對新高中英語教材的新探索附閱讀理解專練

對新高中英語教材的新探索

一、引言

現(xiàn)如今，倡導(dǎo)“素質(zhì)教育、培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神和實踐能

力”的新一輪的教學(xué)改革正在全國各地如火如荼地進(jìn)行著；

2003年秋季教育部又開始在全國各地頒布執(zhí)行新的教學(xué)大綱

和與之相配套的以話題為形式、功能與結(jié)構(gòu)相結(jié)合的“任務(wù)型”

新教材。該教材要求課堂以結(jié)構(gòu)和功能為主線，組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行

聽、說、讀、寫的活動。教材要求教師教學(xué)應(yīng)該以啟發(fā)啟發(fā)學(xué)

生思考為主，提倡創(chuàng)新，給學(xué)生思維和想象的空間。在培養(yǎng)聽、

說、讀、寫等各項能力的基礎(chǔ)上，著力提高學(xué)生分析和解決問

題的能力，以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語的綜合能力作為主要目標(biāo)。新的教

材和課程不僅要求教師向?qū)W生傳授知識，更要面授記憶，提高

學(xué)生的英語應(yīng)用的能力。因此，教師有必要對課堂上的教學(xué)內(nèi)

容、教學(xué)效果、學(xué)生反應(yīng)等一系列的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的思維

創(chuàng)新，才能及時發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)中的困難和教學(xué)過程中的不足，

才能提高課堂質(zhì)量，提高學(xué)生的英語能力，探索出一條適應(yīng)新

教材的要求和學(xué)生特點(diǎn)的全新教學(xué)模式。

二、教學(xué)理念的反思

面對新教材，首先思想觀念要轉(zhuǎn)變，有了新的觀念才能接

受新事物。才能避免“穿新鞋，走老路”；新課程的實施不能

簡單地被視為換一個大綱、換一套教材、調(diào)整一些課程內(nèi)容。

在語言環(huán)境的欠缺中不僅要崇尚“苦讀”、“勤教”，更要以

人為本；對學(xué)生“樂學(xué)”的潛能大力的開發(fā)，英語教學(xué)過程既

重視語法和詞匯知識的講解與傳授，更要對學(xué)生實際語言運(yùn)用

能力的培養(yǎng)。這樣才能使教學(xué)觀念與新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求相適應(yīng)。

因此，要突出“以學(xué)生為主體”的思想，教師在教學(xué)活動中要

做到：

1.培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自我激勵學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)。學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī)對學(xué)

習(xí)興趣的形成起著積極的促進(jìn)作用，它是促進(jìn)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣形

成的基本條件。學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣越濃，學(xué)習(xí)的積極性就越高，

學(xué)習(xí)的效果就越好。課堂教學(xué)是教師激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣，提高

學(xué)生參與行為的重要場所之一，教師應(yīng)盡一切努力和方法培養(yǎng)

學(xué)生對英語的興趣。英語學(xué)習(xí)的興趣產(chǎn)生之后，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)

度和方法會逐步改善，繼而產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的參與愿望。學(xué)生在課堂

教學(xué)過程中發(fā)揮出的主體作用反過來又促進(jìn)了教師的課堂教

學(xué)質(zhì)量的提高，教與學(xué)真正進(jìn)入良性循環(huán)。一個有強(qiáng)烈學(xué)習(xí)動

機(jī)的人，才可以有強(qiáng)大的學(xué)習(xí)動力，也才能主動地投入到英語

學(xué)習(xí)中去。

2.充分調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動性。學(xué)生要自覺地確立學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),

制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃，總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)方法，建立認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)。從學(xué)習(xí)知識、

解決問題的過程中獲得某種滿足感，并以興奮活躍的思維狀態(tài)

去面對英語語言知識和技能，在加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)知識和基本訓(xùn)練的同

時，使基礎(chǔ)知識轉(zhuǎn)移為語言技能，并發(fā)展成運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際

的能力。

3.建立“以學(xué)生為中心”的主體觀。教學(xué)活動以學(xué)生在

課堂上做事為主，教師的作用是負(fù)責(zé)組織、引導(dǎo)、幫助和監(jiān)控,

引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會認(rèn)知、學(xué)會做事，讓學(xué)生經(jīng)歷獲取知識的過程，

關(guān)注學(xué)生各種能力的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)其知識與技能、過程與方法、

態(tài)度與價值觀的全面發(fā)展，建立學(xué)生自主探索、合作學(xué)習(xí)的課

堂模式，創(chuàng)設(shè)和諧、寬松、民主的課堂環(huán)境。追求學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)

向追求學(xué)習(xí)過程，真正把學(xué)生當(dāng)成獲取知識發(fā)展自我的主人。

“一切為了學(xué)生，為了學(xué)生的一切，為了一切學(xué)生”，切實構(gòu)

建“以學(xué)生為中心”主體觀。使學(xué)生正確認(rèn)識自己在學(xué)習(xí)中的

作用。學(xué)習(xí)是獲取知識的過程。建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為，知識

不是通過教師傳授得到的，而是學(xué)習(xí)者在一定的情境即社會文

化背景下，借助其他人（包括教師和學(xué)習(xí)伙伴）的幫助，利用

必要的學(xué)習(xí)資料，通過意義建構(gòu)的方式獲得的。第二語言習(xí)得

理論認(rèn)為Englishcannotbetaught.Itmustbelearned.學(xué)生們必須

認(rèn)識到只有通過自己的努力，方可獲得良好的學(xué)習(xí)效果。

4.建立“以能力為中心”的教育質(zhì)量觀。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)是

由老師單向灌輸知識，以考試分?jǐn)?shù)作為衡量教育成果的唯一標(biāo)

準(zhǔn)，教師注重學(xué)生在課堂教學(xué)中接受現(xiàn)成的知識和結(jié)論。這種

“守成性”教育嚴(yán)重影響了對學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神和創(chuàng)新能力的培

養(yǎng)。為了適應(yīng)知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的要求，更好地培養(yǎng)具有創(chuàng)新精神

和創(chuàng)新能力高素質(zhì)人才，要求課堂教學(xué)不僅僅是傳授基礎(chǔ)知

識、基本技能的過程，同時也是一個不斷培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神和

實踐能力的過程，教師所講授的知識應(yīng)該成為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語能

力的“火種”。也就是說，課堂教學(xué)是一個在老師引導(dǎo)下學(xué)生

主動參與、獨(dú)立思考、自主發(fā)現(xiàn)、不斷創(chuàng)新和培養(yǎng)實踐能力的

過程，讓學(xué)生由“學(xué)會”轉(zhuǎn)變到“會學(xué)”。

三、把英語作為一種交流工具進(jìn)行使用而教學(xué)

語言是一種交流的工具，不是一套死的規(guī)則，在平時教學(xué)

中，我們過分注重語法規(guī)則的講解而忽視它的交際功能，不注

意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確、得體、靈活地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言的能力，課堂教

學(xué)大體上就是教師講，學(xué)生聽，記筆記，課下做永遠(yuǎn)也做不完

的作業(yè)。為了改革傳統(tǒng)教法弊端，適應(yīng)這種全新的“任務(wù)型”

教學(xué)，教者要做到：

1.課堂要有互動交往的教學(xué)設(shè)計

教育活動，教學(xué)活動實際上是一種典型的交際（交往）

活動，課堂教學(xué)是一個有目的的教學(xué)過程，它是師生之間或是

學(xué)生之間為了協(xié)調(diào)溝通，達(dá)成共識，聯(lián)合力量去達(dá)到教學(xué)目的

而進(jìn)行的互動。在教學(xué)中存在著師生之間的交往和學(xué)生之間的

交往。在教學(xué)中要圍繞教學(xué)內(nèi)容，教師要千方百計地創(chuàng)造各種

交往情境，設(shè)法使靜態(tài)的文字變成生動活潑的交際活動，使學(xué)

生在語言運(yùn)用中學(xué)習(xí)語言。在真實與互動的情境中，教材是腳

本，教師是導(dǎo)演，學(xué)生是演員，師生雙方共同參與，頻繁交流,

形成主動參與，探究合作的課堂氣氛。學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛

中學(xué)到了知識。同時，活化了教學(xué)內(nèi)容也能激活學(xué)生的思維，

促使他們主動學(xué)習(xí)、樂意學(xué)習(xí)，讓他們充分發(fā)揮自己的想象力

和創(chuàng)造力，從而越學(xué)越愛學(xué)。

2.充分調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的主動性。學(xué)生要自覺地確立學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),

制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃，總結(jié)學(xué)習(xí)方法，建立認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)。從學(xué)習(xí)知識、

解決問題的過程中獲得某種滿足感，并以興奮活躍的思維狀態(tài)

去面對英語語言知識和技能，在加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)知識和基本訓(xùn)練的同

時，使基礎(chǔ)知識轉(zhuǎn)移為語言技能，并發(fā)展成運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際

的能力。

3.建立“以學(xué)生為中心”的主體觀。教學(xué)活動以學(xué)生在

課堂上做事為主，教師的作用是負(fù)責(zé)組織、引導(dǎo)、幫助和監(jiān)控,

引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會認(rèn)知、學(xué)會做事，讓學(xué)生經(jīng)歷獲取知識的過程，

關(guān)注學(xué)生各種能力的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)其知識與技能、過程與方法、

態(tài)度與價值觀的全面發(fā)展，建立學(xué)生自主探索、合作學(xué)習(xí)的課

堂模式，創(chuàng)設(shè)和諧、寬松、民主的課堂環(huán)境。追求學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)

向追求學(xué)習(xí)過程，真正把學(xué)生當(dāng)成獲取知識發(fā)展自我的主人。

“一切為了學(xué)生，為了學(xué)生的一切，為了一切學(xué)生”，切實構(gòu)

建“以學(xué)生為中心”主體觀。使學(xué)生正確認(rèn)識自己在學(xué)習(xí)中的

作用。學(xué)習(xí)是獲取知識的過程。建構(gòu)主義學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為，知識

不是通過教師傳授得到的，而是學(xué)習(xí)者在一定的情境即社會文

化背景下，借助其他人（包括教師和學(xué)習(xí)伙伴）的幫助，利用

必要的學(xué)習(xí)資料，通過意義建構(gòu)的方式獲得的。第二語言習(xí)得

理論認(rèn)為Englishcannotbetaught.Itmustbelearned.學(xué)生們必須

認(rèn)識到只有通過自己的努力，方可獲得良好的學(xué)習(xí)效果。

4.建立“以能力為中心”的教育質(zhì)量觀。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)是

由老師單向灌輸知識，以考試分?jǐn)?shù)作為衡量教育成果的唯一標(biāo)

準(zhǔn)，教師注重學(xué)生在課堂教學(xué)中接受現(xiàn)成的知識和結(jié)論。這種

“守成性”教育嚴(yán)重影響了對學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神和創(chuàng)新能力的培

養(yǎng)。為了適應(yīng)知識經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的要求，更好地培養(yǎng)具有創(chuàng)新精神

和創(chuàng)新能力高素質(zhì)人才，要求課堂教學(xué)不僅僅是傳授基礎(chǔ)知

識、基本技能的過程，同時也是一個不斷培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)新精神和

實踐能力的過程，教師所講授的知識應(yīng)該成為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語能

力的“火種”。也就是說，課堂教學(xué)是一個在老師引導(dǎo)下學(xué)生

主動參與、獨(dú)立思考、自主發(fā)現(xiàn)、不斷創(chuàng)新和培養(yǎng)實踐能力的

過程，讓學(xué)生由“學(xué)會”轉(zhuǎn)變到“會學(xué)”。

三、把英語作為一種交流工具進(jìn)行使用而教學(xué)

語言是一種交流的工具，不是一套死的規(guī)則，在平時教學(xué)

中，我們過分注重語法規(guī)則的講解而忽視它的交際功能，不注

意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確、得體、靈活地運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言的能力，課堂教

學(xué)大體上就是教師講，學(xué)生聽，記筆記，課下做永遠(yuǎn)也做不完

的作業(yè)。為了改革傳統(tǒng)教法弊端，適應(yīng)這種全新的“任務(wù)型”

教學(xué)，教者要做到：

1.課堂要有互動交往的教學(xué)設(shè)計

教育活動，教學(xué)活動實際上是一種典型的交際（交往）

活動，課堂教學(xué)是一個有目的的教學(xué)過程，它是師生之間或是

學(xué)生之間為了協(xié)調(diào)溝通，達(dá)成共識，聯(lián)合力量去達(dá)到教學(xué)目的

而進(jìn)行的互動。在教學(xué)中存在著師生之間的交往和學(xué)生之間的

交往。在教學(xué)中要圍繞教學(xué)內(nèi)容，教師要千方百計地創(chuàng)造各種

交往情境，設(shè)法使靜態(tài)的文字變成生動活潑的交際活動，使學(xué)

生在語言運(yùn)用中學(xué)習(xí)語言。在真實與互動的情境中，教材是腳

本，教師是導(dǎo)演，學(xué)生是演員，師生雙方共同參與，頻繁交流,

形成主動參與，探究合作的課堂氣氛。學(xué)生在輕松愉快的氣氛

中學(xué)到了知識。同時，活化了教學(xué)內(nèi)容也能激活學(xué)生的思維，

促使他們主動學(xué)習(xí)、樂意學(xué)習(xí)，讓他們充分發(fā)揮自己的想象力

和創(chuàng)造力，從而越學(xué)越愛學(xué)。

閱讀理解專項練習(xí)一：

1

WhenfamiliesgatherforChristmasdinner,somewillsticktoformal

traditionsdatingbackto

grandma'sgeneration.Theirtableswillbesetwiththegooddishesand

silver,andthedresscode

willbeSundaybest.

Butinmanyotherhomes,thischina-and-silverelegancehas

givenwaytoastoneware（粗

陶）andstainlessinformality,withdressesassuminganequally

casual-Fridaylook.Forhostsand

guests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.Formakersof

finechinainBritain,it

spellseconomichardtimes.

LastweekRoyalDoulton,thelargestemployerinStoke-on-Trent,

announcedthatitiseliminating

1,000jobs-one-fifthofitstotalworkforce.Thatbringstomorethan4,

000thenumber

ofpositionslostin18monthsinthepottery（陶瓷）region.Wedgwood

andotherpotteryfactories

madecutsearlier.

AlthoughastrongpoundandweakmarketsinAsiaplayarole

inthedownsizing,thelayoffsin

Stokehavetheirrootsinearthshakingsocialshifts.Aspokesmanfor

RoyalDoultonadmittedthatthe

company"hasbeensomewhatslowincatchingupwiththetrend"toward

casualdining.Familieseattogether

lessoften,heexplained,andmorepeopleeatalone,eitherbecause

theyaresingleortheyeatin

frontoftelevision.

Evendinnerparties,iftheyhappenatall,havegonecasual.In

atimeoflongworkhoursand

demandingfamilyschedules,busyhostsinsist,rightly,thatit'sbetterto

shareatakeoutpizza

onpaperplatesinthefamilyroomthantowaitfortheperfectmomentor

a"real"dinnerparty.

Toooften,theperfectmomentnevercomes.Ironafine-patterned

tablecloth?Forgetit.Polishthe

silver?Whohastime?

Yetthelossofformalityhasitsdownside.Thefinepointsof

etiquette儕L節(jié))thatchildren

mightoncehavelearnedatthetablebyobservationorinstructionfrom

parentsandgrandparents

("Chewwithyourmouthclosed.""Keepyourelbowsoffthetable.")must

bepickedupelse-

where.Somecompaniesnowofferetiquetteseminarsforemployeeswho

maybeableprofessionally

butinexperiencedsocially.

72.Whydopeopletendtofollowthetrendtocasualdining?

A.Familymembersneedmoretimetorelax.

B.Busyschedulesleavepeoplenotimeforformality.

C.Peopleprefertoliveacomfortablelife.

D.Youngpeoplewon'tfollowtheetiquetteoftheoldergeneration.

73.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethat'RoyalDoulton

is.

A.asellerofstainlesssteeltablewareB.adealerin

stoneware

C.apotterychainstoreD.aproducerof

fineChina

74.Themaincauseofthelayoffsinthepotteryindustry

is.

A.theincreasedvalueofthepoundB.the

worseningeconomyinAsia

C.thechangeinpeople'swayoflifeD.thefierce

competitionathomeandabroad

75.Formaltablemanners,thoughlesspopularthanbeforeincurrent

Sociallife,.

A.arestillamustoncertainoccasions

B.arecertaintoreturnsoonerorlater

C.arestillbeingtaughtbyparentsathome

D.canhelpimprovepersonalrelationships

2

WhenJohnnyCashsings,peoplelisten.Hisbig,deepvoice

rumblesoutofradiosandjuke-

boxesacrossNorthAmerica.Hisrecordssellbythemillion.

Country-musicfanseverywhere,know

hisbighits.Theylovesongslike"HeyPorter","RingofFire",and

"FolsomPrisonBlue".

JohnnyCashsingsaboutahundredconcertsayear.People

likewhattheyhear-andwhat

theysee,too.Ruggedandbig-shouldered,thesingerstandssix-two

withouthisblackbootson.

He'satwo-hundred-poundpackageofmuscleandtalent.Andthat

scar（疤痕）onhischeek?It's

abullet（子彈）hole,ofcourse!

Inthemindsofmostpeople,JohnnyCashis"Mr

Tough（violent）Guy".He'sanex-drug

addict（上癮者）whowasonceputinprison.Hisgrandmotherwasan

Indian.Tokeepfromstarving

heoncehadtoliveonwildrabbitskilledfromfortyfeetawaywitha

knife.Somepeoplesayhe

evenkilledaman.

Infact,mostoftheJohnnyCashstoryisjustthat-astory.

True,yearsagohehada"drug

habit"forashorttime.He"popped"pills.Butheneverusedheroinor

other"hard"drugs.Some-

timeshe'dgowildandgetlockedupforafewhours.Buthenever

servedaprisonsentence.

There'snoIndianbloodinhisveins.He'sbeenakilleronlyinsong.

Asforthe"bullethole",

it'sanoldscarleftbyadoctorwhoopenedacyst（囊腫）.

PeoplewhoknowJohnnyCashwellsayhe'sa"gentleguy",

a"generousguy'-anythingbut

a"toughguy".Howdidthestoriesgetstarted?Someofthem,likethe

storyaboutthe"Indian

grandmother",hemadeuplongagotoaddexcitementtohiscareer.

Others,likethe"bullet

hole",simplygotstarted.Nowthere'slittlethesingercandoto

changepeople'sminds."They

justwanttobelieveit,"hesays.

56.JohnnyCashisafavoriteofmany.

A.operaloversB.

countrymusicfans

C.hard-rockfansD.

jazzmusiclovers

57.Intruth,JohnnyCash.

A.inventedthe"Indiangrandmother"

B.usedtokillrabbitsforaliving

C.hadabulletholeonhischeek

D.servedalongprisonsentence

58.Inhisprivatelife,JohnnyCashis,.

A.muchwilderthanhelooks

B.muchsmallerthanheisonstage

C.muchtougherthanheisinpublic

D.muchmoregentlethanmostpeoplesuppose

59.Thepassageshowsusthatmanypeople

believe.

A.onlywhattheyseeB.

whattheyaresureistrue

C.onlywhattheyhearD.

whattheyfindinteresting

B

3

Dodogsunderstandus?

Becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog.Itmightunderstand

morethanyouthink.

AbordercollienamedRicorecognizesthenamesofabout200

objects,sayresearchersinGermany.Thedogalsoappearstobeableto

learnnewwordsaseasilyasa3-year-oldchild.Itsword-learningskills

areasgoodasthoseofaparrotorchimpanzee（黑猩猩）.

Inoneexperiment,theresearcherstookall200itemsthatRicois

supposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20groupsof10objects.Then

theownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback.

Infourtests,Ricogot37outof40commandsright.Asthedogcouldn't

seeanyonetogetclues,thescientistsbelieveRicomustunderstandthe

meaningsofcertainwords.

Inanotherexperiment,thescientiststookonetoythatRicohad

neverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwithseventoyswhosenamesthe

dogalreadyknew.TheownerthentoldRicotofetchtheobject,usinga

wordthedoghadneverheardbefore.

ThecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutofI0tests,suggesting

thatthedoghadworked

outtheanswerbyprocessofelimination（排除法）.Amonthlater,Rico

rememberedhalfofthenewnames,whichisevenmoreimpressive.

Ricoisthoughttobesmarterthantheaveragedog.Forone

thing,Ricoisabordercollie,abreed（品種）knownforitsmentalabilities.

Inaddition,the9-year-olddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheir

namessincetheageofninemonths.

It'shardtoknowifalldogsunderstandatleastsomeofthe

wordswesay.Eveniftheydo,theycan'ttalkback.Still,itwouldn'thurtto

sweet-talkyourdogeverynowandthen.Youmightjustgetabig,wet

kissinreturn!

60.Fromparagraph2weknowthat.

A.animalsareascleverashumanbeings

B.dogsaresmarterthanparrotsandchimpanzees

C.chimpanzeeshaveverygoodword-learningskills

D.dogshavesimilar'learningabilitiesas3-year-oldchildren

61.Bothexperimentsshowthat.

A.Ricoissmartenoughtogetallcommandsright

B.Ricocanrecognizedifferentthingsincludingtoys

C.Ricohasdevelopedtheabilityoflearningmathematics

D.Ricowon'tforgetthenamesofobjectsoncerecognizing

them

62.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Thepurposeoftheexperimentsistoshowtheborder

collie'smentalabilities.

B.Ricohasabettermemorypartlybecauseofitsproperearly

training.

C.Thebordercollieisworld-famousforrecognizingobjects.

D.Ricoisborntounderstanditsowner'scommands.

63.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?

A.Totrainyourdog.B.Totalk

toyourdog.

C.lbbefriendlytoyourdog.D.Tobe

carefulwithyourdog.

4

PaynesPrairie(used)

HaveyoueverheardofPaynesPrairie?Itisoneofthemost

importantnaturalandhistoricalareasinFlorida.PaynesPrairieislocated

nearGainesville.Itislarge,21000acres.Thisprotectedlandiscalleda

preserve.TheFloridaParkServicemanagethepreserve.

ThePaynesPrairiebasinwasformedwhenlimestonedissolved

andthegroundsettled.Itiscoveredbymarsh(沼澤)andwetprairie

vegetation.Thereareareasofopenwater.Duringbriefperiodsithas

floodedenoughtobeconsideredalake.Exceptforthat,thebasinhas

changedlittlethroughtime.

ManhaslivedonPaynesPrairieaverylongtime.Helivedthereas

farbackas10000B.C.Atonetime,theSeminoIeslivedthere.The

prairieisthoughttohavebeennamedafterKingPayne,aSeminolechief.

Duringthelate1600s,thelargestcattleranchinFloridawasonPaynes

Prairie.Today,PaynesPrairieispreservedland.Itisoccupiedbyvisitors

andFloridaParkServiceemployees.

WiliamBartramvisitedPaynesPraire.Bartramwasthefirst

personwhoportrayed(described)naturethroughpersonalexperienceas

wellasscientificobservation.Helived200yearsago.HevisitedPaynes

Prairiein1774.Atthattimehedescribedit.HecalledPaynesPrairiethe

"greatAlachuaSavannah."

Mostoftheanimallife,whichBartramdescribed,isstillhere.A

largenumberofsandhillcranes,hawksandwaterfowlarehereinwinter.

Theanimaldiversityisincreasedbythepresenceofpineflatwoods,

hammock,swampsandponds.

ThePaynesPrairiePreserveStateParkisopenyearround.The

FloridaParkServiceworkshardsothattheparkwillappearasitdidin

thepast.Itoffersmanyopportunitiesforrecreation.Attheparkyoucan

campandpicnic.Youcanhikeandbike.Youcanboatandfish.Youcan

rideonhorsetrails.Andyoucanseelotsofnatureandwildlife.Youcan

seeFloridaasitwasintheearlydays.

PaynesPrairieisapartofourFloridahistory.Itisanexampleof

ourFloridanaturalresources.Itisaplaceforrecreation.PaynesPrairieis

animportantexperienceoftheRealFlorida.

64.HowwasthePaynesPrairiebasinformed?

A.BytheSeminoleIndians.

B.BytheFloridaParkService.

C.Fromdissolvedlimestoneandthegroundsettling.

D.Fromlotsoffloodingandwetprairievegetation.

65.Theunderlinedword"diversity"means"

A.varietyB.societyC.

populationD.area

66.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat.

A.PaynesPrairiehaschangedlittlethroughtime

B.PaynesPrairieiscoveredbywetprairiegrasses

C.thereusedtobeabigcattlefarmonPaynesPrairie

D.WilliamBartramwasthefirstperson-tovisitPaynes

Prairie

67.Thepurposeofthepassageisto.

A.callonpeopletoprotectwidlife

B.attractpeopletothispreservedpark

C.showyoutheformationofPaynesPrairie

D.introducetherecordedhistoryofPaynesPrairie

5

NOTallmemoriesaresweet.Somepeoplespendalltheir

livestryingtoforgetbadexperiences.Violenceandtraffic

accidentscanleavepeoplewithterriblephysicalandemotional

scars.Oftentheyrelivetheseexperiencesinnightmares.

NowAmericanresearchersthinktheyarecloseto

developingapill,whichwillhelppeopleforgetbadmemories.The

pillisdesignedtobetakenimmediatelyafterafrightening

experience.Theyhopeitmightreduce,orpossiblyerase（抹

去）』heeffectofpainfulmemories.

InNovember,expertstestedadrugonpeopleintheUSand

France.Thedrugstopsthebodyreleasingchemicalsthatfix

memoriesinthebrain.Sofartheresearchhassuggestedthatonly

theemotionaleffectsofmemoriesmaybereduced,notthatthe

memoriesareerased.

Theresearchhascausedagreatdealofargument.Some

thinkitisabadidea,Whileotherssupportit.

Supporterssayitcouldleadtopillsthatpreventortreat

soldiers'troublingmemoriesafterwar.Theysaythattherearemany

peoplewhosufferfromterriblememories.

"Somememoriescanruinpeople'slives.Theycomeback

toyouwhenyoudon'twanttohavetheminadaydreamornightmare.

Theyusuallycomewithverypainfulemotions,"saidRogerPitman,a

professorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool."Thiscouldrelieve

alotofthatsuffering."

Butthosewhoareagainsttheresearchsaythatchanging

memoriesisverydangerousbecausememoriesgiveusouridentity

（特質(zhì)）.Theyalsohelpusallavoidthemistakesofthepast.

"Allofuscanthinkofbadeventsinourlivesthatwere

horribleatthetimebutmakeuswhoweare.I'mnotsurewewantto

wipethosememoriesout,"saidRebeccaDresser,amedicalethicist.

68.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.anewmedicalinvention

B.anewresearchonthepill

C.awayoferasingpainfulmemories

D.anargumentabouttheresearchonthepill

69.Thedrugtestedonpeoplecan.

A.causethebraintofixmemories

B.stoppeoplerememberingbadexperiences

C.preventbodyproducingcertainchemicals

D.Wipeouttheemotionaleffectsofmemories

70.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

A.peopledoubttheeffectsofthepills

B.thepillwillstoppeople'sbadexperiences

C.takingthepillwilldoharmtopeople'shealth

D.thepillhasprobablybeenproducedinAmerica

71.WhichofthefollowingdoesRebeccaDresseragreewith?

A.Somememoriescanruinpeople'slives.

B.Peoplewanttogetridofbadmemories.

C.Experiencingbadeventsmakesusdifferentfromothers.

D.Thepillwillreducepeople'ssufferingsfrombadmemories.

6

What'syourdreamvacation?WatchingwildlifeinKenya?

BoatingdowntheAmazon?SunbathinginMalaysia?Newchances

areopeningupallthetimetoexploretheworld.Sowevisittravel

agents,comparepackagesandprices,andpayourmoney.

Weknowwhatourvacationcostsus.Butdoweknowwhatit

mightcostsomeoneelse?It'struethatmanypoorercountriesnow

dependontourismforforeignincome.Unfortunately,though,tourism

oftenharmsthelocalpeoplemorethanithelpsthem.

Itmightcosttheirhomesandlands.InMyanmar,5,200

peoplewereforcedtoleavetheirhomesamongthepagodas（佛塔）in

Bagansothattouristscouldvisitthepagodas.

Tourismmightalsocostthelocalpeopletheirlivelihoodand

dignity.Localworkersoftenfindonlymenial（卑微的）jobsinthe

touristindustry.Andmostoftheprofitsdonothelpthelocaleconomy.

Instead,profitsreturntothetouroperatorsinwealthiercountries,

WhentheMaasaipeopleinTanzaniaweredrivenfromtheirlands,

somemovedtocityslums.Othersnowmakealittlemoneyselling

souvenirsorposingforphotos.

ProblemslikethesewereObservedmorethat20yearsago.

Butnowsomenon-governmentorganizations,touroperatorsand

localgovernmentsareworkingtogethertobegincorrectingthem.

Tourists,too,areputtingonthepressure.

Theresultisresponsibletourism,or"ethicaltourism."Ethical

tourismhaspeopleatitsheart.Newinternationalagreementsand

codesofconductcanhelpprotectthepeople'slands,homes,

economiesandcultures.Thebeginningsaresmall,though,andthe

problemsarecomplex.

Buttakeheart.Thegoodnewsisthateveryone,includingus,

canplayaparttohelpthelocalpeopleintheplaceswevisit.Tour

operatorsandcompaniescanhelpbymakingsurethatlocalpeople

workingoodconditionsandearnreasonablewages.

Theycanmakeitapointtouseonlylocallyownedhotel,

restaurantsandguideservices.Theycanshareprofitsfairlytohelp

thelocaleconomy.Andtheycaninvolvethelocalpeopleinplanning

andmanagingtourism.

Whatcantouristsdo?First,wecanasktourcompaniesto

provideinformationabouttheconditionsoflocalcitizens.Wecanthen

makeourchoicesandtellthemwhy.Andwhilewe'reabroad,wecan:

Buylocalfoodsandproducts,notimportedones.

Payafairpriceforgoodsandservicesandnotbargainfor

thecheapestprice.

Avoidflauntingwealth.

Askbeforetakingphotographsofpeople.

Theyarenotjustpartofthelandscape!

Let'senjoyourvacationandmakesureothersdo,too.

72.Whatisprobablythebesttitleforthearticle?

A.TourismCausesBadEffects.B.Tourism

CallsforGoodBehavior.

C.VacationsBringaLotofFun.D.Vacations

CostMoreThanYouThink

73.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

A.Localpeoplewerewellpaidtoleavetheirlands.

B.Touristsmaystayinhotelsopenedbylocalpeople.

C.Localpeoplearemainlyprovidedwithlow-payingwork.

D.Touristscouldbargainwithlocalpeopleforareasonable

price.

74.Theunderlinedphrase"takeheart"means"

A.payattentionB.takecareC.cheerup

D.calmdown

75.Accordingtothepassage,thewriterthinks

A.tourismisnotapromisingindustry

B.dreamvacationsshouldbespentabroad

C.theproblemscausedbytourismareeasytosettle

D.touristsshouldrespectlocalcustomsandculture

7

RobertOwenwasborninWalesin1771.Attheageoftenhewentto

work.HisemployerhadalargeprivatelibrarysoOwenwasableto

educatehimself.Hereadalotinhissparetimeandatnineteenhewas

giventhejobofsuperintendent（監(jiān)工）ataManchestercottonmill.He

wassosuccessfultherethathepersuadedhisemployertobuytheNew

LanarkmillinScotland.

WhenhearrivedatNewLanarkitwasadirtylittletownwitha

populationof2,000people.Nobodypaidanyattentiontotheworkers'

housesortheirchildrenseducation.Theconditionsinthefactorieswere

verybad.Therewasalotofcrimeandthemenspentmostoftheirwages

onalcoholicdrinks.

Owenimprovedthehouses.Heencouragedpeopletobecleanand

savemoney.Heopenedashopandsoldtheworkerscheap,well-made

goodstohelpthem.Helimitedthesaleofalcoholicdrinks.Aboveall,he

fixedhismindonthechildren'seducation.In1816heopenedthefirst

freeprimaryschoolinBritain.

PeoplecamefromalloverthecountrytovisitOwen'sfactory.They

sawthattheworkerswerehealthierandmoreefficientthaninothertowns.

Theirchildrenwerebetterfedandbettereducated.Owentriedthesame

experimentintheUnitedStates.Heboughtsomelandtherein1825,but

thecommunitywastoofaraway.Hecouldnotkeepitundercontroland

lostmostofhismoney.

Owenneverstoppedfightingforhisidea.Aboveallhebelievedthat

peoplearenotborngoodorbaa.Hewasapracticalmanandhisideas

werepractical."Ifyougivepeoplegoodworkingconditions,"bethought,

"theywillworkwelland,themostimportantthingofall,ifyougivethem

thechancetolearn,theywillbebetterpeople."

56.ForOwen,hisgreatestachievementinNewLanarkwas

A.improvingworker'shousesB.helpingpeopletosave

money

C.preventingmenfromgettingdrunkD.providingthechildrenwith

agoodeducation

5AFromthepassagewemayinferthatOwenwasborn.

A.intoarichfamilyB.intoanoblefamily

C.intoapoorfamilyD.intoamiddleclass

family

58.Owen'sexperimentintheUnitedStatesfailedbecause______.

A.helostallhismoney

B.hedidnotbuyenoughland

C.peoplewhovisiteditwerenotimpressed

D.itwastoofarawayforhimtoorganizeitproperly

59.WemayinferformthepassagethatnochildreninBritaincouldenjoy

freeeducationuntil

A.1771B,1816C.1825

D.1860

8

Doyouwanttoimprovethewayyoustudy?Doyoufeelnervous

beforeatest?Manystudentssaythatalackofconcentration(注意力)is

theirbiggestproblem.Itseriouslyaffectstheirabilitytostudy,sodotheir

testresults.

Ifso,usethesetipstohelpyou.

§tudvTechniques

?Youshouldalwaysstudyinthesameplace.Youshouldn'tsitina

positionthatyouusefor

anotherpurpose.Forexample,whenyousitonasofatostudy,yourbrain

willthinkitistimetorelax.Don'twatchTVwhileyouarestudying.

Expertswarnthatyourconcentrationmaybereducedby50percentif

youattempttostudyinthisway.Alwaystrytohaveawhitewallinfrontof

you,sothereisnothingtodistract(makelessconcentrated)you.Before

sittingdowntostudy,gathertogetheralltheequipmentyouneed.Apart

fromyourtextbooks,pens,pencilsandknives,makesureyouhavea

dictionary.Ifyourstudydeskortableisneededwhenyouarenot

studying,storeallyourequipmentinaboxbesideit.

?Youreyeswillbecometiredifyoutrytoreadatextwhichisonaflat

surface.Positionyour

bookatanangleof30degrees.

?Berealisticanddon'ttrytocompletetoomuchinonestudyperiod.

Finishonethingbefore

beginninganother.Ifyouneedabreak,getupandwalkaroundforafew

minutes,buttrynottotelephoneafriendorhavesomethingtoeat.

速t-taking$krs

?Allyourhardworkwillbefornothingifyouaretoonervoustotake

yourtest.Gettingplentyof

restisveryimportant.Thismeansdonotstudyallnightbeforeyourtest!

Itisabetterideatohavealong-termstudyplan.Trytomakeatimetable

foryourstudywhichlastsforafewmonths.

?Exerciseisagreatwaytoreducepressure.Doingsomeformof

exerciseeverydaywillalso

improveyourconcentration.Eathealthyfoodtoo.

?Whenyouarriveintheexaminationroom,findyourseatandsitdown.

Breatheslowlyand

deeply.Checkthetimeontheclockduringthetest,butnottoooften.

Aboveall,takenonoticeofeveryoneelseandgivethetestpaperyour

undividedattention.

65.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Youshouldstudyinadifferentplaceeveryday,soyoudon'tget

bored.