcleartousthathedidn’tagreewithus,leftthemeetingroom.經(jīng)理向我們表明他不同意我們的意見后，離開了會議室。3.過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞以及不定式作定語時的區(qū)別：語法形式意義時間關(guān)系過去分詞作定語done表示被動意義表示被動、完成或沒有一定的時間性現(xiàn)在分詞作定語doing表示主動意義表示主動、進(jìn)行或主動動作正在進(jìn)行不定式作定語todo表示主動意義表示主動動作將要發(fā)生(1)不定式作定語①不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。ThetraintoarrivewasfromLondon.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。②不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系Gethimsomethingtoeat.給他拿點兒東西吃。Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.早上他有很多工作要做。③不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支筆寫字。Thereisnothingtoworryabout.沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。④不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時間、機會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如：ability能力，本領(lǐng)；drive趕，駕駛；movement運動，活動；ambition抱負(fù)，野心；effort努力，嘗試need需要，需求；campaign戰(zhàn)役，運動；failure失敗，不及格；opportunity機會；chance機會；force力，壓力，要點；promise許諾，希望；courage勇氣；intention意向，意圖；reason理由，原因；decision決定；method方法，方式；light光，光線，亮光；determination決心，決定；motive動機，目的；struggle奮斗，努力；tendency傾向，趨勢；wish希望，愿望，祝愿。⑤被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,second,last,only和nota,the等限定詞時候，只能用不定式。⑥不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。⑦如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要器接不定式做補語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendtodotendencytodo;decidetodo=decisiontodo;becurioustodo=curiositytodoHiswishtobuyacarcametrue.他要買輛車的愿望實現(xiàn)了。Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.他們放棄這個實驗的決定使我們大吃一驚。Heisalwaysthefirsttoeandthelasttoleave.他總是第一個到來，最后一個離去。(2)分詞作定語分詞作定語時有下面幾個特點：1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。Herushedintotheburninghouse.他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。Thechildstandingoverthereismybrother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。Theroomfacingsouthisourclassroom.朝南的房間是我們的教室。Haveyougotyourwatchrepaired?你拿到那個修好的表了嗎?Heisanadvancedteacher.他是個先進(jìn)教師。3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點要注意：departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,frownup,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,muchtraveled,newlyarrived,recentlye(3)不定式和分詞作定語時的時間關(guān)系一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后;現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生;過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎?二、動詞-ing形式作表語1.動詞-ing形式做表語時，往往具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，表示抽象的一般性的行為，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)或特征，與主語通常是同一概念，表語和主語?？苫Q位置。MyjobisteachingyouEnglish.(＝TeachingyouEnglishismyjob.)我的工作是教你們英語。Myfavoritesportisswimming.(＝Swimmingismyfavoritesport.)我最喜歡的運動是游泳。2.動詞-ing形式表示主語的某種性質(zhì)或特征時，通常可以看作形容詞。常用來作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing,amusing,confusing,disappointing,boring,encouraging,inspiring,moving,tiring,interesting,surprising等。Theproblemisquitepuzzling.這個問題很令人困惑。Thefilmwesawlastnightwasverymoving.我們昨晚看的那部電影非常感人。3.動詞-ing形式作表語與動詞不定式(短語)作表語的區(qū)別：動詞-ing形式表示一般性的動作；動詞不定式(短語)表示一次具體的動作或?qū)⒁l(fā)生的事。Hishobbyispainting.他的愛好是畫畫。(一般性的動作)Todaywhathewantstodoistopaint.今天他想要做的事是畫畫。(具體的動作)Hiswishistobeeanartist.他的愿望是成為一名藝術(shù)家。(將要發(fā)生的事)【溫馨提示】①在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，系動詞除be外還有appear,sound,look,bee,e,get,go,grow,keep,remain,seem等。②動詞-ing形式作表語用時，相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)；而進(jìn)行時態(tài)中的動詞-ing形式是謂語動詞的組成部分，表示具體的動作，兩者不可混淆。Thepresentsituationisencouraging.(表語)目前的形勢是令人鼓舞的。Thepresentsituationisencouragingustostrideforwardinproduction.目前的形勢正在鼓舞我們在生產(chǎn)上邁步前進(jìn)。(謂語動詞的組成部分)三、單句語法填空：1.

Just

now

he

received

a

call(request)

personal

information,

but

he

thought

it

must

be

a

trap.

2.

Standing

at

the

top

of

the

tower,

we

caught

sight

of

a

river

(measure)

over

250

meters

broad.

3.

The

girl(sit)by

the

side

oftheshopwindowis

my

littledaughter.

4.

Our

seniorstudents

need

to

adapt

to

therapidly(change)worldaftergraduation.

5.

Onthewaytowork,we

met

a

group

of

pupils(return)from

aschoolnearby.

6.

Last

night,there

were

millions

of

people(watch)the

opening

ceremony

live

on

TV.

7.

All

the

boysandgirls(perform)

on

stage

e

from

our

schoolandoursisterschool.

8.

This

dictionaryonthetable(belong)to

me

is

worth

20

dollars.

9.

There

are

some

sour

berries

that

I

have

found(grow)

near

the

cottage.10.

Our

newlybuilt

school,(cover)

400

acres

of

land,

is

wellequipped

with

fine

facilities.

11.

Farmers(suffer)

from

drought

or

floods

would

get

more

paymentsfromthelocalgovernment.

12.

We

can

wander

among

a

variety

of

shops

(sell)gifts

while

enjoying

a

live

music.

13.

A

medical

team

(consist)

of

five

doctors

and

two

nurses

set

off

for

the

earthquakestricken

area.

show

and

nice

street

entertainment.

14.

PassengerstoTibet,(travel)on

this

bus,

can

buy

their

tickets

online.

15.

Women(look)after

small

children

in

this

city

usually

get

paid

monthly.

16.

The

stranger(stand)

in

front

of

my

house

caught

my

attentionandIwantedtoknowwhyhewasthere.

17.

The

flowers,

(smell)

sweet

in

the

botanical

garden

attract

the

visitors

to

enjoy

the

beauty

ofnature.

18.

The

next

thing

he

saw

inthedistancewas

smoke(rise)from

the

house.

19.

The

offer

has

yet

to

be

accepted

by

the

lawyers(represent)the

victims.

20.

The

children(practise)playing

the

violin

over

there

will

give

a

performance

next

week.

21.

A

man(answer)the

police’s

description

was

seen

entering

the

building.

22.

The

number

of

people(attend)

the

meeting

was

much

smaller

than

we

had

expected.

23.

The

problem(discuss)

atthemeetingnow

has

something

to

do

with

us.

24.

All

those(watch)

the

pop

singing

group

cheered,

applauding

as

they

sang.

25.

Tom

received

a

phone

call

from

his

mother,(say)

that

she

would

visit

him

this

weekend.

26.

The

houses(build)

now

are

for

the

youngteachersrecentlytoourschool.

27.

A

young

man(write)

novels

came

to

makeaspeech

to

us

yesterday.

28.

The

bell(indicate)

the

end

of

the

period

rang,

interrupting

our

heated

discussion.

29.

This

is

the

most(convince)

evidence

that

I

can

findaboutthecaraccident.

30.

Look

over

there

there’s

a

winding

path(lead)

to

the

houseinthedeepmountain.

31.Their(expand)

business

became

a

large

corporation

in

1996,

with

three

generationsofAnsworkingtogether.

32.

The(sleep)

baby

is

my

sister’s

son.

He

is

so

lovely

that

we

all

love

him.

33.

It

was

a

young

man

(put)

forward

this

good

suggestion

yesterday.

34.

Students(graduate)

from

Beijing

University

have

a

bright

future

in

finding

their

dream

jobs.

35.

The

museum(repair)

now

will

be

reopened

to

visitors

next

year.

36.

Mike

founda(challenge)jobasaputerprogrammerinabigpany.37.

The

building(decorate)

at

present

is

our

new

library.

It

will

open

next

month.

38.

Now

there

are

still

many

people(live)

inpoverty

in

this

area.

39.

There

are

many

other

examples(reflect)

the

development

of

Chinese

writing.

40.

People(run)

these

factories

are

very

concerned

about

the

environment.

41.

There

is

a

curtain(hang)

before

his

window

in

the

bedroom.

42.

The

professor(give)

a

speech

about

pollution

is

from

Harvard

University.

43.

A

warm

drink

of

milk

before

bed

has

long

been

the

best

choice

for

those(want)

good

night’ssleep.

44.

The

poor

man(wander)

on

the

road

was

out

of

work,

helpless

and

hopeless.

45.

When

Jack

got

home

from

his

holiday,there

was

a

pile

of

mails(wait)

for

him.

46.

The

firefighters

dashed

into

the(burn)

woods

to

save

people

trapped

in

it.

47.

What

I

like

the

most

are

the

traditional

wet

markets,

restaurants(offer)

various

dishes

and

thenumerouscultural

activities

that

are

available

there.

48.

A$5

million

reward

has

been

announced

for

information(lead)

to

the

arrest

of

those

who

areresponsiblefor

the

murder.

49.

The

bar

chart(show)

the

way

students

in

the

class

go

to

schooltells

us

that80%ofthem

takeabus.

50.

The

plot

of

the

drama

was

so(absorb)

that

the

girl

was

attracted

by

it.

四、高考真題回顧：1.(2022·新高考全國II卷)Whenhesawayoungchildhangingfromasixthfloorapartmentbalcony(陽臺),Henryranonehundredmetres,jumpedovera1.2metrefence,andheldouthisarmstocatchthe_______(fall)child.

2.(2021·全國I卷)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventureandoffersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyour________(ache)legs.3.(2019·全國II卷)Whenwegotacall_______(say)shewasshortlisted,wethoughtitwasajoke.4.(全國Ⅰ)Abercrombie&Kent,atravelpanyinHongKong,saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople_______(live)inShanghaiandHongKong.五、語篇語法填空：(1)The12thChinaArtsFestivalbroughtaseriesofart1(activity)totheChineseeconomicandartcentre,Shanghai.FromMay20toJune2,morethan50shows2(select)nationwidewereperformedinnineteenmajortheatresinShanghai,andafineselectionofcreativeculturalproducts3(show)attheShanghaiExhibitionCentre.Thefestivalincluded4(vary)artforms,suchasopera,dancing,paintingandphotography.52019editionwasco-organisedbytheMinistryofCultureandTourismandtheShanghaimunicipalgovernment(市政府).Since6(it)beginningin1987,thefestival7(change)hostcitiesineachedition,travellingtoareasincludingBeijing,Sichuan,Jiangsu,ZhejiangandHubeioverthepastthreedecades.Salesofticketsopenedonline,withticketspricedfromnocost8380yuan,accordingtotheorganisers.Toallowalargeraudiencetoaccesstheprograms,thefestivalwasalsobroadcastliveonline.“Wewillusenewmediatobringtheshowstomoreordinarypeople,9willletthemknowaboutthemoderndevelopmentofChinesearts,”saidZhuDi,headoftheministry’sartsdepartment.Thisfestivalwasalsoaimedat10(promote)tourisminShanghaiwitharts.Thelocalgovernmentreleasedatotalof40culture-themedtravelroutestoguidevisitorsthroughShanghai'swell-knownlandmarks.(2)IchattedwithmyfriendinawellknowncoffeeshopinatownofItaly.Asweenjoyedourcoffee,amanenteredand1(sit)besideus.Hecalledthewaiteroverandsaid,“Two2(cup)ofcoffee,oneofthemthereonthewall.”Weheardhisorderwithinterestandnoticedthathewasservedonecupofcoffeebuthepaidfortwo.

Whenheleft,thewaiterputapieceofpaperonthewall,3(say)“ACupofCoffee”.Whilewewerestillthere,twoothermenenteredandorderedthecoffee,twoonthetableandoneonthewall.Theyhadtwobutpaidforthree.Thistimethewaiteralsodid4samething.Itwassomething5(usual)forus.Afterafewdays,wehadachance6(enter)thiscoffeeshopagain.Whilewewereenjoyingourcoffee,aman7appearedhomelessentered.Helookedatthewallandsaid,“Onecupofcoffeefromthewall.”

Thewaiterservedacupofcoffeetothisman8(polite).Themanhadhiscoffeeandleftwithoutpaying.Wewere9(amaze)towatchallofthisasthewaitertookapieceofpaperoffthewall10threwitintothebin.

(3)WeLoveReadingisaprogrammethat1(plant)dieloveofreadingwithinchildren.Itfocusesontrainingadults,mostof2arelocalvolunteers,toholdreadaloudsessionsinpublicspacesintheirneighborhoodswherebooksare3(regular)readaloudandexchangedwithchildren.Researchhasshownthat80%ofchildrenwhoattendWeLoveReadingreadaloudsessionshaveseenthe4(attract)ofreadingbooks,andaremorewilling5(go)backtoschoolbecausetheyassociatereadingwithenjoymentTheyaremoreempathetic(同情)becausetheylearnaboutotherculturesandpeople,andas6resultperformbetteratschoolandbeemore7(confidence).WeLoveReadinghasalsoinfluencedparentchildrelationshipsby8(build)bridgesofunderstandingandmunication9thetwogenerationsthroughreading.WeLoveReadingiseffectiveandabletocontinueforalongtimebecauseit10(manage)andownedbylocalvolunteers.Theyarepartofthemunityandknowwhenandwhereisbesttoreadtochildren.(4)ThefirstBuyNothingDay1(celebrate)inSeptember1992.In1997,itwaschangedtotheFridayfollowingThanksgivinginNovember.Soonafter,itgained2supportofAdbusters,aCanadianmediapanyquestioningthe3(important)thatculturesgivetoadvertisingandshopping.Whenthegrouptriedtoplacemercials(廣告)ontelevision,theonlymajorTVnetwork4acceptedthemwasCNN.Despitetheseattemptstosilencethemovement,itspreadtotheUS,Germany,Japan,andseveralothercountriesworldwide.BuyNothingDaychallengespeopletoavoid5(buy)anythingfor24hours.Supportershopethatduringthistime,peoplewillreflectontheneedto“havethings”,whichispushedbylargepanies.Bygettingpeopletofocusonwhattheydohave,theycanbeemoresympathetic(有同情心的)towardsthepoor6peoplewhohavelessthantheydo.Anotheractivity7(call)thezombiewalkistoshowthewaymostpeopleshop.Inthiswalk,participantswalkaroundshoppingmallslikezombies.Ifanyoneasksthemwhat’shappening,they8(educate)themaboutBuyNothingDay.WhirlMartisanotherfunnymethodofdrawingattentiontothepurposeofBuyNothingDay.Peoplewilltakeemptyshoppingcartsandformalineinsideasupermarket.Then,theywillracethroughtheaisles(通道)withoutputtinganythingintheiremptycarts.Other9(supporter)celebratetheeventby10(simple)doingotherfreeactivitiessuchashiking,bi