新概念英語第三冊筆記第42課上課教案講解學(xué)習(xí)

新概念英語第三冊筆記第42課上課教案精品文檔精品文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系管理員刪除收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系管理員刪除精品文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系管理員刪除Lesson42Moderncavemen一、單詞講解NewwordsandexpressionsLINKExcel.Sheet.8"C:\\DocumentsandSettings\\Administrator\\桌面\\新建MicrosoftExcel工作表.xls""Sheet1!R1C1:R30C2"\a\f4\hcavemann洞穴人（穴居人）caven.洞穴（天然的）cavemann.（遠(yuǎn)古）洞穴人amanlivinginacavethousandsofyearsagocavern['k?v(?)n]n.大洞穴，大山洞alargecavecavity['k?v?t?] n.洞，腔（正式的醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語）；（齲齒的）洞pothole['p?th??l] n.鍋穴（冰原），壺穴（河床）（地質(zhì)）potholingn.洞穴探險(xiǎn)（運(yùn)動）potholern.洞穴探險(xiǎn)者solitude['s?l?tju:d]n.孤獨(dú)、寂寞（2.獨(dú)處）（enjoyingbeingalone,beingwithoutcompanions）六級罕見liveinsolitude獨(dú)自（居?。┥頸solationn.隔離、孤立（不情愿地，被動）（afeelingofbeinglonelyandunabletomeetorspeaktootherpeople）eg.Retirementcanoftencausefeelingofisolation.seclusion[s?'klu:?(?)n]n.隔離（主動，隔離室等）；隱居、與世隔絕獨(dú)處（刻意）eg.TheEmperorlivedinseclusionbehindthewallsoftheForbiddenCity.Recluse[r?'klu:s]n.隱士n.隱士；隱居者adj.隱居的遠(yuǎn)離【世界】，過著【隔絕】生活，“常?！笔恰惊?dú)處】。-不一定是【宗·教·信·仰】的原因，不一定是獨(dú)處（也許是小群體的與世隔絕的生活）；recluse的第2個含義，才是指修行者，和上面hermit同。reclusive[r?'klu?s?v]adj.隱居的；隱遁的hermit['h??m?t]n.（尤指宗教原因的）隱士，隱居者；蜂鳥強(qiáng)調(diào)的是遠(yuǎn)離【社會】，因【宗·教·信·仰】而【獨(dú)處】的修行的人。還有些小的區(qū)別：recluse只用于人，而hermit可指動物的獨(dú)居習(xí)性；lure[l(j)??]v引誘，誘惑（n.誘惑；餌；誘惑物vt.誘惑；引誘；引怪（游戲術(shù)語））potholern.洞穴探險(xiǎn)者rambler['r?mbl?]漫步者，散步者（n.漫步者，漫談?wù)撸慌示壦N薇）stroll[str??l]n.溜達(dá),散步（=slowwalkingforpleasureinstreetoringarden）指不慌不忙地溜達(dá)goforastroll=goforawalk,takeastroll=takeawalk--Heisstrollingalongtheroad.Strollern.散步者,流浪者Ramble[‘r?mbl]v.海岸、林中的漫步--Thecoupleareramblingintheforest.[英]漫步，尤指為消遣而在鄉(xiāng)間閑逛Roam[r??m]v.不安定的漂泊（徜徉；閑逛；漫步towalkortravelaroundanareawithoutanydefiniteaimordirection）常指長時間沒有目的或方向地游蕩。Wander['w?nd?]vi.漫步,徘徊,流浪,彷徨,無目的地移動1、towalkslowlyaroundortoaplace,oftenwithoutanyparticularsenseofpurposeordirection2、[V]~(away,back,to,etc.sth)(ofaperson'smindorthoughts人的思想或想法)走神；神志恍惚；（思想）開小差tostopbeingdirectedonsthandtomovewithoutmuchcontroltootherideas,3、[V]~(away/off)|~(from/offsth)偏離（正道）；走失；離散tomoveawayfromtheplacewhereyououghttobeorthepeopleyouarewith同義詞：strayundertakingn任務(wù)，工作undertakev.承擔(dān)，著手做undertaketodo1、開始做youstartdoingitandacceptresponsibilityforit2、承諾做youpromisethatyouwilldoit.--Heundertooktoinformeveryoneconcerned.--Weundertakeainvestigation.承擔(dān)，著手做：starttodosthtakeoffdoingsthbeengagedinsth（參與，從事于，忙于）setouttodosetaboutdoingundertakingn.事業(yè)，工作（正在著手做的事）Assignment（工作中的）任務(wù)，作業(yè)onanassignment去執(zhí)行公務(wù)assign分配，指派mission使命MissionImpossible諜中諜foresight['f?:sa?t]n預(yù)見，深謀遠(yuǎn)慮foresee預(yù)見forecast預(yù)測，預(yù)報(bào)predict預(yù)計(jì)expect期望，預(yù)計(jì)Fore前綴表示1、前部的（空間），前面的（時間）2、預(yù)先1、foreheadforearm前臂forefinger食指foreword前言（寫在〔書〕前面的話→前言）Forerunner先驅(qū)，先兆forefather祖先foresight遠(yuǎn)見2、foreseeforecastforetellforestall阻止（預(yù)先制止）foretell[f?:'tel]v預(yù)言名詞的預(yù)測一般用predictionprophecy['pr?f?s?]n.預(yù)言；allegory['?l?g(?)r?]寓言（諷寓）fable['fe?b(?)l]（n.寓言；無稽之談vi.編寓言；虛構(gòu)vt.煞有介事地講述；虛構(gòu)）foretell一般的通俗用語，往往指根據(jù)客觀因素做出的預(yù)告，強(qiáng)調(diào)預(yù)先要發(fā)生的事。forecast指對未來事件的預(yù)報(bào)、推測或設(shè)想，側(cè)重最終可能出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。predict較正常的正式用詞，通常用于人。指根據(jù)事實(shí)或自然規(guī)律進(jìn)行推斷后作出預(yù)告，隱含有科學(xué)的準(zhǔn)確性。foresee指提前、預(yù)先料到將要發(fā)生的事或指對未發(fā)生的事情形成一種概念或判斷chasm['k?z(?)m]n.斷層，裂縫，陷坑（n.峽谷；裂口；分歧；深坑）aropebridgeacrossthechasm橫跨裂縫的繩索橋n.分歧，不同，裂痕（abigdifferencebetweentheopinions,experience,waysoflife）adeeppoliticalchasmbetweenthesetwocountries兩個國家間的很大的政治分歧flaw[fl?:]n.瑕疵，小裂縫，小錯，弱點(diǎn)；裂縫，裂紋vt&vi.使生裂縫，使有裂紋；使無效；使有缺陷（amistake,markorweaknessthatmakessomethingimperfect）事物表面的裂紋，引申出瑕疵，缺陷fatalflaw致命的弱點(diǎn)cleft[kleft]n.裂縫，裂口（自然形成）（（尤指巖石、地表的）裂縫；額頭（或下巴）中間的豎縫；（身體）V字形凹陷）anaturalcrackinthesurfaceofrocksortheearthetc.asharpcleftbetweenrichandpoor貧富之間的巨大差異cleavage['kli:v?d?]n.（劈裂的）裂痕，不同意見（n.劈開，分裂；[晶體]解理；[胚]卵裂）asharpcleavageintheattitudestowardseducation關(guān)于教育的截然不同的意見cleave1、劈開[文學(xué)性]2、cleaveto堅(jiān)忠于[正式]fissuren.裂縫，（尤指巖石上的）裂溝；分歧v.（使）裂開，分裂（adeepcrack，especiallyinrockorearth）crackn.（一個）開口，縫隙（1、使…破裂;破裂2、使…噼啪作響;發(fā)出辟裂聲3、撞擊4、叩開（殼雞蛋）5、破解難題，密碼等）最普通的用詞eg.Sheopenedthedooracrackandslippedin.crevice['krev?s]n.（巖石上的）細(xì)小裂縫（anarrowcrack,especiallyinrock）gapn.間隙；缺口；差距；分歧(anemptyspacebetweentwoobjects)強(qiáng)調(diào)空間thegenerationgap代溝eg.Thereiswidegapinmyknowledgeofhistory.我歷史知識十分缺乏。distinguishedadj.杰出的、著名的（學(xué)術(shù)上、領(lǐng)域知名的）verysuccessfulandrespected;wellknown;remarkableeg.AdistinguishedscientistwonTheNobelPrize.atall,distinguished-lookingman一個高個，相貌非凡的男子unremarkableremarkablyremarkvt談到、說起（正式評論、談?wù)搊n/upon）n.評論、意見aboutoutstanding（adj.突出的，杰出的，卓越的）--Our

headmaster

is

an

outstanding

youth.（n.年輕人,青少年）Distinguished（adj.

杰出的,卓越的,不同非凡的）(非常成功且令人欽佩的)~physicist[‘f?z?s?st]Eminent（adj.

顯赫的,杰出的,有名的,優(yōu)良的）[‘em?n?nt](尤指在某一行業(yè)、專業(yè)領(lǐng)域中頗有名氣的)Distinguished和eminent是同義詞（都是用來修飾嚴(yán)肅領(lǐng)域的人）--a

distinguished

physicist（n.物理學(xué)家）,an

eminent

surgeon（n.外科醫(yī)生）--an

eminent

judge（n.法官）,a

distinguished

lawyer（n.律師）notedadj.顯著的、值得注意的；著名的well-knowntoreceivealotofpublicattentionanotedrestaurant一個遠(yuǎn)近聞名的餐館celebrated['sel?bre?t?d]adj.most-talkedabout,famous著名的（非常偏，專業(yè)四級）acelebratedcase人盡皆知的案例celebrity[s?'lebr?t?](尤指娛樂界的)名人，明星illustrious[?'l?str??s]adj.極為杰出的，著名的（一般指人）(famousandadmiredbecauseofwhatyouhaveachievedinthepast,greatlydistinguished;celebrated)anillustriousbookanillustriousnamerenowned[r?’na?nd]

adj.某人或某事/地以其獨(dú)特的品質(zhì)、個性而聞名be~(as/forsth)有名的；聞名的；受尊敬的famousandrespected--Hangzhou

is

renowned

foritsbeautifulscenery.（n.風(fēng)景,景色）notoriousadj.臭名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)的（famouswidelyknownforsthbad）anotoriousgangster惡名昭彰的歹徒infamous

adj.身名狼藉的（=Notorious）Everest:thehighestmountainintheHimalayas,ontheborderbetweenTibetandNepal[n??p??l]eg.AIDSresearchershavemadesomeprogress,buttheystillhaveanEveresttoclimb.wade[we?d]v涉水、蹚水（或泥）(vi.跋涉vt.涉水；費(fèi)力行走n.跋涉；可涉水而過的地方)介詞一般用through或者acrosswadethrough引申出：費(fèi)時費(fèi)力地啃讀waterfall瀑布downfall垮臺snowfall暴雪gear一套用具之前學(xué)的是檔位，掛擋是gointoinflatable[?n'fle?t?b(?)l]可充氣的（膨脹的；引申出“得意的”）pneumaticpneumoniaaninflatablerubberdingyaninflatablemattressinflatev.1)tofillsthwithair充氣V-T/V-I使充氣；充氣inflatearubberdinghy2)tofillwithpride得意洋洋，驕傲的（人，膨脹）eg.Ouregoswereinflatedbysuccess.我們因?yàn)閯倮兊尿湴磷詽M了。3)tomakepricesincrease漲價，上漲vt&vi抬高(物價);漲高eg.Theinfluxofimmigrantshasinflatedhouseprices.大量移民的涌入使得房價上漲。4)夸大vtIfsomeoneinflatestheamountoreffectofsomething,theysayitisbigger,better,ormoreimportantthanitreallyis,usuallysothattheycanprofitfromit.eg:夸大損失，夸大收獲等等inflation（通貨膨脹）---deflation（銀根緊縮）bubbleeconomy泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì)deflatevt.放氣，排氣；使縮??；緊縮通貨；打擊；使泄氣vi.縮??；物價下降rubble['r?b(?)l]n.碎石，瓦礫（毀壞后的房屋，或者是鋪設(shè)在地面最下一層的碎石）boulder['b??ld?]n.大石塊（alargestoneorpieceofrock）（卵石，大圓石（圓形巨石）；巨礫）pebble['peb(?)l]n.小卵石，小石子(asmallsmoothstonefoundonthebeachoronthebottomofriver)eg.Youarenottheonlypebbleonthebeach!（usedtosaythatyouarenottheonlypersonwhohastobeconsideredordeservesattention）eg.Youarenottheonlyfishinthesea.cobble['k?b(?)l]n.forpavingtheroad大石子（大卵石，中礫）insistent[?n's?st(?)nt]連續(xù)的，不斷的（1、堅(jiān)持的;堅(jiān)決的2、(聲音、節(jié)奏等)持續(xù)的）insist1、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為;執(zhí)意要求V-T/V-Iinsistthatinsistonsth/doing堅(jiān)持說insistthat注意一些特殊的用法，或者特殊的詞意，比如之前steadily，本意是穩(wěn)定的，也可以翻譯為“連續(xù)的”Persistentstubbornabstinatelyboom[bu:m]v./n.轟響bomb[b?m]n炸彈vt&vi轟炸1)adeeploudsoundthatyoucanhear轟鳴聲theboomofthecannons2)arapidincreaseofbusinessactivity經(jīng)濟(jì)增長（經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，急速發(fā)展，激增）eg.Aftertheboom,everythingisgloom.boomtown新興的工業(yè)城市atownorcitythatsuddenlybecomesverysuccessfulbecausethereisalotofnewindustrybabyboom：嬰兒潮aperiodwhenalotofbabieswerebornesp.between1946and1964eg.BillClintonisababyboomerwhowasbornin1946.prosperousadj.

（經(jīng)濟(jì)上）繁榮的，昌盛的[‘pr?sp?r?s]--our

finance

is

prosperous我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)非常的繁榮。（Financen.財(cái)政,金融）thrivingadj.昌盛的，興旺的--thrivingbusiness[θra?v??]thrive興盛，興?。婚L得健壯boomingadj.蓬勃的，景氣的--aboomingmarket繁榮的市場本意：急速發(fā)展的boomv激增flourishingadj.繁茂的，健康的，繁榮的['fl?:????]flourish[‘fl?r??]茂盛，繁榮;活躍，蓬勃--Thoseplantsareflourishing.那些植物長得茂盛。waterspout['w?:t?spa?t]n強(qiáng)大的水柱（水龍卷）spout1、vt&vi噴射(液體、火);(液體、火)噴射出2、(容器的)嘴;口3、跌跌不休地說[表不滿]cleft[kleft]n.裂縫，開口（裂口（自然形成）（（尤指巖石、地表的）裂縫；額頭（或下巴）中間的豎縫；（身體）V字形凹陷）anaturalcrackinthesurfaceofrocksortheearthetc.）asharpcleftbetweenrichandpoor貧富之間的巨大差異cavern['k?v(?)n]n.大洞穴，大山洞alargecavestalagmite['st?l?gma?t]n石筍sticksupfromthefloorofacave.Stalagmitesareformedbytheslowdroppingofwatercontainingtheminerallime.['m?n(?)r(?)l]n.礦物；（英）礦泉水；無機(jī)物；adj.礦物的；礦質(zhì)的stalactite['st?l?kta?t]n.[地質(zhì)]鐘乳石alongpieceofrockwhichhangsdownfromtheroofofacave.Stalactitesareformedbytheslowdroppingofwatercontainingtheminerallime.Plaster['plɑ:st?]n.熟石膏(灰泥;熟石膏;膏藥;創(chuàng)可貼;護(hù)創(chuàng)膠布;)(v.抹灰;用灰泥抹(墻等);用…涂抹)gypsum['d??ps?m]是生石膏（簡稱石膏），自然界的礦物質(zhì)（晶體）,他指代就是CaSO4·2H2O，純的。Plaster是灰泥（好像俗稱石膏），人工的建筑材料（主要成分是gypsum生石膏加熱去水后變成的熟石膏人工研磨成的白色粉末），主要成分是熟石膏CaSO4·1/2H2O，其他成分雜七雜八的雜質(zhì)什么就多了去了我也不是很清楚。種類很多：gypsumplaster石膏灰泥,limeplaster石灰泥,cementplaster水泥灰泥.總之你就想：gypsum就是高中化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室放在瓶子里的做實(shí)驗(yàn)的純石膏。plaster是建筑工地一大包一大包的蓋房子用的所謂的“石膏”lime[la?m]石灰，青檸，酸橙limestone石灰石glisten['gl?s(?)n]v閃爍（vi.閃光，閃亮n.閃光，閃耀）（itshines,usuallybecauseitiswetoroily.(因有水或有油而)發(fā)光）glintglimflashflickereerie['??r?]adj.引起恐懼的(“令人”)，可怕的(strangeandfrighteningcausingafeelingofmysteryandfear)theeeriesoundofanowlhootsintheforestatnight夜晚貓頭鷹在森林里發(fā)出令人恐怖的叫聲。intheeeriesilence令人恐怖的寂靜之中eerilyADV怪異地;可怕地dome[d??m]n.穹隆，圓頂（圓屋頂）（aroundroof圓頂）thebluedomeofsky蒼穹underthedome穹頂之下柴靜，霧霾doom[du:m]v./n.tomakesbcertaintofail,die命里注定（會怎樣），在劫難逃常用被動bedoomedtodo（n.厄運(yùn)；死亡；判決；世界末日vt.注定；判決；使失敗）vtdoomsthtosth注定使什么怎樣（Ifafactoreventdoomssomeoneorsomethingtoaparticularfate,itmakescertainthattheyaregoingtosufferinsomeway.注定）destiny命運(yùn)eg.Theirmarriagewasdoomedtofailure.doomsday世紀(jì)末日二、課文講解Caveexploration,orpot-holing,asithascometobeknown,isarelativelynewsport.asithascometobeknown…as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句“正如人們已開始知道的那樣?！盋ometo變成某種狀態(tài)，有一個方向性，結(jié)合現(xiàn)在完成時又有了時間性，“從過去到現(xiàn)在，逐漸地”Brucechargedatit,butinthemiddle,thecarcametoagrindinghalt.eg.Bumjeejumping,asithascometobeknown,isarelativelynewsport.上節(jié)課學(xué)到了oraboutthoseunfortunatepeoplewhohavetotravelfromthecountrytothecityeverydaytogotowork（gotowork也有一個方向性，考試一般不會考，閱讀中也不太重要，但是表達(dá)上要準(zhǔn)確）relatively['rel?t?vl?]adv.相對地，比較地Perhapsitisthedesireforsolitudeorthechanceofmakinganunexpecteddiscoverythatlurespeopledowntothedepthsoftheearth.Itisthedesireforsolitude…thatlurespeople…（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）eg.Itisthewishforknowledgethatluresmeintothebookworld.注意介詞的使用，desireforchanceof==chancetodo以及副詞down表示方向后緊跟的to介詞，表目的對象eg：backto注意depth除了深度以外，depths（復(fù)數(shù)形式）表示深處、深淵Itisimpossibletogiveasatisfactoryexplanationforapot-holer’smotives.eg.Itisimpossibletogiveasatisfactoryexplanationforamurder’smotives.Activeadj.積極的；活躍的；主動的；有效的；現(xiàn)役的n.主動語態(tài)；積極分子Activatevt.[usupassive]刺激；使活動；使活潑；使產(chǎn)生放射性vi.激活；有活力Initiatevt.啟動，開始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起；使初步了解（傳授）n.開始；新加入者，接受初步知識者M(jìn)otiven.動機(jī)，目的；主題adj.發(fā)動的；成為動機(jī)的vt.使產(chǎn)生動機(jī)，激起Motivatev.刺激，使有動機(jī)，激勵/激發(fā)…的積極性；成為……的動機(jī)；（激起某種行為）Forhim,caveshavethesamepeculiarfascinationwhichhighmountainshavefortheclimber.注意對比的用法，fascinationforeg.Whatahighmountainistoaclimberthatacaveistoapot-holer.eg.JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature,soMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory.正如達(dá)爾文發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)自然界的發(fā)展規(guī)律一樣，馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類的發(fā)展規(guī)律。Theyarouseinstinctswhichcanonlybedimlyunderstood.arousevt引起，激起，激發(fā)arisevi.出現(xiàn)；上升；起立instinctn.本能languageinstinct語感instinctforself-preservation自衛(wèi)本能介詞用forintuition[?ntj?'??(?)n]直覺（注意同位語從句的使用）TheSixthSense第六感eg.Ihadanintuitionthatitwouldrain.eg.IfeelinmybonethattheremaybeachanceinamillionthatIwasright.tuitionn.學(xué)費(fèi)；授課（指導(dǎo)）英國英語dim暗淡的，希望渺茫的，可能性小的ExploringreallydeepcavesisnotataskfortheSundayafternoonrambler.注意總結(jié)表達(dá)“困難”的幾種方式it’sdifficultforsbtodosth最直白doingsthisnotataskforsbsbattemptingtodosthisalwaysfacedwithadifficulttasksbhasahardtimedoingsth雖然簡單也比較直接，但是表示的意思更加婉轉(zhuǎn)Suchundertakingsrequirethepreciseplanningandforesightofmilitaryoperations.ofmilitaryoperations軍事行動般的注意這個所有格of，表達(dá)的意思是軍事行動的遠(yuǎn)見，“般的”用來修飾thepreciseplanningandforesightItcantakeaslongaseightdaystorigupropeladdersandtoestablishsupplybasesbeforeadescentcanbemadeintoaverydeepcave.Itcantakeaslongas…rigup…itcantakeaslongas…it是形式主語，torigupropeladdersandtoestablishsupplybases是邏輯主語aslongas只要，就；長達(dá)aslongagoas早在（14課）rigupv.裝備，裝配；（用身邊的工具）草草搭起/做成(tomakeequipment,furnitureetc.quicklyfromobjectsthatyoufindaroundyou)rig[r?g]本意是給(船、桅等)裝配帆、鎖具等[nautical]（v.操縱；裝配；裝扮；裝上索具；為…提供服裝n.裝備；鉆探設(shè)備；服裝；帆裝；重型鉸接式開車）eg.Soldiersriggeduptentsforthenight.士兵搭起了過夜的帳篷。eg.Weriggedupasimpleshoweratthebackofthecabin.我們在小屋的后面臨時裝上了一個簡易熱水器。Itcantakeaslongas…rigup…adescentcanbemadeinto…makeadescentintoeg.Theydiscoveredthecraterandmadeadescentintothevolcano.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了火山口，并進(jìn)入了火山。descent[d?'sent]六級名詞1、下降、下坡2、沉淪;沒落[強(qiáng)調(diào)]3、出身[正式]descendondescendintodescendtosth/doingsthascend反義詞，上升1)familyorigins后代eg.WeareChinesebydescent.2)agradualchangetowardsbehaviorthatiswrong墮落，品格下降Precautionsofthissortarenecessary,foritisimpossibletoforetelltheexactnatureofthedifficultieswhichwillconfrontthepot-holer.precautionn.預(yù)防措施(pre→caution)takeprecaution（sththatyoudoinadvanceinordertopreventsthdangerousorunpleasantfromhappening）eg.Wehavetosaveourworkoftenasaprecautionagainstcomputerfailure.要經(jīng)常存盤，以免計(jì)算機(jī)失誤而丟失文檔。eg.Itakealltheprecautionsofinsuringmycar.我采取預(yù)防措施給車子上了保險(xiǎn)。takepreventivemeasures采取預(yù)防措施==takesteps==takeactionseg.Thegovernmenttookeffectivestepstoholdbacktheincreasinginflation.抑制了持續(xù)增長的通貨膨脹?！璽heexactnatureof…willconfrontthepot-holer.naturen.本質(zhì)，本性，性質(zhì)humannature人性thenatureof屬…性質(zhì)（類）eg.Hisrequestwasvirtuallyinthenatureofacommand.letthenaturetakeitscourse順其自然eg.Whatwillbewillbe.Letthenaturetakeitscourse.callofthenature大小便急（委婉語）…theexactnatureof…willconfrontthepot-holer.confrontv.面對，遭遇（todealwithsomethingverydifficultorunpleasantinabraveanddeterminedway）在這里要注意其主語，一般而言用的是人做主語，但是反過來，擬人的非靈主語，把困難作為主語confrontsbwithsth特化為(以某事物)與(某人)對質(zhì)eg.OnmyfirstdayatworkIwasconfrontedwiththetaskofchairingameeting.befacedwithThedeepestknowncaveintheworldistheGouffreBergernearGrenoble.Itextendstoadepthof3,723feet.Thisimmensechasmhasbeenformedbyanundergroundstreamwhichhastunneledacoursethroughaflawintherocks.known過去分詞直接做前置定語extend深達(dá)，也可以長達(dá)beformedby以什么形成tunnel隧道，在這里是動詞，形成隧道，挖掘隧道，挖掘，沖刷出隧道的形狀TheentrancetothecaveisonaplateauintheDauphineAlps.['d??fi?n]王妃多芬阿爾卑斯山脈theentranceto…的入口處entranceexaminationthegatewayto['ge?twe?]大門入口，門戶；途徑；網(wǎng)關(guān)eg.ForimmigrantsfromAsia,thegatewaytoUSAisSanFrancisco.plateau['pl?t??]高原Asitisonlysixfeetacross,itisbarelynoticeable.ThecavemighthaveneverbeendiscoveredhadnottheentrancebeenspottedbythedistinguishedFrenchpot-holer,Berger.mighthavedonesth虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)正常結(jié)構(gòu)為iftheentrancehadnotbeenspottedby…非真實(shí)性條件狀語從句，if的省略多用于較正式的文體之中。把“如果”兩字在字面上就去掉eg.HadIrealizedwhatyouintendedIshouldnothavewastedmytime.ifIhaverealizedwhatyouintended…Sinceitsdiscovery,ithasbecomeasortofpot-holers’Everest.Thoughanumberofdescentshavebeenmade,muchofitstillremainstobeexplored.muchofitstillremainstobeexplored有待于進(jìn)一步勘探注意里面概念的轉(zhuǎn)換，讓步狀從的主語是anumberofdescents探險(xiǎn)者的進(jìn)洞探索，“每次探險(xiǎn)”意味著都會有一些新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，主句是muchofit變成了洞穴本身，但整體仍然說的還是洞穴的未知和神秘。remainalottobeseenremainalottobedesiredremainalottobeimprovedeg.Itremainstobeseenwhetherornottheoperationwassuccessful.這次行動是否成功還是有待觀察。本課裂縫深坑不同的表達(dá)Afterenteringthenarrowgapon…Thisimmensechasmhasbeen…Theentrancetothecaveis…Ateamofpot-holersrecentlywentdowntheGouffreBerger.Afterenteringthenarrowgapontheplateau,theyclimbeddownthesteepsidesofthecaveuntiltheycametoanarrowcorridor.steep[sti:p]adj.峻峭的,陡峭的；急?。ㄉ担┑膒recipitous[pr?'s?p?t?s]adj.（verysteepandoftendangerous）險(xiǎn)峻，幾乎垂直的；居然的，急劇的abruptadj.突兀的（驟然的，突然的；唐突的）precipice['pres?p?s]n.峭壁（n.懸崖；絕壁；險(xiǎn)境）cliffn.懸崖（(尤其指靠海的)懸崖）corridor['k?r?d?:]走廊（英國英語）；走廊地帶(與另一國家相連或穿越另一國取得出海通道的狹長地帶)theHexi[Gansu]Corridor河西走廊passage走廊gallery畫廊hall(樓里的)過道[美國英語]Theyhadtoedgetheirwayalongthis,sometimeswadingacrossshallowstreams,orswimmingacrossdeeppools.edgeone'swayalong…側(cè)身緩緩的向前移動edge[ed?]n.邊緣；優(yōu)勢；刀刃；鋒利vt.使銳利；將…開刃；給…加上邊vi.緩緩移動；側(cè)著移動極限運(yùn)動，在高樓頂層的邊緣走?，F(xiàn)在分詞做伴隨狀語wadeacross涉水squeezethrough從中擠身過去elbow/shoulderone’sway==squeezeone’sway擠出一條路Suddenlytheycametoawaterfallwhichdroppedintoanundergroundlakeatthebottomoftheeto來到了atthebottomofTheyplungedintothelake,andafterloadingtheirgearonaninflatablerubberdinghy,letthecurrentcarrythemtotheotherside.current水流carry非靈主語的使用plungev.投入，跳入[pl?nd?]（=jump

or

rush

suddenly

and

wildly）以下都可以用plunge(sth)in/intosth1、Vi（尤指向水中）縱身投入，一頭進(jìn)入；突然前沖（或下落）2、Vt

將…投入；將…插入；將…刺進(jìn)

3、[V](ofprices,temperatures,etc.價格、溫度等)暴跌；驟降；突降4、（使）投身；（使）突然開始從事5、使（突然）陷入（不好的狀態(tài)）theroomwasplungedintodarkness--He

got

so

angry

that

he

plunge

into

the

water.--When

the

ship

Titanic

sank

in

the

ocean,a

large

number

of

people

plunged

into...jump（側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)快速地跳）--The

boy

is

jumping

up

and

down.Leapvt.跳躍,跳越（--He

leapt

out

of

the

sleeping

bad.）Divevi.潛水,跳水,下潛,俯沖Toprotectthemselvesfromtheicywater,theyhadtowearspecialrubbersuits.Atthefarendofthelake,theycametohugepilesofrubblewhichhadbeenwashedupbythewater.icywater刺骨的冷水地下水的溫度很低（水空調(diào)）山澗atthefaren