中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響

中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響【摘要】知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)在國際貿(mào)易中影響重大，而中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)起步晚，加上醫(yī)藥行業(yè)對(duì)知識(shí)和技術(shù)的需求高，為跟上國際貿(mào)易趨勢(shì)，中國須重視醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不僅可以增強(qiáng)競爭優(yōu)勢(shì)，而且可以促進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、專利發(fā)明，因此本文將以醫(yī)藥品為研究對(duì)象，從醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平和醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的狀況研究中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響。本文研究結(jié)果顯示，提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平使中國醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易份額減少，對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生抑制的效果，但提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度能夠促進(jìn)自主創(chuàng)新能力的提升，從而側(cè)面對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生積極的影響。本文認(rèn)為我國醫(yī)藥行業(yè)還處于模仿階段，應(yīng)該根據(jù)國情調(diào)整醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)水平。長期加強(qiáng)醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)可以促進(jìn)國內(nèi)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，保護(hù)國內(nèi)外知識(shí)成果，有助于醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的發(fā)展?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)；自主創(chuàng)新；醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易TheimpactofintellectualpropertyprotectiononpharmaceuticaltradeinChina[Abstract]Inordertokeepupwiththetrendofinternationaltrade,Chinamustpayattentiontotheprotectionofpharmaceuticalintellectualproperty.Intellectualpropertyprotectioncannotonlyenhancecompetitiveadvantage,butalsopromotetechnologicalinnovationandpatentinvention.Therefore,thispaperwilltakepharmaceuticalproductsastheresearchobject,andstudytheimpactofintellectualpropertyprotectiononpharmaceuticaltradefromthelevelofpharmaceuticalintellectualpropertyprotectionandthestatusofpharmaceuticaltrade.TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatimprovingthelevelofintellectualpropertyprotectioncanreducetheshareofChinesePharmaceuticalTradeandinhibitthepharmaceuticaltrade,butimprovingthelevelofintellectualpropertyprotectioncanpromotetheabilityofindependentinnovation,whichhasapositiveimpactonthepharmaceuticaltrade.ThispaperholdsthatChina'spharmaceuticalindustryisstillinthestageofimitation,andthelevelofprotectionofpharmaceuticalintellectualpropertyshouldbeadjustedaccordingtothenationalconditions.Longtermstrengtheningtheprotectionofpharmaceuticalintellectualpropertyrightscanpromotedomestictechnologicalinnovation,protectdomesticandforeignintellectualachievements,andcontributetothedevelopmentofpharmaceuticaltrade.[Keywords]IntellectualpropertyprotectionIndependentinnovationPharmaceuticaltrade本4本4目錄1前言 表44），除了在模型6和模型7中知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平?jīng)]有通過顯著性檢驗(yàn)之外，在引入其他控制變量時(shí)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易都具有顯著性的影響，在模型2中l(wèi)nIPRit得出系數(shù)為0.979，在模型2中l(wèi)nIPRit得出系數(shù)為0.878，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平在1%顯著水平中對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易具有正向影響。其后在模型3引入自主研發(fā)能力因素，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)負(fù)面影響，證明了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)水平提高也會(huì)對(duì)減少醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易份額，而自主研發(fā)能力對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易有一個(gè)促進(jìn)作用，在1%顯著水平下自主研發(fā)能力（lnRDitIPRit）每提高1%，醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易額將增加0.595%。隨后再引入其他變量后，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平開始不顯著。在模型7中知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平的負(fù)面影響總體有下降的趨勢(shì)，說明知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)水平對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易還是有一定的促進(jìn)作用，但并不顯著，隨著中國GDP上升1%，醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易總額相對(duì)增加1.175%，說明中國經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易擴(kuò)大具有積極影響。FDI對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易不太顯著。原因可能是中國現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展規(guī)模大，資金較為充足，因此對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響不大，而在模型2中FDI在5%顯著水平下，每增加1%，醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易就會(huì)增加21.8%，也說明了FDI還是對(duì)中國醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易有一個(gè)促進(jìn)作用，但是在模型3中引入于自主研發(fā)能力的影響因素，F(xiàn)DI對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易出現(xiàn)了反向作用，說明了自主研發(fā)能夠推動(dòng)國內(nèi)醫(yī)藥行業(yè)發(fā)展，占取中國醫(yī)藥市場(chǎng)份額，因此FDI對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響比重逐步下降。距離的變量系數(shù)在4個(gè)模型中符號(hào)都為正，在模型7中距離在10%顯著下每提高1%，醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易會(huì)相應(yīng)提高28.6%，說明了在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)化的趨勢(shì)下，國際物流體系成熟，距離已不是兩國貿(mào)易來往的羈絆，相反，此數(shù)據(jù)說明了中國與距離相對(duì)較遠(yuǎn)的國家，例如美國、德國和澳大利亞等，有醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易來往并且數(shù)量較多。國外GDP和中國GDP的變量系數(shù)的符號(hào)都為正，說明了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生促進(jìn)作用，在模型7中可看出，在1%顯著水平下，lnGDPj的變量系數(shù)達(dá)到40.3%，中國GDP（lnGDPi）更是每增加一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，中國醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易相應(yīng)增加117.5%，這數(shù)據(jù)說明了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)是醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的主要因素，直接決定了醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。技術(shù)稟賦對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響并不顯著，可能由于國內(nèi)的專利申請(qǐng)量的比重比國外專利申請(qǐng)量的要高很多，另外，近幾年國內(nèi)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律體系已與國際達(dá)到一致水平，因此對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響不大。表STYLEREF1\s4SEQ表\*ARABIC\s14面板數(shù)據(jù)回歸結(jié)果解釋變量模型1模型2模型3模型4模型5模型6模型7lnIPRit0.979***(-0.07)0.878***(-0.08)-0.475**(-0.22)-0.475**(-0.22)-0.407*(-0.22)-0.487(-0.37)-0.157(-0.37)lnFDIit0.218**(-0.09)-0.011(-0.08)-0.011(-0.08)0.0177(-0.08)0.0416(-0.12)0.0284(-0.12)lnRDitIPRit0.595***(-0.09)0.595***(-0.09)0.534***(-0.09)0.520***(-0.11)0.0228(-0.019)lnDij0.244(-0.25)0.291**(-0.15)0.291**(-0.15)0.286*(-0.148)lnGDPjt0.447***(-0.09)0.447***(-0.09)0.403***(-0.09)lnTEitIPRit0.0665(-0.24)0.0153(-0.23)lnGDPit1.175***(-0.37)Constant10.48***(-0.75)9.004***(-0.94)10.89***（-087）8.766***（-2.37）8.596***（-1.53）8.235***（-2.02）16.08***(-3.18）注：表中（）內(nèi)為Z值，***p<0.01,**p<0.05,*p<0.1。結(jié)論與建議結(jié)論通過醫(yī)藥授權(quán)量和申請(qǐng)量看出中國醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)發(fā)展迅速、法律體系較為完善，保護(hù)意識(shí)也得到提高，但醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)仍有不足，仍需完善。通過R&D投入了解到近年來醫(yī)藥行業(yè)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)和自主創(chuàng)新能力逐漸提高，但研發(fā)投入相比發(fā)達(dá)國家還是存在差距，這說明我國需要加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，繼續(xù)完善政策鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)以提高研發(fā)質(zhì)量為目的加大研發(fā)投入，強(qiáng)化執(zhí)行力度保護(hù)知識(shí)成果。在分析醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易現(xiàn)狀時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易伙伴主要是歐美國家，與印度、韓國和日本等亞洲國家也有密切往來。在本文的第四章，引進(jìn)貿(mào)易引力模型和曲麗娜(2013）醫(yī)藥進(jìn)口貿(mào)易模型進(jìn)行修改，分析2009年-2018年中國與13個(gè)主要醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易伙伴的貿(mào)易情況和中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易的影響[9]。本文實(shí)證了中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易存在兩種影響情況，提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平可促進(jìn)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，然而隨著知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)水平提高，醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品價(jià)格會(huì)相應(yīng)上升，需求下降，導(dǎo)致貿(mào)易份額減少，加上模仿成本加大，沖擊我國仿制藥行業(yè)的貿(mào)易，另外，通過實(shí)證發(fā)現(xiàn)了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)對(duì)自主創(chuàng)新具有正面作用，從側(cè)面促進(jìn)醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易。建議雖然本文實(shí)證結(jié)果顯示提高中國知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)會(huì)減少醫(yī)藥貿(mào)易份額，但是從長期來看，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)自主創(chuàng)新能力的提高和規(guī)范市場(chǎng)秩序有促進(jìn)作用，可減少國際貿(mào)易摩擦，另外，未來國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將以知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)為主導(dǎo)，因此，發(fā)展知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)是必要的，本文將對(duì)提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議。完善知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)政策雖然國家出臺(tái)了《專利法》、《商標(biāo)法》、《藥品注冊(cè)管理法》等關(guān)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的法律法規(guī)和政策，采取了強(qiáng)而有力的措施加強(qiáng)醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，但是醫(yī)藥專利申請(qǐng)量和授權(quán)量還是處于較低水平，相對(duì)于西方發(fā)達(dá)國家，中國的醫(yī)藥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)水平仍需進(jìn)一步提高。另外從醫(yī)藥研發(fā)投入產(chǎn)出的情況看，中國醫(yī)藥研發(fā)產(chǎn)出質(zhì)量仍有不高，應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步完善鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新和保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的政策。提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)全球進(jìn)入知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，企業(yè)強(qiáng)化市場(chǎng)競爭力的主要方式是提高自主創(chuàng)新能力，擁有核心技術(shù)的企業(yè)將會(huì)引領(lǐng)行業(yè)的發(fā)展。早年期間群眾缺乏知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)導(dǎo)致大量知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)流失在外和侵權(quán)問題嚴(yán)峻，因此提高知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)十分重要。雖然近幾年來中國的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)意識(shí)逐漸提高，但從中國醫(yī)藥專利申請(qǐng)情況上看，總體仍有不足。因此國家仍需加強(qiáng)對(duì)社會(huì)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的宣傳力度，企業(yè)或個(gè)人也需要積極地參與宣傳教育，尊重知識(shí)成果，保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，遵守法律法規(guī)。建立人才儲(chǔ)備機(jī)制提高技術(shù)創(chuàng)新人才儲(chǔ)備的同時(shí)建立企業(yè)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)團(tuán)隊(duì)是十分關(guān)鍵的。企業(yè)要保持自主創(chuàng)新的能力，則需對(duì)技術(shù)人才進(jìn)行培養(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