英語(yǔ)閱讀原文及答案3

UrbanDevelopmentintheUnitedStatesinthe19th

Century

IndiscussingthegrowthofcitiesintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenth

century,onecannotreallyusetheterm“urbanplanning,"asitsuggests

modernconcernsforspatialandserviceorganizationwhich,inmostinstances,

didnotexistbeforetheplanningrevolutioncalledtheCityBeautiful

Movementthatbeganinthe1890s.Whiletherecertainlywereurbanareas

thatwere“planned”inthecomprehensivecontemporarysenseoftheword

beforethatdate,mostnotablyWashington,D.C.,theseweretheexception.

Most“planning”inthenineteenthcenturywaslimitedtoareasmuchsmaller

thanacityandwascloselyassociatedwithdeveloperstryingtomakeaprofit

fromapieceofland.Evenwhenthesesmall-scaleplanswerewelldesigned,

thedevelopersmadeonlythoseimprovementsthatwereabsolutelynecessary

toattractthewealthysegmentofthemarket.Indeed,itwastheabsenceof

trueurbanplanningthatallowedotherfactorstoplaysuchanimportantrole

inshapingthenineteenthcenturyAmericancity.

Threeforcesparticularlyaffectedtheconfigurationofurbanandsuburban

areasinthenineteenthcentury:economics,transportationtechnology,and

demographics.AddedtothesewasthecharacteristicAmericanpreference

bothforindependentliving,usuallyassociatedwithhavinganindividual,

free-standinghomeforone'sfamily,andforruralliving.Economicsaffected

urbanizationintwoways.First,economicconsiderationsinfluencedlocation

decisionsforbusinessandindustry,whichoftenpreemptedchoicesites.

Second,industrialgrowthgeneratedhigherincomesforlargesegmentsofthe

population,whichinturnprovidedmoremoneyforlargerhomesand

commutertransportation.Relatedtoeconomics(sincecoststoindividuals

alwaysplayedarole)wereimprovementsintransportation,fromthefirst

horse-drawnbusesofthe1820stoelectrifiedstreetrailwaysattheendofthe

century.Eachtransportinnovationextendedthedistancethatapersoncould

reasonablytravelasacommuterorshopper,whileconstantsystem

improvementsandincreasedridershiplessenedcosts.

Demographicpatternsalsoaffectedurbanizationintwoways:first,urban

populationsgrewsteadilythroughoutthecenturyduetoimmigrationfrom

ruralareas,principallybythoseseekingfactorywork,andemigrationfrom

abroad.Thereforecitiesexpandedasnewhousinghadtobeprovided.

Secondly,atthesametimethatnewresidentsweresurgingintocities,many

urbanites,particularlythoseofthemiddleclasses,begantoleave.Whilea

preferenceforrurallivingexplainedpartofthisexodus,itwasalsoduetothe

perceptionthatvariousurbanproblemswerebecomingworse.

Manynineteenth-centuryurbanproblemswerethosethatcontinueto

plaguecitiestoday—crime,pollution,noise-butotherswerethedirectresult

oflackofplanningandregulation,suchasthreatoffire,poorsanitation,and

shoddybuildingconstruction.Firewasasignificantprobleminurbanareasof

NorthAmericafromthetimeofthefirstEuropeansettlement.Construction

withcombustiblematerialscoupledwithcloseplacementofbuildingsandthe

useofopenflamesinheating,cooking,andlightingmeantthatthepotential

forragingfireswaseverpresent.Lackofsanitation,andtheensuingpublic

healthproblemsitcreated,wasamoreconstant,iflessdramatic,urbanissue

itwasnotuntilthe1860sthatanyserious,concertedeffortwasmadeto

developpropersystemsforwaterdeliveryandsewageremoval.Inspiteof

remarkablestridesmadeinthe1870sand1880sbythenewlyestablished

professionofsanitaryengineering,thecommonnineteenth-centurypatternof

individualunprofessionallyplannedandinstalledcesspools(underground

tanksforholdinghouseholdsewage)continued.Thisledtowater

contaminationandthespreadofdiseasebyrodentsandinsects.

Problemsofthefireandpoorsanitationwereinextricablylinkedwiththe

lastmajorurbanproblemofthenineteenthcentury—lackofcoordinationin

thephysicalexpansionofcitiesandtheirinfrastructuresystems(systemsfor

providingservicessuchaswater,gas,electricity,andsewage).Typically,

developmentwasbothunplannedandunrestricted,withlandownersmaking

allchoicesoflotsize,services,andstreetarrangementbasedonlyontheir

individualneedsinthemarketplace.Distortionsofstreetsandabruptchanges

inthedistanceofhousesfromthestreetinurbanareas,whichsoclearly

delineatewhereonedevelopmentendedandanotherbegan,werejustthe

mostobviousproblemsthatthislackofcoordinationcreated.

Paragraph1

IndiscussingthegrowthofcitiesintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenth

century,onecannotreallyusetheterm“urbanplanning,"asitsuggests

modernconcernsforspatialandserviceorganizationwhich,inmostinstances,

didnotexistbeforetheplanningrevolutioncalledtheCityBeautiful

Movementthatbeganinthe1890s.Whiletherecertainlywereurbanareas

thatwere“planned”inthecomprehensivecontemporarysenseoftheword

beforethatdate,mostnotablyWashington,D.C.,theseweretheexception.

Most“planning"inthenineteenthcenturywaslimitedtoareasmuchsmaller

thanacityandwascloselyassociatedwithdeveloperstryingtomakeaprofit

fromapieceofland.Evenwhenthesesmall-scaleplanswerewelldesigned,

thedevelopersmadeonlythoseimprovementsthatwereabsolutelynecessary

toattractthewealthysegmentofthemarket.Indeed,itwastheabsenceof

trueurbanplanningthatallowedotherfactorstoplaysuchanimportantrole

inshapingthenineteenthcenturyAmericancity.

1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationin

thehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethe

meaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation

A.Understandingthegrowthofcitiesinnineteenth-centuryAmericarequires

recognizinghowtheCityBeautifulMovementofthe1890schanged"urban

planning.”

B.Forthemostpart,therewasno"urbanplanning”,asthattermis

understoodtoday,beforethebeginningoftheCityBeautifulMovementin

the1890s.

C.Concernsforspatialandserviceorganizationhadlittleimpactonthe

growthofcitiesbeforethe1890swhentheCityBeautifulMovementbegan.

D.Thegrowthofcitiesinnineteenth-centuryAmericaresultedinthecreation

oftheCityBeautifulMovementinthe1890sandtheriseoftheterm

“urbanplanning/'

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,Washington.D.C.was

A.atypicalnineteenth-centuryAmericancity

B.acitythatwasplannedinseparatesectionsbylanddevelopers

C.theveryfirstcityinAmericatobedescribedas"planned”

D.oneofthefewcasesoftrueurbanplanninginAmericabeforethe1890s

3.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesthat,accordingtoparagraph1,best

describemosturbanplansinthenineteenthcentury.Toreceivecredit,you

mustselectTWOanswers.

A.Theywerecreatedtoprofitlanddevelopers.

B.Theytypicallyaffectedonlypartofacityratherthanthewholecity.

C.Theirsuccesssometimesdirectlyledtoothernecessaryimprovementsin

cities.

D.Theywerecarefullyreviewedbycitygovernments.

Paragraph2

Threeforcesparticularlyaffectedtheconfigurationofurbanandsuburban

areasinthenineteenthcentury:economics,transportationtechnology,and

demographics.AddedtothesewasthecharacteristicAmericanpreference

bothforindependentliving,usuallyassociatedwithhavinganindividual,

free-standinghomeforone'sfamily,andforruralliving.Economicsaffected

urbanizationintwoways.First,economicconsiderationsinfluencedlocation

decisionsforbusinessandindustry,whichoftenpreemptedchoicesites.

Second,industrialgrowthgeneratedhigherincomesforlargesegmentsofthe

population,whichinturnprovidedmoremoneyforlargerhomesand

commutertransportation.Relatedtoeconomics(sincecoststoindividuals

alwaysplayedarole)wereimprovementsintransportation,fromthefirst

horse-drawnbusesofthe1820stoelectrifiedstreetrailwaysattheendofthe

century.Eachtransportinnovationextendedthedistancethatapersoncould

reasonablytravelasacommuterorshopper,whileconstantsystem

improvementsandincreasedridershiplessenedcosts.

4.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionsthecharacteristicAmerican

preferencebothforindependentlivingandforrurallivingto

A.identifyoneofthefactorsthataffectedtheconfigurationofurbanand

suburbanareasinAmericaninthenineteenthcentury

B.explainwhichofthethreeforcesmentioned---economics,transportation

technology,anddemographics-wasthemostimportantinshaping

Americancitiesandsuburbs.

C.explainhowdecisionsweremadeinAmericannineteenth-centurycities

andsuburbsaboutlocationsforbusinessesandfactories.

D.provideevidenceshowingthatindustrialgrowthwasabletogenerate

higherincomesformuchofthepopulationinnineteenth-centurycities

andsuburbsinAmerica.

Paragraph3

Demographicpatternsalsoaffectedurbanizationintwoways:first,urban

populationsgrewsteadilythroughoutthecenturyduetoimmigrationfrom

ruralareas,principallybythoseseekingfactorywork,andemigrationfrom

abroad.Thereforecitiesexpandedasnewhousinghadtobeprovided.

Secondly,atthesametimethatnewresidentsweresurgingintocities,many

urbanites,particularlythoseofthemiddleclasses,begantoleave.Whilea

preferenceforrurallivingexplainedpartofthisexodus,itwasalsoduetothe

perceptionthatvariousurbanproblemswerebecomingworse.

5.Theword“steadily"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.significantly

B.rapidly

C.continuously

D.unevenly

Paragraph2

Threeforcesparticularlyaffectedtheconfigurationofurbanandsuburban

areasinthenineteenthcentury:economics,transportationtechnology,and

demographics.AddedtothesewasthecharacteristicAmericanpreference

bothforindependentliving,usuallyassociatedwithhavinganindividual,

free-standinghomeforone'sfamily,andforruralliving.Economicsaffected

urbanizationintwoways.First,economicconsiderationsinfluencedlocation

decisionsforbusinessandindustry,whichoftenpreemptedchoicesites.

Second,industrialgrowthgeneratedhigherincomesforlargesegmentsofthe

population,whichinturnprovidedmoremoneyforlargerhomesand

commutertransportation.Relatedtoeconomics(sincecoststoindividuals

alwaysplayedarole)wereimprovementsintransportation,fromthefirst

horse-drawnbusesofthe1820stoelectrifiedstreetrailwaysattheendofthe

century.Eachtransportinnovationextendedthedistancethatapersoncould

reasonablytravelasacommuterorshopper,whileconstantsystem

improvementsandincreasedridershiplessenedcosts.

6.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatisonereasonthattransportationcostsin

Americancitiesdecreasedduringthenineteenthcentury?

A.Thenumberofpeopleusingtransportationincreased.

B.Thecostofenergysuchaselectricitydecreased.

C.Commutersandshoppersbeganlivingclosertotheirdestinations.

D.Transportationsuppliershadtocompeteforriders.

Paragraph3

Demographicpatternsalsoaffectedurbanizationintwoways:first,urban

populationsgrewsteadilythroughoutthecenturyduetoimmigrationfrom

ruralareas,principallybythoseseekingfactorywork,andemigrationfrom

abroad.Thereforecitiesexpandedasnewhousinghadtobeprovided.

Secondly,atthesametimethatnewresidentsweresurgingintocities,many

urbanites,particularlythoseofthemiddleclasses,begantoleave.Whilea

preferenceforrurallivingexplainedpartofthisexodus,itwasalsoduetothe

perceptionthatvariousurbanproblemswerebecomingworse.

7.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutchangesin

thedemographicsofcitiesduringthenineteenthcentury?

A.Thereasonmostpeopleleftthecitywastotakejobsinthecountry.

B.Themiddleclasspopulationincreased.

C.Thepopulationbecamemoreethnicallydiverse.

D.Theworkingclasspopulationtendedtoliveintheoldesthousing.

Paragraph4

Manynineteenth-centuryurbanproblemswerethosethatcontinueto

plaguecitiestoday—crime,pollution,noise—butotherswerethedirectresult

oflackofplanningandregulation,suchasthreatoffire,poorsanitation,and

shoddybuildingconstruction.Firewasasignificantprobleminurbanareasof

NorthAmericafromthetimeofthefirstEuropeansettlement.Construction

withcombustiblematerialscoupledwithcloseplacementofbuildingsandthe

useofopenflamesinheating,cooking,andlightingmeantthatthepotential

forragingfireswaseverpresent.Lackofsanitation,andtheensuingpublic

healthproblemsitcreated,wasamoreconstant,iflessdramatic,urbanissue

itwasnotuntilthe1860sthatanyserious,concertedeffortwasmadeto

developpropersystemsforwaterdeliveryandsewageremoval.Inspiteof

remarkablestridesmadeinthe1870sand1880sbythenewlyestablished

professionofsanitaryengineering,thecommonnineteenth-centurypatternof

individualunprofessionallyplannedandinstalledcesspools(underground

tanksforholdinghouseholdsewage)continued.Thisledtowater

contaminationandthespreadofdiseasebyrodentsandinsects.

8.Theword“plague"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.bediscussedin

B.befoundin

C.isolate

D.causetroublefor

9.Accordingtoparagraph4,eachofthefollowingcontributedtothethreatof

fireinnineteenth-centuryAmericancitiesEXCEPT

A.thedistancefromonebuildingtothenext

B.thetypesofwater-deliverysystemsused

C.themethodsusedforheatingandcooking

D.thekindsofmaterialsusedinconstructingbuildings

io.Accordingtoparagraph4,lackofadequatesystemsforremovingsewage

ledto

A.theappearanceofnewtypesofrodentsandinsects

B.thedevelopmentofnew,moreeffectivecesspools

C.disruptionsofwater-deliverysystems

D.contaminationofwatersupplies

Paragraph5

Problemsofthefireandpoorsanitationwereinextricablylinkedwiththe

lastmajorurbanproblemofthenineteenthcentury—lackofcoordinationin

thephysicalexpansionofcitiesandtheirinfrastructuresystems(systemsfor

providingservicessuchaswater,gas,electricity,andsewage).Typically,

developmentwasbothunplannedandunrestricted,withlandownersmaking

allchoicesoflotsize,services,andstreetarrangementbasedonlyontheir

individualneedsinthemarketplace.Distortionsofstreetsandabrupt

changesinthedistanceofhousesfromthestreetinurbanareas,whichso

clearlydelineatewhereonedevelopmentendedandanotherbegan,werejust

themostobviousproblemsthatthislackofcoordinationcreated.

11.Theword“abrupt"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.noticeable

B.random

C.variable

D.sudden

12.Accordingtoparagraph5,oneofthemajorconsequencesofthelackof

restrictionsandcomprehensiveurbanplanningwasthat

A.infrastructuresystemswerecoordinatedbylocalgroupsratherthanbycity

governments

B.citiesbecamesmallerovertimebecausepeoplebeganleaving

C.landownersdevelopedurbanlotshowevertheywished

D.somehousingdevelopmentsthatwerebegunwerenevercompleted

Paragraph2

Threeforcesparticularlyaffectedtheconfigurationofurbanand

suburbanareasinthenineteenthcentury:economics,transportation

technology,anddemographics.Addedtothesewasthecharacteristic

Americanpreferencebothforindependentliving,usuallyassociatedwith

havinganindividual,free-standinghomeforone'sfamily,andforruralliving.

■Economicsaffectedurbanizationintwoways.First,economic

considerationsinfluencedlocationdecisionsforbusinessandindustry,which

oftenpreemptedchoicesites.BSecond,industrialgrowthgeneratedhigher

incomesforlargesegmentsofthepopulation,whichinturnprovidedmore

moneyforlargerhomesandcommutertransportation.■Relatedtoeconomics

(sincecoststoindividualsalwaysplayedarole)wereimprovementsin

transportation,fromthefirsthorse-drawnbusesofthe1820stoelectrified

streetrailwaysattheendofthecentury.BEachtransportinnovationextended

thedistancethatapersoncouldreasonablytravelasacommuterorshopper,

whileconstantsystemimprovementsandincreasedridershiplessenedcosts.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicateswherethefollowingsentence

couldbeaddedtothepassage.

Asaresult,manylocationsthatwouldhavebeenidealfor

housing-orforurbanparksorotherpublicspaces-were

unavailableforsuchuse.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassage

isprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswer

choicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Some

answerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideas

thatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.

Thisquestionisworth2points.

Ingeneral,thegrowthofAmericancitiesinthenineteenth

centurywasnotguidedbycomprehensiveurbanplanning

Answerchoices

A.Bytheendofthenineteenthcentury,theCityBeautifulMovementhad

influencedthedesignofmostlargecitiesintheUnitedStates

B.Improvedtransportationandhigherincomesenabledlargesegmentsof

thepopulationtomovefartherawayfromtheplacestheyworkedand

shopped.

C.Therewaslittleconcernaboutthethreattopublichealthposedbythe

widespreaduseofcesspoolsuntilsanitaryengineeringbecameestablished

inthe1860s.

D.Duringthenineteenthcentury,theneedoflocalbusinessandindustries

wereignoredinurbanplanning.

E.Industrialgrowthattractedmanyimmigrants—fromruralareasand

abroad—intoAmericancitiesinsearchoffactoryworkandthusledto

moreurbanhousing.

F.Unplannedandunregulateddevelopmentcombinedwithinadequate

waterandsewagesystemscreatedpublichealthproblemsandputcitiesat

seriousriskfromfires.

TheClimateofJapan

Atthemostgenerallevel,twomajorclimaticforcesdetermineJapan's

weather.PrevailingwesterlywindsmoveacrossEurasia,sweepoverthe

Japaneseislands,andcontinueeastwardacrossthePacificOcean.Inaddition,

greatcyclonicairflows(massesofrapidlycirculatingair)thatariseoverthe

westernequatorialPacificmoveinawheel-likefashionnortheastwardacross

Japanandnearbyregions.Duringwintermonthsheavymassesofcoldair

fromSiberiadominatetheweatheraroundJapan.Persistentcoldwindsskim

acrosstheSeaofJapanfromthenorthwest,pickingupmoisturethatthey

depositasseveralfeetofsnowonthewesternsideofthemountainrangeson

HonshuIsland.Asthecoldairdropsitsmoisture,itflowsoverhighridgesand

downeasternslopestobringcold,relativelydryweathertovalleysandcoastal

plainsandcities.

InspringtheSiberianairmasswarmsandlosesdensity,enabling

atmospherecurrentsoverthePacifictosteerwarmerairintonortheastAsia.

Thiswarm,moisture-ladenaircoversmostofsouthernJapanduringJune

andJuly.Theresultinglatespringrainsthengivewaytoadriersummerthat

issufficientlyhotandmuggy,despitetheislandchain'snortherlylatitude,to

allowwidespreadricecultivation.

Summerheatisfollowedbythehighlyunpredictableautumnrainsthat

accompanytheviolenttropicalwindstormknownastyphoons.Thesecyclonic

stormsoriginateoverthewesternPacificandtravelingreatclockwisearcs,

initiallyheadingwesttowardthePhilippinesandsouthernChina,curving

northwardlaterintheseason.Coldweatherdrivesthesestormseastward

acrossJapanthroughearlyautumnrevitalizingSiberianairmassand

usheringinanewannualweathercycle.

ThisyearlycyclehasplayedakeyroleinshapingJapanesecivilization.It

hasassuredtheislandsampleprecipitation,rangingirregularlyfrommore

than200centimetersannuallyinpartsofthesouthwesttoabout100inthe

northeastandaveraging180forthecountryasawhole.Themoistureenables

theislandstosupportuncommonlylushforestcover,butthecombinationof

precipitousslopesandheavyrainfallalsogivestheislandsoneoftheworld's

highestratesofnaturalerosion,intensifiedbybothhumanactivityandthe

naturalshocksofearthquakesandvolcanism.ThesefactorshavegivenJapan

itswealthofsedimentarybasins,buttheyhavealsomademountainsides

extremelysusceptibletoerosionandlandslidesandhencegenerally

unsuitableforagriculturalmanipulation.

Theislandchain'smountainousbackboneandgreatlengthfromnorthto

southproduceclimaticdiversitythathascontributedtoregionaldifferences.

GenerallysunnywintersalongthePacificseaboardhavemadehabitation

thererelativelypleasant.AlongtheSeaorJapan,ontheotherhand,cold,

snowywintershavediscouragedsettlement.Furthermore,althoughannual

precipitationishighinthatregion,muchofitcomesassnowandrushesto

theseaasspringrunoff,leavinglittlemoistureforfarming.

SummerweatherpatternsinnorthernHonshu,andespeciallyalongthe

SeaofJapan,havealsodiscouragedagriculture.Theareaissubjecttothe

yamaseeffect,whencoolairfromthenorthsometimeslowerstemperatures

sharplyanddamagesfarmproduction.Theimpactofthiseffecthasbeen

especiallygreatonricecultivationbecause,ifitistogrowwell,thericegrown

inJapanrequiresameansummertemperatureof20°centigradeorhigher.A

dropof2°—3°canleadtoa30—50percentdropinriceyield,andtheyamase

effectiscapableofexceedingthatlevel.Thisyamaseeffectdoesnot,however,

extendveryfarsouth,wheremostprecipitationcomesintheformofrainand

thebulkofitinspring,summer,andfall,whenmostusefulforcultivation.

Eventheautumntyphoons,whichdepositmostoftheirmoisturealongthe

southernseaboard,arebeneficialbecausetheypromotethestartofthewinter

cropsthatforcenturieshavebeengrowninsouthernJapan.

Inshort,forthepasttwomillennia,theclimateingeneralandpatternsof

precipitationinparticularhaveencouragedtheJapanesetoclustertheir

settlementsalongthesoutherncoast,mostdenselyalongtheshelteredInland

Sea,movingintothenortheast.Therethelimitsthattopographyimposedon

productionhavebeentightenedbyclimate,withtheresultthatagricultural

outputhasbeenmoremodestandlessreliable,makingtheriskofcropfailure

andhardshipcommensuratelygreater.

Paragraph1

Atthemostgenerallevel,twomajorclimaticforcesdetermineJapan's

weather.PrevailingwesterlywindsmoveacrossEurasia,sweepoverthe

Japaneseislands,andcontinueeastwardacrossthePacificOcean.Inaddition,

greatcyclonicairflows(massesofrapidlycirculatingair)thatariseoverthe

westernequatorialPacificmoveinawheel-likefashionnortheastwardacross

Japanandnearbyregions.Duringwintermonthsheavymassesofcoldair

fromSiberiadominatetheweatheraroundJapan.Persistentcoldwindsskim

acrosstheSeaofJapanfromthenorthwest,pickingupmoisturethatthey

depositasseveralfeetofsnowonthewesternsideofthemountainrangeson

HonshuIsland.Asthecoldairdropsitsmoisture,itflowsoverhighridgesand

downeasternslopestobringcold,relativelydryweathertovalleysandcoastal

plainsandcities.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingaretrueofthecoldairfrom

SiberiaEXCEPT

A.ItgathersmoistureasitmovesacrosstheseaofJapan

B.ItisresponsibleforthesnowthatfallsonthewesternsideofHonshu

island

C.Itiswarmedbythecyclonicairflowfromthesouththatmix-withit.

D.Itisresponsibleforthecold,dryweatheroftheeasternvalleysandcoastal

plainsandcities

Paragraph2

InspringtheSiberianairmasswarmsandlosesdensity,enabling

atmospherecurrentsoverthePacifictosteerwarmerairintonortheastAsia.

Thiswarm,moisture-ladenaircoversmostofsouthernJapanduringJune

andJuly.Theresultinglatespringrainsthengivewaytoadriersummerthat

issufficientlyhotandmuggy,despitetheislandchain'snortherly

latitude,toallowwidespreadricecultivation.

2.Thewordenabling“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.preparing

B.requiring

C.allowing

D.distributing

3.Whydoestheauthorincludethephrase“despitetheislandchain's

northerlylatitude55intheparagraph?

A.Toindicatethatonewouldnotexpectsuchhot,muggyweatheratJapan's

latitude

B.TocompareJapan'sclimatetotheclimateofmorenortherlylatitudes

C.Togiveareasonforthehot,muggyweatherexperiencedinJapanduring

thesummer

D.ToexplainwhyJapan'sclimateisonlysuitableforricecultivation

Paragraph3

Summerheatisfollowedbythehighlyunpredictableautumnrainsthat

accompanytheviolenttropicalwindstormknownastyphoons.Thesecyclonic

stormsoriginateoverthewesternPacificandtravelingreatclockwisearcs,

initiallyheadingwesttowardthePhilippinesandsouthernChina,curving

northwardlaterintheseason.Coldweatherdrivesthesestormseastward

acrossJapanthroughearlyautumnrevitalizingSiberianairmassand

usheringinanewannualweathercycle.

4.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueofautumnstorms

EXCEPT

A.Theyinvolveraincombinedwithtropicalwindstorms

B.Cyclonicstormshaveapredictablepatternoftravel

C.Theirmovementcreatesaweathercyclethatrepeatsitself

D.TheybeginasnorthernSiberianairmasseswithconsistentrainsfollowing

thesummerheat

Paragraph4

ThisyearlycyclehasplayedakeyroleinshapingJapanesecivilization.It

hasassuredtheislandsampleprecipitation,rangingirregularlyfrommore

than200centimetersannuallyinpartsofthesouthwesttoabout100inthe

northeastandaveraging180forthecountryasawhole.Themoistureenables

theislandstosupportuncommonlylushforestcover,butthecombinationof

precipitousslopesandheavyrainfallalsogivestheislandsoneoftheworld's

highestratesofnaturalerosion,intensifiedbyb