新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)+Lesson+54+American+Revolution++講義

新概念第四冊(cè)Lesson54講義AmericanRevolutionTheAmericanRevolutionwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereushered1in,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutright2revolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolated3communitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.America'sWarofIndependenceheralded4thebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinflux5ofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenal6colonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors7.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedStates-baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notably8ConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratified9acolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted10,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptly11soughtalocalsubstituteforkingandParliament.

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1ushered

v.引，領(lǐng)，陪同(usher的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞)參考例句：Thesecretaryusheredmeintohisoffice.秘書(shū)把我領(lǐng)進(jìn)他的辦公室。AroundofpartiesusheredintheNewYear.一系列的晚會(huì)迎來(lái)了新年。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》2outright

adv.坦率地；徹底地；立即；adj.無(wú)疑的；徹底的參考例句：Ifyouhaveacomplaintyoushouldtellmeoutright.如果你有不滿意的事，你應(yīng)該直率地對(duì)我說(shuō)。Youshouldpersuadehertomarryyououtright.你應(yīng)該徹底勸服她嫁給你。3isolated

adj.與世隔絕的參考例句：Hisbadbehaviourwasjustanisolatedincident.他的不良行為只是個(gè)別事件。Patientswiththediseaseshouldbeisolated.這種病的患者應(yīng)予以隔離。4heralded

v.預(yù)示(herald的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞)；宣布（好或重要）參考例句：Thesingingofthebirdsheraldedintheday.鳥(niǎo)鳴報(bào)曉。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》AfanfareoftrumpetsheraldedthearrivaloftheKing.嘹亮的小號(hào)聲宣告了國(guó)王駕到。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》5influx

n.流入，注入?yún)⒖祭洌篢hecountrysimplycannotabsorbthisinfluxofrefugees.這個(gè)國(guó)家實(shí)在不能接納這么多涌入的難民。Textileworkersfavouredprotectionbecausetheyfearedaninfluxofcheapcloth.紡織工人擁護(hù)貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心涌入廉價(jià)紡織品。6penal

adj.刑罰的；刑法上的參考例句：Ihopeyou'refamiliarwithpenalcode.我希望你們熟悉本州法律規(guī)則。Heunderwentnineteenyearsofpenalservitudefortheft.他因犯了大竊案受過(guò)十九年的苦刑。7debtors

n.債務(wù)人，借方(debtor的名詞復(fù)數(shù))參考例句：Creditorscouldobtainawritforthearrestoftheirdebtors.債權(quán)人可以獲得逮捕債務(wù)人的令狀。來(lái)自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》Neverinadebtors'prison?從沒(méi)有因債務(wù)坐過(guò)牢么？來(lái)自英漢文學(xué)-雙城記8notably

adv.值得注意地，顯著地，尤其地，特別地參考例句：Manystudentswereabsent,notablythemonitor.許多學(xué)生缺席，特別是連班長(zhǎng)也沒(méi)來(lái)。Anotablyshort,silver-hairedman,heplaysbasketballwithhisstaffseveraltimesaweek.他個(gè)子明顯較為矮小，一頭銀發(fā)，每周都會(huì)和他的員工一起打幾次籃球。9ratified

v.批準(zhǔn)，簽認(rèn)（合約等）(ratify的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞)參考例句：Thetreatywasdeclaredinvalidbecauseithadnotbeenratified.條約沒(méi)有得到批準(zhǔn)，因此被宣布無(wú)效。Thetreatywasratifiedbyallthememberstates.這個(gè)條約得到了所有成員國(guó)的批準(zhǔn)。10ousted

驅(qū)逐(oust的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞)；革職；罷黜；剝奪參考例句：Hewasoustedaschairman.他的主席職務(wù)被革除了。Hemaybeoustedbyamilitarytakeover.他可能在一場(chǎng)軍事接管中被趕下臺(tái)。11promptly

adv.及時(shí)地，敏捷地參考例句：Hepaidthemoneybackpromptly.他立即還了錢(qián)。Shepromptlyseizedtheopportunityhisabsencegaveher.她立即抓住了因他不在場(chǎng)給她創(chuàng)造的機(jī)會(huì)。SuburbanizationIfby"suburb"ismeantanurbanmargin1thatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanization2beganduringtheemergence3oftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlycompactclusterinwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandgoodswereconveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltinthe1840'swerelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcities,andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawn4bytheprospect5ofemployment.Intime,thefactoriesweresurroundedbyproliferating6milltownsofapartmentsandrowhousesthatabutted7theolder,maincities.Asadefense8againstthisencroachment9andtoenlargetheirtaxbases,thecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854,forexample,thecityofPhiladelphiaannexed10mostofPhiladelphiaCounty.Similarmunicipalmaneuvers11tookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.Indeed,mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders.Withtheacceleration12ofindustrialgrowthcameacuteurbancrowdingandaccompanyingsocialstress-conditionsthatbegantoapproachdisastrous13proportionswhen,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulelectrictraction14linewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleys15wereretired16andelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnectedeverymajorurbanarea,fosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersed17metropolis18.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanMiddleClass,whosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopersofsingle-familyhousingtracts19.

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1margin

n.頁(yè)邊空白；差額；余地，余裕；邊，邊緣參考例句：Weallowedamarginof20minutesincatchingthetrain.我們有20分鐘的余地趕火車。Thevillageissituatedatthemarginofaforest.村子位于森林的邊緣。2suburbanization

郊區(qū)城市化參考例句：Thepopulationsuburbanizationisanewtrendinthepopulationdevelopmentofbigcitiesinourcountry.人口郊區(qū)化是我國(guó)大城市人口發(fā)展的新動(dòng)向。Suburbanizationandcounter-urbanizationaretwoconceptsofsimilaritiesaswellasdifferences.郊區(qū)化與逆城市化是既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別的兩個(gè)概念，逆城市化是郊區(qū)化的升級(jí)版本。3emergence

n.浮現(xiàn)，顯現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)，（植物）突出體參考例句：Thelastdecadesawtheemergenceofadynamiceconomy.最近10年見(jiàn)證了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的姿態(tài)。Languageemergesanddevelopswiththeemergenceanddevelopmentofsociety.語(yǔ)言是隨著社會(huì)的產(chǎn)生而產(chǎn)生，隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的。4drawn

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，緊張的參考例句：Allthecharactersinthestoryaredrawnfromlife.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。Hergazewasdrawnirresistiblytothesceneoutside.她的目光禁不住被外面的風(fēng)景所吸引。5prospect

n.前景，前途；景色，視野參考例句：Thisstateofthingsholdsoutacheerfulprospect.事態(tài)呈現(xiàn)出可喜的前景。Theprospectbecamemoreevident.前景變得更加明朗了。6proliferating

激增(proliferate的現(xiàn)在分詞)；（迅速）繁殖；增生；擴(kuò)散參考例句：Computerizeddatabasesareproliferatingfast.計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)正在激增。Crowngallsarecancerousgrowthscomposedofdisorganizedandproliferatingplantcells.冠癭是無(wú)組織的正在不斷增殖的植物細(xì)胞所組成的癌狀物。7abutted

v.（與…）鄰接(abut的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞)；（與…）毗連；接觸；倚靠參考例句：Theirhouseabuttedagainstthehill.他們的房子緊靠著山。來(lái)自辭典例句Thesidewalkabuttedontheriver.人行道緊挨著河川。來(lái)自辭典例句8defense

n.防御，保衛(wèi)；[pl.]防務(wù)工事；辯護(hù)，答辯參考例句：Theaccusedhastherighttodefense.被告人有權(quán)獲得辯護(hù)。Thewarhasimpactedtheareawithmilitaryanddefenseworkers.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使那個(gè)地區(qū)擠滿了軍隊(duì)和防御工程人員。9encroachment

n.侵入，蠶食參考例句：Iresenttheencroachmentonmytime.我討厭別人侵占我的時(shí)間。Theeaglebrokeawayanddefiantlycontinueditsencroachment.此時(shí)雕掙脫開(kāi)對(duì)方，繼續(xù)強(qiáng)行入侵。10annexed

[法]附加的，附屬的參考例句：GermanyannexedAustriain1938.1938年德國(guó)吞并了奧地利。Theoutlyingvillageswereformallyannexedbythetownlastyear.那些偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊于去年正式被并入該鎮(zhèn)。11maneuvers

n.策略，謀略，花招(maneuver的名詞復(fù)數(shù))參考例句：Hesuspectedatoncethatshehadbeenspyinguponhismaneuvers.他立刻猜想到，她已經(jīng)偵察到他的行動(dòng)。來(lái)自辭典例句ManeuversinGuizhouoccupiedtheRedsforfourmonths.貴州境內(nèi)的作戰(zhàn)占了紅軍四個(gè)月的時(shí)間。來(lái)自辭典例句12acceleration

n.加速，加速度參考例句：Allspacemenmustbeabletobearacceleration.所有太空人都應(yīng)能承受加速度。Hehasalsocalledforanaccelerationofpoliticalreforms.他同時(shí)呼吁加快政治改革的步伐。13disastrous

adj.災(zāi)難性的，造成災(zāi)害的；極壞的，很糟的參考例句：Theheavyrainstormcausedadisastrousflood.暴雨成災(zāi)。Herinvestmenthaddisastrousconsequences.Shelosteverythingsheowned.她的投資結(jié)果很慘，血本無(wú)歸。14traction

n.牽引；附著摩擦力參考例句：I'llshowyouhowthetractionisapplied.我會(huì)讓你看如何做這種牽引。She'sinjuredhe