民法典中英對照(官方翻譯版)-第一編

中華人民共和國民法典CivilCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(2020年5月28日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過)(AdoptedattheThirdSessionoftheThirteenthNationalPeople’sCongressonMay28，2020)第一編總則BookOne：GeneralPart第一章基本規(guī)定ChapterI：GeneralProvisions第一條【立法目的】為了保護(hù)民事主體的合法權(quán)益，調(diào)整民事關(guān)系，維護(hù)社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，適應(yīng)中國特色社會主義發(fā)展要求，弘揚(yáng)社會主義核心價值觀，根據(jù)憲法，制定本法。Article1ThisLawisformulatedinaccordancewiththeConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforthepurposesofprotectingthelawfulrightsandinterestsofthepersonsofthecivillaw，regulatingcivil-lawrelations，maintainingsocialandeconomicorder，meettheneedsfordevelopingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics，andcarryingforwardthecoresocialistvalues.第二條【調(diào)整范圍】民法調(diào)整平等主體的自然人、法人和非法人組織之間的人身關(guān)系和財產(chǎn)關(guān)系。Article2Thecivillawregulatespersonalandproprietaryrelationshipsamongthepersonsofthecivillaw，namely，naturalpersons，legalpersons，andunincorporatedorganizationsthatareequalinstatus.第三條【民事權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)】民事主體的人身權(quán)利、財產(chǎn)權(quán)利以及其他合法權(quán)益受法律保護(hù)，任何組織或者個人不得侵犯。Article3Thepersonalrights，proprietaryrights，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsofthepersonsofthecivillawareprotectedbylawandfreefrominfringementbyanyorganizationorindividual.第四條【平等原則】民事主體在民事活動中的法律地位一律平等。Article4Allpersonsofthecivillawareequalinlegalstatuswhenconductingcivilactivities.第五條【自愿原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循自愿原則，按照自己的意思設(shè)立、變更、終止民事法律關(guān)系。Article5Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleofvoluntariness，create，alter，orterminateaciviljuristicrelationshipaccordingtohisownwill.第六條【公平原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循公平原則，合理確定各方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。Article6Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleoffairness，reasonablyclarifytherightsandobligationsofeachparty.第七條【誠信原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循誠信原則，秉持誠實(shí)，恪守承諾。Article7Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleofgoodfaith，upholdhonestyandhonorcommitments.第八條【守法與公序良俗原則】民事主體從事民事活動，不得違反法律，不得違背公序良俗。Article8Whenconductingacivilactivity，nopersonofthecivillawshallviolatethelaw，oroffendpublicorderorgoodmorals.第九條【綠色原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應(yīng)當(dāng)有利于節(jié)約資源、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境。Article9Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshallactinamannerthatfacilitatesconservationofresourcesandprotectionoftheecologicalenvironment.第十條【法律適用】處理民事糾紛，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法律；法律沒有規(guī)定的，可以適用習(xí)慣，但是不得違背公序良俗。Article10Civildisputesshallberesolvedinaccordancewithlaw.Wherethelawdoesnotspecify，custommaybeapplied，providedthatpublicorderandgoodmoralsmaynotbeoffended.第十一條【優(yōu)先適用特別法】其他法律對民事關(guān)系有特別規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。Article11Wherethereareotherlawsprovidingspecialprovisionsregulatingcivil-lawrelations，suchprovisionsshallbefollowed.第十二條【效力范圍】中華人民共和國領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。Article12ThelawsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinashallapplytothecivilactivitiestakingplacewithintheterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChina，exceptasotherwiseprovidedbylaw.第二章自然人ChapterII：NaturalPersons第一節(jié)民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力Section1：CapacityforEnjoyingCivil-lawRightsandCapacityforPerformingCivilJuristicActs第十三條【自然人民事權(quán)利能力的起止】自然人從出生時起到死亡時止，具有民事權(quán)利能力，依法享有民事權(quán)利，承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)。Article13Anaturalpersonshall，fromthetimeofbirthuntilthetimeofdeath，havethecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrights，andmayenjoycivil-lawrightsandassumecivil-lawdutiesinaccordancewithlaw.第十四條【自然人民事權(quán)利能力平等】自然人的民事權(quán)利能力一律平等。Article14Allnaturalpersonsareequalintheircapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrights.第十五條【自然人出生和死亡時間的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】自然人的出生時間和死亡時間，以出生證明、死亡證明記載的時間為準(zhǔn)；沒有出生證明、死亡證明的，以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的時間為準(zhǔn)。有其他證據(jù)足以推翻以上記載時間的，以該證據(jù)證明的時間為準(zhǔn)。Article15Thetimeofbirthandtimeofdeathofanaturalpersonaredeterminedbythetimerecordedonhisbirthordeathcertificateasapplied，or，ifthereisnobirthordeathcertificate，bythetimerecordedinthenaturalperson’shouseholdregistrationorothervalididentitycertificate.Ifthereissufficientevidenceoverturningthetimerecordedintheaforementioneddocuments，thetimethatisestablishedbysuchevidenceshallprevail.第十六條【胎兒利益的特殊保護(hù)】涉及遺產(chǎn)繼承、接受贈與等胎兒利益保護(hù)的，胎兒視為具有民事權(quán)利能力。但是，胎兒娩出時為死體的，其民事權(quán)利能力自始不存在。Article16Afetusisdeemedashavingthecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrightsinestatesuccession，acceptanceofgift，andothersituationswhereprotectionofafetus’interestsisinvolved.However，astillbornfetusdoesnothavesuchcapacityabinitio.第十七條【成年人與未成年人的年齡標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。Article17Anaturalpersonaged18oraboveisanadult.Anaturalpersonundertheageof18isaminor.第十八條【完全民事行為能力人】成年人為完全民事行為能力人，可以獨(dú)立實(shí)施民事法律行為。十六周歲以上的未成年人，以自己的勞動收入為主要生活來源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。Article18Anadulthasfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsandmayindependentlyperformciviljuristicacts.Aminoraged16orabovewhosemainsourceofsupportistheincomefromhisownlaborisdeemedasapersonwithfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.第十九條【限制民事行為能力的未成年人】八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實(shí)施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經(jīng)其法定代理人同意、追認(rèn)；但是，可以獨(dú)立實(shí)施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應(yīng)的民事法律行為。Article19Aminoraged8orabovehaslimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactthroughoruponconsentorratificationofhislegalrepresentative，providedthatsuchaminormayindependentlyperformaciviljuristicactthatispurelybeneficialtohimorthatisappropriatetohisageandintelligence.第二十條【無民事行為能力的未成年人】不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實(shí)施民事法律行為。Article20Aminorundertheageof8hasnocapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactonlythroughhislegalrepresentative.第二十一條【無民事行為能力的成年人】不能辨認(rèn)自己行為的成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實(shí)施民事法律行為。八周歲以上的未成年人不能辨認(rèn)自己行為的，適用前款規(guī)定。Article21Anadultunabletocomprehendhisownconducthasnocapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactonlythroughhislegalrepresentative.Theprecedingparagraphisapplicabletoaminoraged8orabovewhoisunabletocomprehendhisownconduct.第二十二條【限制民事行為能力的成年人】不能完全辨認(rèn)自己行為的成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實(shí)施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經(jīng)其法定代理人同意、追認(rèn)；但是，可以獨(dú)立實(shí)施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)的民事法律行為。Article22Anadultunabletofullycomprehendhisownconducthaslimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactthroughoruponconsentorratificationofhislegalrepresentative，providedthatsuchanadultmayindependentlyperformaciviljuristicactthatispurelybeneficialtohimorthatisappropriatetohisintelligenceandmentalstatus.第二十三條【法定代理人】無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護(hù)人是其法定代理人。Article23Theguardianofapersonwhohasnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsisthelegalrepresentativeoftheperson.第二十四條【無民事行為能力人或限制民事行為能力人的認(rèn)定與恢復(fù)】不能辨認(rèn)或者不能完全辨認(rèn)自己行為的成年人，其利害關(guān)系人或者有關(guān)組織，可以向人民法院申請認(rèn)定該成年人為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。被人民法院認(rèn)定為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，經(jīng)本人、利害關(guān)系人或者有關(guān)組織申請，人民法院可以根據(jù)其智力、精神健康恢復(fù)的狀況，認(rèn)定該成年人恢復(fù)為本條規(guī)定的有關(guān)組織包括：居民委員會、村民委員會、學(xué)校、醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、依法設(shè)立的老年人組織、民政部門等。Article24Whereanadultisunabletocomprehendorfullycomprehendhisconduct，anyinterestedpersonofsuchanadultorarelevantorganizationmayrequestthepeople’scourttodeclarethatthesaidadultbeidentifiedasapersonwithnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.Whereapersonhasbeenidentifiedbyapeople’scourtasapersonwithnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，thepeople’scourtmay，uponrequestoftheperson，aninterestedpersonthereof，orarelevantorganization，andbasedontherecoveryofhisintelligenceandmentalhealth，declarethatthesaidpersonbecomesapersonwithlimitedorfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.ArelevantorganizationreferredtointhisArticleincludesaresidents’committee，avillagers’committee，aschool，amedicalinstitution，thewomen’sfederation，thedisabledperson’sfederation，alegallyestablishedorganizationforseniorpeople，thecivilaffairsdepartment，andthelike.第二十五條【自然人的住所】自然人以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的居所為住所；經(jīng)常居所與住所不一致的，經(jīng)常居所視為住所。Article25Thedomicileofanaturalpersonistheresidencerecordedinthehouseholdorothervalididentificationregistrationsystem;ifanaturalperson’shabitualresidenceisdifferentfromhisdomicile，thehabitualresidenceisdeemedashisdomicile.第二節(jié)監(jiān)護(hù)Section2：Guardianship第二十六條【父母子女之間的法律義務(wù)】父母對未成年子女負(fù)有撫養(yǎng)、教育和保護(hù)的義務(wù)。成年子女對父母負(fù)有贍養(yǎng)、扶助和保護(hù)的義務(wù)。Article26Parentshavethedutytoraise，educate，andprotecttheirminorchildren.Adultchildrenhavethedutytosupport，assist，andprotecttheirparents.第二十七條【未成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人】父母是未成年子女的監(jiān)護(hù)人。未成年人的父母已經(jīng)死亡或者沒有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的，由下列有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的人按順序擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：（一）祖父母、外祖父母；（二）兄、姐；（三）其他愿意擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的個人或者組織，但是須經(jīng)未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。Article27Theparentsofaminorarehisguardians.Wheretheparentsofaminoraredeceasedorincompetenttobehisguardians，thefollowingpersons，ifcompetent，shallactashisguardiansinthefollowingorder：(1)hispaternalgrandparentsandmaternalgrandparents;(2)hiselderbrothersandsisters;or(3)anyotherindividualororganizationthatiswillingtoactashisguardian，providedthatconsentmustbeobtainedfromtheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheminor’sdomicileislocated.第二十八條【無、限制民事行為能力的成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人】無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的成年人，由下列有監(jiān)護(hù)能力的人按順序擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人：（一）配偶；（二）父母、子女；（三）其他近親屬；（四）其他愿意擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的個人或者組織，但是須經(jīng)被監(jiān)護(hù)人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。Article28Foranadultwhohasnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，thefollowingpersons，ifcompetent，shallactashisguardiansinthefollowingorder：(1)hisspouse;(2)hisparentsandhischildren;(3)anyothercloserelativesofhim;or(4)anyotherindividualororganizationthatiswillingtoactashisguardian，providedthatconsentmustbeobtainedfromtheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheadult’sdomicileislocated.第二十九條【遺囑指定監(jiān)護(hù)人】被監(jiān)護(hù)人的父母擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的，可以通過遺囑指定監(jiān)護(hù)人。Article29Aparentwhoistheguardianofhischildmay，inhiswill，designateasucceedingguardianforhischild.第三十條【協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護(hù)人】依法具有監(jiān)護(hù)資格的人之間可以協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護(hù)人。協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重被監(jiān)護(hù)人的真實(shí)意愿。Article30Aguardianmaybedeterminedthroughagreementamongthepersonswhoarelegallyqualifiedtobeguardians.Thetruewillofthewardshallberespectedindeterminingtheguardianthroughagreement.第三十一條【監(jiān)護(hù)爭議解決程序】對監(jiān)護(hù)人的確定有爭議的，由被監(jiān)護(hù)人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門指定監(jiān)護(hù)人，有關(guān)當(dāng)事人對指定不服的，可以向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護(hù)人；有關(guān)當(dāng)事人也可以直接向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護(hù)人。居民委員會、村民委員會、民政部門或者人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)尊重被監(jiān)護(hù)人的真實(shí)意愿，按照最有利于被監(jiān)護(hù)人的原則在依法具有監(jiān)護(hù)資格的人中指定監(jiān)護(hù)人。依據(jù)本條第一款規(guī)定指定監(jiān)護(hù)人前，被監(jiān)護(hù)人的人身權(quán)利、財產(chǎn)權(quán)利以及其他合法權(quán)益處于無人保護(hù)狀態(tài)的，由被監(jiān)護(hù)人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會、法律規(guī)定的有關(guān)組織或者民政部門擔(dān)任臨時監(jiān)護(hù)人。監(jiān)護(hù)人被指定后，不得擅自變更；擅自變更的，不免除被指定的監(jiān)護(hù)人的責(zé)任。Article31Whereadisputearisesoverthedeterminationofaguardian，theguardianshallbeappointedbytheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocated，andapartynotsatisfiedwithsuchanappointmentmayrequestthepeople’scourttoappointaguardian;therelevantpartiesmayalsodirectlyrequestthepeople’scourttomakesuchanappointment.Whenappointingaguardian，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，thecivilaffairsdepartment，orthepeople’scourtshallrespectthetruewillofthewardandappointaguardianinthebestinterestofthewardfromamongthelegallyqualifiedpersons.Wherethepersonal，proprietary，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsofawardarenotunderanyprotectionbeforeaguardianisappointedinaccordancewiththefirstparagraphofthisArticle，theresidents’committee，thevillager’scommittee，arelevantorganizationdesignatedbylaw，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedshallactasatemporaryguardian.Onceappointed，aguardianshallnotbereplacedwithoutauthorization;whereaguardianhasbeenreplacedwithoutauthorization，theresponsibilityoftheoriginallyappointedguardianisnotdischarged.第三十二條【公職監(jiān)護(hù)人】沒有依法具有監(jiān)護(hù)資格的人的，監(jiān)護(hù)人由民政部門擔(dān)任，也可以由具備履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)條件的被監(jiān)護(hù)人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會擔(dān)任。Article32Wherethereisnopersonlegallyqualifiedasaguardian，thecivilaffairsdepartmentshallactastheguardian，andtheresidents’committeeorvillagers’committeeintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedmayalsoactastheguardianiftheyarecompetentinperformingthedutiesofguardian.第三十三條【意定監(jiān)護(hù)】具有完全民事行為能力的成年人，可以與其近親屬、其他愿意擔(dān)任監(jiān)護(hù)人的個人或者組織事先協(xié)商，以書面形式確定自己的監(jiān)護(hù)人，在自己喪失或者部分喪失民事行為能力時，由該監(jiān)護(hù)人履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)。Article33Anadultwithfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsmay，inanticipationofincapacityinthefuture，consulthiscloserelatives，orotherindividualsororganizationswillingtobehisguardian，andappointinwritingaguardianforhimself，whoshallperformthedutiesofguardianwhentheadultlosesallorpartofthecapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.第三十四條【監(jiān)護(hù)人的職責(zé)與權(quán)利及臨時生活照料措施】監(jiān)護(hù)人的職責(zé)是代理被監(jiān)護(hù)人實(shí)施民事法律行為，保護(hù)被監(jiān)護(hù)人的人身權(quán)利、財產(chǎn)權(quán)利以及其他合法權(quán)益等。監(jiān)護(hù)人依法履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利，受法律保護(hù)。監(jiān)護(hù)人不履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)或者侵害被監(jiān)護(hù)人合法權(quán)益的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。因發(fā)生突發(fā)事件等緊急情況，監(jiān)護(hù)人暫時無法履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，被監(jiān)護(hù)人的生活處于無人照料狀態(tài)的，被監(jiān)護(hù)人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門應(yīng)當(dāng)為被監(jiān)護(hù)人安排必要的臨時生活照料措施。Article34Thedutiesofaguardianaretorepresentthewardtoperformciviljuristicactsandtoprotectthepersonal，proprietary，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsoftheward.Aguardian’srightsarisingfromperformanceofhisdutiesasrequiredbylawareprotectedbylaw.Aguardianwhofailstoperformhisdutiesorinfringesuponthelawfulrightsorinterestsofthewardshallbearlegalliability.Whereaguardianistemporarilyunabletoperformhisdutiesowingtoanemergencysuchasanunexpectedincident，thusleavingthewardinanunattendedsituation，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedshallmakearrangementasatemporarymeasuretoprovidenecessarylifecarefortheward.第三十五條【監(jiān)護(hù)人履行職責(zé)的原則與要求】監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照最有利于被監(jiān)護(hù)人的原則履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)。監(jiān)護(hù)人除為維護(hù)被監(jiān)護(hù)人利益外，不得處分被監(jiān)護(hù)人的財產(chǎn)。未成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，在作出與被監(jiān)護(hù)人利益有關(guān)的決定時，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)被監(jiān)護(hù)人的年齡和智力狀況，尊重被監(jiān)護(hù)人的真實(shí)意愿。成年人的監(jiān)護(hù)人履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，應(yīng)當(dāng)最大程度地尊重被監(jiān)護(hù)人的真實(shí)意愿，保障并協(xié)助被監(jiān)護(hù)人實(shí)施與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應(yīng)的民事法律行為。對被監(jiān)護(hù)人有能力獨(dú)立處理的事務(wù)，監(jiān)護(hù)人不得干涉。Article35Aguardianshallperformhisdutiesinthebestinterestoftheward.Aguardianshallnotdisposeoftheward’spropertyunlessitisforprotectingtheinterestsoftheward.Whenperforminghisdutiesandmakingdecisionsrelatingtoaminor’sinterests，aguardianofaminorshallrespectthetruewilloftheminorbasedonthelatter’sageandintelligence.Whenperforminghisduties，aguardianofanadultshallrespectthetruewilloftheadulttothegreatestextentpossible，andensureandaidthewardinperformingciviljuristicactsappropriatetohisintelligenceandmentalstatus.Theguardianshallnotinterferewiththemattersthatthewardiscapableofindependentlymanaging.第三十六條【撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人資格】監(jiān)護(hù)人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根據(jù)有關(guān)個人或者組織的申請，撤銷其監(jiān)護(hù)人資格，安排必要的臨時監(jiān)護(hù)措施，并按照最有利于被監(jiān)護(hù)人的原則依法指定監(jiān)護(hù)人：（一）實(shí)施嚴(yán)重?fù)p害被監(jiān)護(hù)人身心健康的行為；（二）怠于履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)，或者無法履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)且拒絕將監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)部分或者全部委托給他人，導(dǎo)致被監(jiān)護(hù)人處于危困狀態(tài)；（三）實(shí)施嚴(yán)重侵害被監(jiān)護(hù)人合法權(quán)益的其他行為。本條規(guī)定的有關(guān)個人、組織包括：其他依法具有監(jiān)護(hù)資格的人，居民委員會、村民委員會、學(xué)校、醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、未成年人保護(hù)組織、依法設(shè)立的老年人組織、民政部門等。前款規(guī)定的個人和民政部門以外的組織未及時向人民法院申請撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人資格的，民政部門應(yīng)當(dāng)向人民法院申請。Article36Whereaguardianhasperformedanyofthefollowingacts，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofarelevantindividualororganization，disqualifytheguardian，adoptnecessarytemporarymeasures，andappointanewguardianinthebestinterestofthewardinaccordancewithlaw：(1)engaginginanyactswhichseverelyharmthephysicalormentalhealthoftheward;(2)failingtoperformthedutiesofguardian，orbeingunabletoperformsuchdutiesbutrefusingtodelegateallorpartofthedutiestoothers，thusplacingthewardinadesperatesituation;or(3)engaginginotheractswhichseverelyinfringeuponthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheward.TherelevantindividualandorganizationreferredtointhisArticleincludeanyotherpersonlegallyqualifiedtobeaguardian，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，aschool，amedicalinstitution，thewomen’sfederation，thedisabledpersons’federation，achildprotectionorganization，alegallyestablishedorganizationforseniorpeople，thecivilaffairsdepartment，andthelike.Wheretheaforementionedindividualandorganizationotherthanthecivilaffairsdepartment，asstatedintheprecedingparagraph，failtorequestthepeople’scourttodisqualifytheguardianinatimelymanner，thecivilaffairsdepartmentshallinitiatesucharequesttothepeople’scourt.第三十七條【監(jiān)護(hù)人資格被撤銷后負(fù)擔(dān)義務(wù)不免除】依法負(fù)擔(dān)被監(jiān)護(hù)人撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)、贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)、扶養(yǎng)費(fèi)的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人資格后，應(yīng)當(dāng)繼續(xù)履行負(fù)擔(dān)的義務(wù)。Article37Aparent，child，orspouselegallyobligatedtopayforhisward’ssupportshallcontinuetoperformsuchobligationsafterbeingdisqualifiedasaguardianbythepeople’scourt.第三十八條【恢復(fù)監(jiān)護(hù)人資格】被監(jiān)護(hù)人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人資格后，除對被監(jiān)護(hù)人實(shí)施故意犯罪的外，確有悔改表現(xiàn)的，經(jīng)其申請，人民法院可以在尊重被監(jiān)護(hù)人真實(shí)意愿的前提下，視情況恢復(fù)其監(jiān)護(hù)人資格，人民法院指定的監(jiān)護(hù)人與被監(jiān)護(hù)人的監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系同時終止。Article38Whereaward’sparentorchild，whohasbeendisqualifiedasaguardianbythepeople’scourtforreasonsotherthanhavingcommittedanintentionalcrimeagainsttheward，andwhohastrulyrepentedandmendedhisways，appliestothepeople’scourtforbeingreinstated，thepeople’scourtmay，uponconsideringtheactualsituationanduponthesatisfactionoftheprerequisitethatthetruewillofthewardisrespected，reinstatetheguardian，andtheguardianshipbetweenthewardandtheguardiansubsequentlyappointedbythepeople’scourtafterthedisqualificationoftheoriginalguardianshallthusbeterminatedsimultaneously.第三十九條【監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系終止的情形】有下列情形之一的，監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系終止：（一）被監(jiān)護(hù)人取得或者恢復(fù)完全民事行為能力；（二）監(jiān)護(hù)人喪失監(jiān)護(hù)能力；（三）被監(jiān)護(hù)人或者監(jiān)護(hù)人死亡；（四）人民法院認(rèn)定監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系終止的其他情形。監(jiān)護(hù)關(guān)系終止后，被監(jiān)護(hù)人仍然需要監(jiān)護(hù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法另行確定監(jiān)護(hù)人。Article39Aguardianshipisterminatedunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances：(1)thewardhasobtainedorregainedfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts;(2)theguardianhasbecomeincompetenttobeaguardian;(3)thewardortheguardiandeceases;or(4)Anyothercircumstanceinwhichthepeople’scourtdeterminestoterminatetheguardianship.Whereawardisstillinneedofaguardianaftertheterminationoftheguardianship，anewguardianshallbeappointedinaccordancewithlaw.第三節(jié)宣告失蹤和宣告死亡Section3：DeclarationofAMissingPersonandDeclarationofDeath第四十條【宣告失蹤的條件】自然人下落不明滿二年的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人為失蹤人。Article40Ifanaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownfortwoyears，aninterestedpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttodeclarethenaturalpersonasamissingperson.第四十一條【下落不明的時間計算】自然人下落不明的時間自其失去音訊之日起計算。戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間自戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束之日或者有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)確定的下落不明之日起計算。Article41Theperiodoftimeduringwhichanaturalperson’swhereaboutsisunknownshallbecountedfromthedatewhenthenaturalpersonhasnotbeenheardofeversince.Ifapersonismissingduringawar，thetimeofhiswhereaboutsbecomingunknownshallbecountedfromthedatethewarisendedorfromthedateasdeterminedbytherelevantauthority.第四十二條【失蹤人的財產(chǎn)代管人】失蹤人的財產(chǎn)由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意擔(dān)任財產(chǎn)代管人的人代管。代管有爭議，沒有前款規(guī)定的人，或者前款規(guī)定的人無代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。Article42Amissingperson’spropertyshallbeplacedinthecustodyofhisspouse，adultchildren，parents，oranyotherpersonswillingtotakesuchcustody.Whereadisputearisesoverthecustodyofamissingperson’sproperty，orthepersonsprovidedintheprecedingparagraphareunavailableorincompetentforsuchapurpose，thepropertyshallbeplacedinthecustodyofapersonappointedbythepeople’scourt.第四十三條【財產(chǎn)代管人的職責(zé)】財產(chǎn)代管人應(yīng)當(dāng)妥善管理失蹤人的財產(chǎn)，維護(hù)其財產(chǎn)權(quán)益。失蹤人所欠稅款、債務(wù)和應(yīng)付的其他費(fèi)用，由財產(chǎn)代管人從失蹤人的財產(chǎn)中支付。財產(chǎn)代管人因故意或者重大過失造成失蹤人財產(chǎn)損失的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。Article43Acustodianshallproperlymanagethemissingperson’spropertyandsafeguardhisproprietaryinterests.Thetaxes，debts，andotherduepaymentobligationsowedbyamissingperson，ifany，shallbepaidbythecustodianoutofthemissingperson’sproperty.Acustodianwho，intentionallyorduetogrossnegligence，causesdamagetothepropertyofthemissingpersonshallbeliableforcompensation.第四十四條【財產(chǎn)代管人的變更】財產(chǎn)代管人不履行代管職責(zé)、侵害失蹤人財產(chǎn)權(quán)益或者喪失代管能力的，失蹤人的利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請變更財產(chǎn)代管人。財產(chǎn)代管人有正當(dāng)理由的，可以向人民法院申請變更財產(chǎn)代管人。人民法院變更財產(chǎn)代管人的，變更后的財產(chǎn)代管人有權(quán)請求原財產(chǎn)代管人及時移交有關(guān)財產(chǎn)并報告財產(chǎn)代管情況。Article44Whereacustodianfailstoperformhisdutiesofcustodian，infringesupontheproprietaryrightsorinterestsofthemissingperson，orifthecustodianbecomesincompetenttobeacustodian，aninterestedpersonofthemissingpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttoreplacethecustodian.Acustodianmay，withjustcause，requestthepeople’scourttoappointanewcustodiantoreplacehimself.Wherethepeople’scourtappointsanewcustodian，thenewcustodianisentitledtorequesttheformercustodiantodelivertherelevantpropertyandapropertymanagementreportinatimelymanner.第四十五條【失蹤宣告的撤銷】失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷失蹤宣告。失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，有權(quán)請求財產(chǎn)代管人及時移交有關(guān)財產(chǎn)并報告財產(chǎn)代管情況。Article45Whereamissingpersonreappears，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofthesaidpersonoraninterestedpersonthereof，revokethedeclarationofhisbeingmissing.Amissingpersonwhoreappearsisentitledtorequestthecustodiantodelivertherelevantpropertyandapropertymanagementreportinatimelymanner.第四十六條【宣告死亡的條件】自然人有下列情形之一的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人死亡：（一）下落不明滿四年；（二）因意外事件，下落不明滿二年。因意外事件下落不明，經(jīng)有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)證明該自然人不可能生存的，申請宣告死亡不受二年時間的限制。Article46Aninterestedpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttomakeadeclarationofthedeathofanaturalpersonundereitherofthefollowingcircumstances：(1)thenaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownforfouryears;or(2)thenaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownfortwoyearsasaresultofanaccident.Thetwo-yearrequirementforanaturalpersontobedeclareddeaddoesnotapplywheretheperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownasaresultofanaccidentandifarelevantauthoritycertifiesthatitisimpossibleforthesaidnaturalpersontostillbealive.第四十七條【宣告死亡的優(yōu)先適用】對同一自然人，有的利害關(guān)系人申請宣告死亡，有的利害關(guān)系人申請宣告失蹤，符合本法規(guī)定的宣告死亡條件的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)宣告死亡。Article47Whereaninterestedpersonrequeststhepeople’scourttodeclarethedeathofanaturalperson，whileanotherinterestedpersonrequeststodeclarethepersonbeingmissing，thepeople’scourtshalldeclarethatthepersonisdeadiftheconditionsfordeclarationofdeathasprescribedinthisCodearesatisfied.第四十八條【被宣告死亡的人死亡日期的確定】被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判決作出之日視為其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件發(fā)生之日視為其死亡的日期。Article48Forapersondeclareddead，thedatewhenthepeople’scourtmakesajudgmentdeclaringhisdeathisdeemedasthedateofhisdeath;forapersondeclareddeadbecausehiswhereaboutsisunknownasaresultofanaccident，thedateoftheoccurrenceoftheaccidentisdeemedasthedateofhisdeath.第四十九條【被宣告死亡期間的民事法律行為效力】自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影響該自然人在被宣告死亡期間實(shí)施的民事法律行為的效力。Article49Thedeclarationofthedeathofanaturalpersonwhoisstillalivedoesnotaffecttheeffectsoftheciviljuristicactsperformedbythepersonduringtheperiodthedeathdeclarationiseffective.第五十條【死亡宣告的撤銷】被宣告死亡的人重新出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)本人或者利害關(guān)系人申請，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷死亡宣告。Article50Whereapersondeclareddeadreappears，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofthepersonoraninterestedpersonthereof，revokethedeclarationofhisdeath.第五十一條【宣告死亡、撤銷死亡宣告對婚姻關(guān)系的影響】被宣告死亡的人的婚姻關(guān)系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤銷的，婚姻關(guān)系自撤銷死亡宣告之日起自行恢復(fù)。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登記機(jī)關(guān)書面聲明不愿意恢復(fù)的除外。Article51Themaritalrelationshipwithapersondeclareddeadceasestoexistfromthedatethedeclarationofhisdeathismade.Wherethedeclarationofdeathisrevoked，theaforementionedmaritalrelationshipshallbeautomaticallyresumedfromthedatethedeclarationofdeathisrevoked，exceptwherethespousehasmarriedtosomeoneelseorstatesinwritingtothemarriageregistrationauthoritytheunwillingnesstoresumethemarriage.第五十二條【撤銷死亡宣告對收養(yǎng)關(guān)系的影響】被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期間，其子女被他人依法收養(yǎng)的，在死亡宣告被撤銷后，不得以未經(jīng)本人同意為由主張收養(yǎng)行為無效。Article52Whereachildofapersondeclareddeadhasbeenlegallyadoptedbyothersduringtheperiodwhenthedeclarationofdeathiseffective，thepersondeclareddeadshallnot，afterthedeclarationofhisdeathisrevoked，claimthattheadoptionisinvalidonthegroundthathischildisadoptedwithouthisconsent.第五十三條【死亡宣告撤銷后的財產(chǎn)返還】被撤銷死亡宣告的人有權(quán)請求依照本法第六編取得其財產(chǎn)的民事主體返還財產(chǎn)；無法返還的，應(yīng)當(dāng)給予適當(dāng)補(bǔ)償。利害關(guān)系人隱瞞真實(shí)情況，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其財產(chǎn)的，除應(yīng)當(dāng)返還財產(chǎn)外，還應(yīng)當(dāng)對由此造成的損失承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。Article53Whereadeclarationofthedeathofapersonisrevoked，thepersonisentitledtorequestthosewhohaveobtainedhispropertyunderBookVIofthisCodetoreturntheproperty，ormakeappropriatecompensationifthepropertycannotbereturned.Whereaninterestedpersonconcealsthetrueinformationandcausesanaturalpersontobedeclareddeadsoastoobtainthelatter’sproperty，theinterestedpersonshall，inadditiontoreturningthewrongfullyobtainedproperty，makecompensationforanylossthuscaused.第四節(jié)個體工商戶和農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶Section4：Individual-RunIndustrialandCommercialHouseholdsandRural-landContractualManagementHouseholds第五十四條【個體工商戶的定義】自然人從事工商業(yè)經(jīng)營，經(jīng)依法登記，為個體工商戶。個體工商戶可以起字號。Article54Anaturalpersonwhooperatesanindustrialorcommercialbusinessmayregisterit，inaccordancewithlaw，asanindividual-runindustrialandcommercialhousehold.Anindustrialandcommercialhouseholdmayhaveatradename.第五十五條【農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶的定義】農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的成員，依法取得農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)，從事家庭承包經(jīng)營的，為農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶。Article55Membersofaruraleconomiccollectivewho，inaccordancewithlaw，havebeengrantedanoriginalcontracttooperateaparcelofrurallandandengagesintheoperationofthelandonahouseholdbasisarerural-landcontractualmanagementhouseholds.第五十六條【債務(wù)承擔(dān)規(guī)則】個體工商戶的債務(wù)，個人經(jīng)營的，以個人財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)；家庭經(jīng)營的，以家庭財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)；無法區(qū)分的，以家庭財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)。農(nóng)村承包經(jīng)營戶的債務(wù)，以從事農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營的農(nóng)戶財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)；事實(shí)上由農(nóng)戶部分成員經(jīng)營的，以該部分成員的財產(chǎn)承擔(dān)。Article56Thedebtsofanindividual-runindustrialandcommercialhouseholdshallbepaidfromtheassetsoftheindividualwhooperatesthebusinessinhisownnameorfromtheindividual’sfamilyassetsifthebusinessisoperatedinthenameofthehousehold，or，ifitisimpossibletodeterminewhetherthebusinessisoperatedinthenameoftheindividualorinthenameoftheindividual’shousehold，fromtheindividual’sfamilyassets.Thedebtsofarural-landcontractualmanagementhouseholdshallbepaidfromtheassetsofthehouseholdthatisengagedintheoperationonthecontractedruralland，orfromtheportionoftheassetsofthefamilymemberswhoactuallyengageinsuchoperation.第三章法人ChapterIII：LegalPersons第一節(jié)一般規(guī)定Section1：GeneralRules第五十七條【法人的定義】法人是具有民事權(quán)利能力和民事行為能力，依法獨(dú)立享有民事權(quán)利和承擔(dān)民事義務(wù)的組織。Article57Alegalpersonisanorganizationthathasthecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrightsandthecapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andthatindependentlyenjoys