考研英語(yǔ)考研輔導(dǎo)強(qiáng)化班英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作講義

第一講GeneralIntroduction（總記）

I.GeneralIntroduction（總論）

1.TheRoleofWriting（寫(xiě)作的地位）

2.RequirementsforWritingintheExam（考試對(duì)寫(xiě)作的要求）

II.UseofLanguage（語(yǔ)言的使用）

1.Theuseofwords（選取最恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~使表達(dá)生動(dòng)鮮明、充實(shí)而有效）

1）簡(jiǎn)易常用詞和拼讀復(fù)雜詞

由于歷史的緣故，英語(yǔ)和北歐語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)、意大利語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)有著密切的聯(lián)系，由此出現(xiàn)許多

外來(lái)詞。而這些外來(lái)詞在英語(yǔ)本語(yǔ)中往往可以找到同義或近義詞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，外來(lái)詞較長(zhǎng)，

拼寫(xiě)與記憶較難，多用于正式文體，如政府文件、學(xué)術(shù)性著作、法律文書(shū)等，屬于拼讀復(fù)雜

詞；本語(yǔ)詞拼寫(xiě)較短，多用于日常寫(xiě)作及會(huì)話(huà)，屬于簡(jiǎn)易常用詞。從應(yīng)試的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，由于

本語(yǔ)詞較短、易識(shí)別且使用頻率高，我們提倡多使用，這樣可以提高表達(dá)效率，使文章清楚

明了，又可減少錯(cuò)誤率。

Examples:

ask（本語(yǔ)）question（法語(yǔ)）interrogate（拉丁語(yǔ)）

2）一般詞和具體詞

一般詞具有概括和抽象的特點(diǎn)，適于在段落之首提出主題思想和末尾總結(jié)概括。而具體詞可

以使意思表達(dá)的更準(zhǔn)確、生動(dòng)和鮮明，適于展開(kāi)主題。

Examples:

Plant:tree,bush,vegetable,flower,fruit

Vegetable:cabbage,turnip,carrots,onions,garlic,potatoes,cucumber,lettuce,

cauliflower,pepperbroccoli,eggplant,mushrooms,tomatoes

Fruit:apple,peach,pear,strawberry,grapes,orange,watermelon,pineapple,mango,

bananas,kiwifruit,cherry,apricot

Walk:edge,limp,shuffle,trudge,trot,pace,stagger,toddle,stroll

Look:see,watch,observe,perceive,sight,spotscan,glancepeer,stare,gaze,

behold

Laugh:giggle,titter,chuckle,grin,guffaw

Cry:weep,sob,groan,wail,lament,whimper

第二講寫(xiě)作考試中一些常用詞

3）寫(xiě)作考試中一些常用詞

*A1thoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.

*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.

*Hisbodyishealthy.

*Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.

*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoing

part-timejobs.

1）Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.

2）Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.

3)Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.There?sacontemptuouslookonhis

face.

4)Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.

Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.

5)Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.

6)Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.

Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.

Shehasledaworthylife.

7)aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeaware

8)economiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficial

beneficent

9)seniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposterior

10)Themajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyof

Agreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitof

Alotof,aquantityof,plentyof

11)See,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,1istento,feel,make,

let,bid,have

12)It'ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomething

fortheChristmasparty.

Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.

2.Sentence(怎樣寫(xiě)出地道流暢的句子)

1)句子成分的一致性

"Swimmingatthelake,Jim,sfootwascutbyarock.

*Whilesmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecracklingfire.

*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.

*Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.

但，

Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwi11findGermaneasierthanFrench.

Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.

Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.

2)分句間的邏輯關(guān)系及連貫性

*Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,(because)

*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheis

apoormanager,andheshouldbefired.(Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecausehe

is

*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.

(Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.)

*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.(butwasnot

seriouslyhurt.)

*Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.(Takeyourtimeandbecareful)

*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.

3）寫(xiě)作考試中一些常用詞

^Althoughsheisoneofmyfriends,shestronglyagainstmyopinion.

*Sheisgettingmarriedinnextmonth.

*Hisbodyishealthy.

*Childrenaredangerouswhentheyplaywithmatches.

*Inonehandweshouldstudyhard,inotherhandweshouldbeindependentbydoing

part-timejobs.

1)Suchthingsdonothappeneveryday.Thisiseverydayoccurrence.

2)Thebirdsareflyinghighinthesky.Theleaderwashighlyrespectedbypeople.

3)Thecontemptiblemanisselfishandvain.There?sacontemptuouslookonhis

face.

4)Heisarespectableoldman.Heisrespectfultowardhisteachers.

Afterthemeetingtheywentbacktotheirrespectiveprovinces.

5)Sheisdesirousofseeinghimagain.Heisthedesirablemanfortheposition.

6)Helpinghimisworthwhile.Itisworthwhilehelpinghim.

Thenovelisworthstudying.Thenovelisworthyofcarefulstudy.

Shehasledaworthylife.

7)aliveafraidalonealikeashamedasleepawakeaware

8)economiceconomicalhealthyhealthfulimaginativeimaginarybeneficial

beneficent

9)seniorjuniorsuperiorinferiorpriorposterior

10)Themajorityof,agreatnumberof,agreatmanyof

Agreatdealof,agreatamountof,abitof

Alotof,aquantityof,plentyof

11)See,lookat,watch,observe,notice,perceive,hear,listento,feel,make,

let,bid,have

12)It'ssurprisingthatneitherthemothernorthechildrenhavepreparedsomething

fortheChristmasparty.

Maryaswellashersisterswasveryhappytovisittheirgrandparentsinthecountry.

2.Sentence(怎樣寫(xiě)出地道流暢的句子)

1)句子成分的一致性

*Swimmingatthelake,Jim'sfootwascutbyarock.

*Whilesmokingapipe,mydogsatwithmebythecracklingfire.

*Byplantingdifferentvarietiesofcrops,thepestswereunabletoadapt.

*Seeingfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.

但，

Generallyspeaking,anativeEnglishspeakerwillfindGermaneasierthanFrench.

Totellthetruth,whatshehasdoneletusdown.

Consideringthecircumstances,hehasdoneagoodjob.

2)分句間的邏輯關(guān)系及連貫性

*Johnhadadrinkingproblemandhedroppedoutofschool,(because)

*Theemployeeisoftenlateforwork,andhewritesillogicalreports,andheis

apoormanager,andheshouldbefired.(Theemployeeshouldbefiredbecausehe

is…)

*Thetestwashard,andthestudentswereresentful,andtheirteacherwasirritated.

（Becausethestudentsresentedthehardtest,theirteacherwasirritated.）

*Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitdidnotseriouslyhurthim.（butwasnot

seriouslyhurt.）

*Takeyourtime,andyoushouldbecareful.（Takeyourtimeandbecareful）

*1readthepassagecarefully,andseveralmistakeswerefound.

第三講句子的完整性

3）句子的完整性

*Myfatherwhoisverykind,learnedandhelpedmealotinmylife.

*TheyenjoyreadingclassicChineseliterature.SuchasthepoetrybyLiBaiand

DuFu.

4）分句的連接

"Readingbooksisoneofthegreatestpleasuresofourlives,throughreadingbooks

wecanaddtoourknowledgeandbroadenourview.

但，

Toerrishuman,toforgiveisdivine.

Outofsight,outofmind.

練習(xí)1：選用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~完成句子。

thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwise

moreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequently

1）RoanmovedtoNewYork;,hermotherstayedinBoston.（對(duì)比）

2）Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;,Iwillnothelpyouagain.（原因）

3）Theleaderssettledtheargument;,therewouldhavebeenwar.（對(duì)比）

4）Harrisoniskind;,heisgenerous.（遞進(jìn)）

5）Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;,hehadanactivecareer.（對(duì)比）

6）Televisionisentertaining;,itissometimesinstructive.（遞進(jìn)）

7）Wemustmeetthedeadline;,adecisionisneedednow（結(jié)果）

8）Iwillstudymedicineforsixyears;Iwillbeadoctor.（時(shí)f司）

9）Ilivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;,youareneverhome.（遞進(jìn)）

10）Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;,histeacher

gavehimspecialhelp.（結(jié)果）

11）Theroadwaswetandslippery;,thereweremanyaccidents.（結(jié)果）

12）AllofMrs.Jackson'sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;,sheisveryhealthy

atage75.（比較）

13）Iheldthedog;,myfriedwashedit.（時(shí)間）

14）Heputoutthefirequickly;,agreatdisasterwasavoided.（結(jié)果）

5）句子的簡(jiǎn)潔性

1）Blackwasoneofthosepeoplewhomtherearefewintheworldlikehim.

2）Thewatchisgoldenincolorandcosts$50inprice.

3)Hedidn,thaveenoughexperience,whichisthereasonwhyhedidn,tdothework

well.

4)ThemoviethatIwenttolastnight,whichwasfairlyinteresting,Imustsay,

wasenjoyedbymeandmygirlfriend.

5)Themeaningofhisstatementisthatheisoftheopinionthatthedeathpenalty

shouldbeallowed.

6)Withoutdoubt,theonlythingyoucanrelyordependonwouldbethesurefact

thatdeathcomestoeveryone.

7)Shewasanoldwomanwhowasverykindinnatureandamiableinmanner.

8)Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.

9)Hewasnotwillingtoadmitthefactthathehadnotsucceeded.

練習(xí)2：改寫(xiě)下列句子，使之更加簡(jiǎn)潔。

1.Helookedatherandwassurprised,fHelookedatherinsurprise.

2.Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.

3.Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved.

4.Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms.

5.Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion.

6.Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine.

7.Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.

8.Thetraitor,sfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotes

andhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.

9.Shehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionof

herankles.

10.IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseeanumberofdark,

blue-greenmarkings.

6)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的句子對(duì)寫(xiě)作表達(dá)效果的影響

Sample1

Acareerisnoteasytochoose.Itisoneofthemostimportantdecisionsyouwill

makeinyourlife.Findtherightcareer,andyouwillbehappyandsuccessful.Find

thewrongcareer,andyoumaybeunhappyandunsuccessful.Youshouldexploreyour

choiceofoccupationfromeveryangle.Youshouldcollectasmuchinformationas

youcan.Youshouldtrydifferentkindsofworkbeforemakingupyourmind.Youshould

evaluateyourself.Youshouldmakesureofyourinterestsandtalents.(句式單一,

主次不明，邏輯性差)

Sample2

Formostpeople,choosingacareerisnoteasy.Yetitisoneofthemostimportant

decisionsyouhavetomakeinyourlife.Ifyoucanfindtherightcareer,youare

morelikelytoliveahappyandsuccessfullife;ifnot,youwillprobablyfacea

lotoftrouble.Itpays,therefore,toexploreyourchoiceofoccupationfromevery

angle,collectasmuchinformationaspossible,andeventrydifferentkindsofwork

beforemakingupyourmind.Aboveall,evaluateyourself.Besurethatyouknowyour

owninterestsandtai6nts.(因果、主次關(guān)系明確，層次清楚，邏輯性強(qiáng)，表達(dá)明了，易

于理解)

Sample3

Atmydeskintheoffice,Iopenedthemorningmail.1wassurprisedtofindabill

abillfromtheElectricityCompany.Ihadalreadypaidit.Ishoutedatthecompany

manageronthephone.Heapologized.Heofferedtosendme$100forthemistake.

At10:00Ifrankacupofcoffee.Ihadthreecakes.Myheadcalledat10:30.We

metleisurelyfortwohours.ItoldhimthatIdisagreedwithhisofficeworking

methods.Hewasnotagoodadministrator.Heletthatdepartmentfallintodisorders.

Hedidn,tknowhowtohandlehishands.Hethankedmeformyhonesty.Hegaveme

a$50-a-weekraise.（缺少必要的關(guān)系連接詞顯示句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，句式單一，結(jié)

構(gòu)松散，影響意思表達(dá)）

Sample4

Atmydeskintheoffice,Iopenedthemorningmailandwassurprisedtofindabill

abillfromtheElectricityCompany,whichIhadalreadypaid.WhenIshoutedat

thecompanymanageronthephone,heapologizedandofferedtosendme$100forthe

mistake.At10:00Idrankacupofcoffeeandhadthreecakes.Thenmyheadcalled

at10:30.Wemetleisurelyfortwohours,duringwhichItoldhimthatIdisagreed

withhisofficeworkingmethods.Isaidhewasnotagoodadministratorandletthat

departmentfallintodisorders.Moreover,hedidn,tknowhowtohandlehishands.

Hethankedmeformyhonestyandgavemea$50-a-weekraise.

（連接詞運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)，表達(dá)出了先后順序，意思清楚明了，讀起來(lái)輕松流暢）

III.TheDevelopmentofaTopic,OpeningandEnding（展開(kāi)主題的基本方法,文章的

開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾）

1.列舉法

1）EverydayIhavetokeeponrunningbetweendifferentplaces.Inthemorning,

IhavetosendmylittleSistertothekindergartenbeforeIhurrytomyschool.

Atnoon,Ishouldgobackhomeandpreparelunchformymotherandmyself.Inthe

eveningafterclasses,Ihavetoruntothekindergartentotakemylittlesister

back.Thenaftersupper,Iwillgotoworkatthestoreandgobackhomeat23:30.

2）Doingpart-timejobsbenefitsstudentinmainlythreeaspects.First,doing

part-timejobshelpscultivateindependenceamongstudents.Second,doingpart-time

jobshelpsculti-vateagoodhabitofthriftamongstudents.Third,andthemost

important,doingpart-timejobsisoneofthebestwaystomakestudentsknowmore

aboutthesociety.

3）Theimportanceoflibraries

Librariesareamonghumanbeing'smostimportantinstitutionsforseveralreasons.

Inthefirstplace,mostofhumanbeing'scollectiveknowledgeisstoredinlibraries.

Librariesprotectandpreservethisknowledge.Theyalsoclassifyorgroupthe

materialsintologicalandeasilyavailabledivisions.

Furthermore,librariesmakethematerialsavailabletoeveryoneandevenprovide

librarianstohelpusfindwhatweneed.Finally,librariesareourlinktothepast

andourgifttothefuture.

2.舉例法

1）

Don,tHesitatetoSay'No'

Tohelpothersisavirtue,butwhenweareaskedtohelpinthefollowingthree

casesweshouldsayNo”.Firstly,weshouldsay“No"whenwearcaskedtodo

some-thingillegalorimmoral.Forexample,ifoneofyourfriendsasksyoutohelp

himinamurder,youshouldrefusehim.Secondly,weshouldsay"No"whenfulfilling

hisorherwillisaviolationofourprinciple.Thirdly,weshouldsay"No”when

whatweareaskedtodoisbeyondourability.

2)

Somepeoplewilldothestrangestthingstogainfame.Forexample,therearethose

whogoinforvariouskindsofmarathons,dancingorblowingbubblegumfordays

atatime,togettheirnamesinthepaperorinrecordbooksofsomekind.Then

therearepeoplewhositonflagpolesforaweekormore,apparentlyenjoyingthe

attentiontheyreceivefromthecrowdbelow.Therearepeoplewhohopetoimpress

peoplebecausetheyatethemostcreampiesorbecausetheycollectedthemostbottle

tops.Andthereareevenpeoplewhoseekpublicnoticebywayofsettingarecord

forthenumberofarticlesofclothingtheycanputonatonetimeorthenumber

theycantakeoff.Ofcourse,thereareafewmentallytwistedindividualswhoseek

fameattheexpenseofotherpeople,spropertyorevenlives,butfortunatelythe

greatmajorityofpeoplesatisfytheirurgetoberememberedinwaysthatproduce

littlemoredamagethanabadcaseofindigestion.

練習(xí)3：選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。

Illustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchas

WhatIsLanguage?

Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhich

isusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.

Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethan

anythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.

Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:,many

birdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,

________expressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansof

communicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.,animals,criesare

notarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,,the

kindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsandconsonants.Theyalso

lackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahumanutteranceintowords.

Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodofthis

isasoldierwhocansay,“tanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecanchange

onewordandsayaaircraftapproachingfromthenorthor“tanksapproachingfrom

thewest”;butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”

Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamous

gorilla,theGreatTitis;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,whereasinhuman

languagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italsoexplainswhyanimal

criesareverygeneralinmeaning.

3.比較和對(duì)比法

1)ThereisadegreeofresemblanceamongHeming-way,DosPassosandFaulkner.The

threewriterswhoaremostoftenreferredtoas“thelostgeneration“areallhighly

individualartistsandarevastlydifferentfromtheirforebearsinsubjectmatter,

attitudeandstyle.Theywereallaffectedbytheclimateofthepostwaryears,

althoughtheirwarexperienceshaddifferedgreatly.And,theywereallmajor

influencesformanyotherwriters.Theyaf-fectedthedevelopmentoftwentieth

centurywritingnotonlyintheUnitedStatesbutalsoinEngland,Franceandmany

otherpartsofEurope.

2)Catsmakebetterpetsthandogs.Dogsaremessyanddonotcleanupafterthemselves.

Theyeattoomuchfood,andrequiretoomuchcare.Besides,dogsjumpuponpeople,

andknockoverfurniture.Cats,ontheotherhand,arecleanandtidy.Theyeat

sparingly,andtakecareofthemselves.Catsareusuallywell-manneredpets.

3)Mary'sbedroomisquitedifferentfromherbrother'sroom.Herroomisclean,

butherbrother?sroomisfullofdirt.Herroomisalwayskeptinorder,while

inherbrotherJsroomyoucanoftenseepilesofdirtyclothes.Herroomsmells

ofperfumewhileherbrother'sroomsmellsofsweat.

常用銜接詞：比較：inalikemanner,equally,inasimilarmanner,likewise,also,

inthesameway,similarly;

對(duì),比：notwithstanding,afterall,incontrast,onthecontrary,althoughthismay

betrue,incontrastto,ontheotherhand,atthesametime,inspiteof,still,

butitmustbeconferred,yet,again

練習(xí)4：試用對(duì)比法展開(kāi)下列主題。

ReadingisabetterwayofrecreationthanwatchingTV.

第四講課后習(xí)題講解

課后習(xí)題講解：

練習(xí)1

thushowevermeanwhilelikewiseaccordinglyfurthermorethenthereforeotherwise

moreoverbesidesthenhencealsoconsequently

1)RoanmovedtoNewYork;however,hermotherstayedinBoston.

2)Youhavedisregardedmyadvice;therefore,Iwillnothelpyouagain.

3)Theleaderssettledtheargument;otherwise,therewouldhavebeenwar.

4)Harrisoniskind;moreover,heisgenerous.

5)Mr.Carrwasaninvalidallhislife;nevertheless,hehadanactivecareer.

6)Televisionisentertaining;furthermore,itissometimesinstructive.

7)Wemustmeetthedeadline;hence,adecisionisneedednow

8)Iwillstudymedicineforsixyears;thenIwillbeadoctor.

9)Ilivetoofarawaytovisityouoften;besides,youareneverhome.

10)Herequestedanopportunitytomakeuptheworkhehadmissed;accordingly,his

teachergavehimspecialhelp.

11)Theroadwaswetandslippery;consequently,thereweremanyaccidents.

12)AllofMrs.Jackson'sancestorswereactiveandlong-lived;likewise,sheis

veryhealthyatage75.

13)Iheldthedog;meanwhile,myfriedwashedit.

14)Heputoutthefirequickly;thus,agreatdisasterwasavoided.

練習(xí)2

1)Helookedatherandwassurprised.Helookedatherinsurprise.

2)Themeetingendedandeveryonefeltbitter.—Themeetingendedinbitterness.

3)Shehaddiedandhewasgrieved.-*Hewasingriefoverherdeath.

4)Weweregreetedbyyoungmenwhoworeblackuniforms.—Wewere…inblack

uniforms.

5)Herefusedtotalktothem.Sohehadarousedsuspicion.—Hehadaroused…

byrefusingto???

6)Shesmokedalotandherfingerswerebrownwithnicotine,fShe???,herfingers

brown,,,

7)Thelittlefellowlookedaround.Hishandswereinhispockets.—Thelittle…，

hishandsin***

8)ThetraitorJsfacewasbeamingwithsmileandhepocketedthewadofbanknotes

andhewasnotawareoftheriskhewastaking.—-Hisfacebeamingwithsmile,the

traitorpocketedthewadofbanknotes,unawareof

9)Shehadbeenconfinedtobedforalongtime.Thishadimpairedthefunctionof

herankles.

fLongconfinementtobedhadimpairedthefunctionofherankles.

10)IfyoustudyMarscarefullythroughatelescope,youwillseanumberofdark,

blue-greenmarkings.-*AcarefullystudyofMarsthroughatelescopewillreveal

anumberofdark,blue-greenmarkings.

練習(xí)3

Illustrationforexampleacaseinpointanexampleforinstancesuchas

WhatIsLanguage?

Alanguageisasignalingsystemwhichoperateswithsymbolicvocalsounds,andwhich

isusedbyagroupofpeopleforthepurposesofcommunication.

Letuslookatthisdefinitioninmoredetailbecauseitislanguage,morethan

anythingelse,thatdistinguishesmanfromtherestoftheanimalworld.

Otheranimals,itistrue,communicatewithoneanotherbymeansofcries:forexample,

manybirdsutterwarningcallsattheapproachofdanger;apesutterdifferentcries,

suchasexpressionsofanger,fearandpleasure.Butthesevariousmeansof

communicationdifferinimportantwaysfromhumanlanguage.Forinstance,animalsy

criesarenotarticulate.Thismeans,basically,thattheylackstructure.Theylack,

forexample,thekindofstructuregivenbythecontrastbetweenvowelsand

consonants.Theyalsolackthekindofstructurethatenablesustodivideahuman

utteranceintowords.

Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitbyanother:agoodillustration

ofthisisasoldierwhocansay,“tanksapproachingfromthenorth”,orhecan

changeonewordandsay^aircraftapproachingfromthenorthortanksapproaching

fromthewest”;butabirdhasasinglealarmcry,whichmeans“danger!”

Thisiswhythenumberofsignalsthatananimalcanmakeisverylimited:thefamous

gorilla,theGreatTitisacaseinpoint;ithasabouttwentydifferentcalls,

whereasinhumanlanguagethenumberofpossibleutterancesisinfinite.Italso

explainswhyanimalcriesareverygeneralinmeaning.

4.描述法

1)時(shí)間順序

Togetthemostoutofhistextbooks,astudentshouldfollowseveralstepsvery

carefully.First,heshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneral

ideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,heshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingand

formulatequestionsashereads.Next,heshouldmakenotesofthemajorpointsof

eachchapter.Afterthatheshouldtesthimselftobesurethathecananswer

questionslikelytoberaisedinclassandinexaminations.Finally,heshouldreview

hisnotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartohim.

常用的連接詞：

起始：first,firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith

中間：second,secondly,inthesecondplace,next,afterwards,afterthat,then,

later,another,third,thirdly,stillanother,inaddition,besides,furthermore

最后：lastly,atlast,finally,eventually,intheend

2)空間順序

A.MyclassmateJoeiseasytolocateinacrowdofpeople.Hehasathin,oblong

face.Underhislightbrownhair,whichisthickandstraight,hisforeheadissmooth,

tanned,andslightlysunburned.Hisheavyeyebrowsaredarkerthanhishair.His

eyesareapalesky-blue,fringedwithshortbrowneyelashes.Oneeyelooksalittle

smallerthantheother.Hislong,straightnoseissunburned.Thereisanoticeable

scaronhisupperlipjustunderhisnose.Hehasaclear-shavenchin.Hismouth

isfairlywide,buthislipsarethin,andtheysmilelightly,eveninsleep.

常用銜接詞和短語(yǔ)：besituated/locatedat,besurroundedby,nextto,totheeast/west

of,closeto,from?-to…，over,under,below,between,across,from,opposite,

adjacent,farbehind,atthetop,here,straightahead,attheright,inthecenter,

inthedistance,beyond,farbehind,nearby

5.因果法

1)Withcomingoftheindustrialageandthegreatincreaseinworldpopulation,

ourabilitytopollutetheairbegantoovertakenature'sabilitytopurifyit.

Consequently,theeffectswerefirstfeltinareasofheavyindustry.Asaresult,

peopleinthoseareassufferedfromlungandheartailments.Sincethen,theproblem

hasnotonlyincreasedbuthasalsospreadthroughouttheworld.Forthesereasons,

itisimportanttogiveattentiontocontrollingairpollution.

2)Workisanimportantpartofone'slife.Wecanderivesomepleasureand

satisfactionfromthecompletionofwork.Whenweseetheresultofourwork,we

willfeelhappy.Ontheotherhandasocietywouldnotkeepgoingifpeopledidn,

tworkanddidn'tproducewealth.Weneedtoworkandweneedtogetapay,with

whichwecansupportourselvesandourfamilyaswell.

常用動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：cause,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,bringabout,bedue

to,becausedby,resultfrom,betheresultof,betheeffectof,accordingly

課堂練習(xí)：運(yùn)用學(xué)到的展開(kāi)方法分析下面三篇短文。

1)FoodandOurWeight

Foodisthesourceofenergyforthebody.Foodandtheenergyitproducesare

important.Indeed,weneedthisenergyjusttokeepalive.Naturally,energyis

requiredjusttodigestthefoodneededtoproduceenergyinthefirstplace.Moreover,

energyisessentialforallcontinuousbodyprocessessuchasbreathing,thebeating

oftheheart,andthemaintenanceofmuscleandbone.Also,childrenandyouthneed

energyforgrowth.Inbr