2024年CATTI近五年真題解析

05月【英譯漢必譯題】Therewas,lastweek,aglimmerofhopeintheworldfoodcrisis.Expectingabumperharvest,Ukrainerelaxedrestrictionsonexports.Overnight,globalwheatpricesfellby10percent.Bycontrast,tradersinBangkokquotericepricesaround$1,000aton,upfrom$460twomonthsago.Suchisthevolatilityoftoday’smarkets.Wedonotknowhowhighfoodpricesmightgo,norhowfartheycouldfall.Butonethingiscertain:Wehavegonefromaneraofplentytooneofscarcity.Expertsagreethatfoodpricesarenotlikelytoreturntothelevelstheworldhadgrownaccustomedtoanytimesoon.Imaginethesituationofthoselivingonlessthan$1aday-the“bottombillion,”thepoorestoftheworld’spoor.MostliveinAfrica,andmanymighttypicallyspendtwo-thirdsoftheirincomeonfood.InLiberialastweek,Iheardhowpeoplehavestoppedpurchasingimportedricebythebag.Instead,theyincreasinglybuyitbythecup,becausethat’salltheycanafford.TravelingthoughWestAfrica,Ifoundgoodreasonforoptimism.InBurkinaFaso,Isawagovernmentworkingtoimportdroughtresistantseedsandbettermanagescarcewatersupplies,helpedbynationslikeBrazil.InIvoryCoast,wesawawomen’scooperativerunningachickenfarmsetupwithUNfunds.Theprojectgeneratedincome-andfood-forvillagersinwaysthatcaneasilybereplicated.Elsewhere,Isawyetanotherwomen’sgroupslowlyexpandingtheirlocalagriculturalproduction,withUNhelp.SoontheywillreplaceWorldFoodProgramricewiththeirownhome-grownproduce,sufficienttocovertheneedsoftheirschoolfeedingprogram.Thesearehome-grown,grass-rootssolutionsforgrass-rootsproblems-preciselythekindofsolutionsthatAfricaneeds.【參照譯文】上星期，世界糧食危機出現(xiàn)了壹線轉(zhuǎn)機的但愿。因預期會獲得大豐收，烏克蘭放松了出口限制。全球小麥價格壹夜間下跌了10%。然而，曼谷米商每噸大米的報價大概1000美元，而在兩個月前，報價是460美元。估計大米價格還會上漲。這就是目前市場動亂的局面。我們不懂得糧食價格將上漲多少，也不懂得將下跌多少。但有壹點是肯定的：我們已從富足時代進入了匱乏時代。專家們認為，糧食價格近期內(nèi)不太也許回落到世界已經(jīng)習認為常的水平。雖然在歐洲富國和美國，消費者也怨聲載道。那么，請想像壹下每曰所得局限性壹美元的人的境況，這些人是世界窮人中的最貧窮者，是“最下層的拾億人”。他們大都生活在非洲，許多人壹般用三分之二的收入購置糧食。上星期，在利比裏亞，我聽說人們已不再成袋地買進口大米，而更多地是壹杯子壹杯子地買，由于他們只買得起壹杯子米。第壹種任務是向饑民提供糧食。世界糧食計劃署在協(xié)助7300萬人。不過，要協(xié)助這些人，世界糧食計劃署就需要增長75500萬美元的資金才能支付它不停增長的費用。各方已經(jīng)認捐47500萬美元。不過，許諾并不能填飽肚子，糧食計劃署目前僅有1800萬美元的現(xiàn)金。我們有能力處理這壹危機。我們擁有有關資源，我們懂得應當做什么，我們不僅應將這壹危機視為問題，并且應將它視為機會。在走訪西非期間，我發(fā)現(xiàn)非常有理由感到樂觀。在布基納法索，我看到政府在巴西等國協(xié)助下，努力進口耐旱種子，更好地管理稀缺的水源。在科特迪瓦，我們參觀了壹種婦女合作社用聯(lián)合國資金興辦的養(yǎng)雞場。該項目為村民提供收入和糧食，很輕易推廣。在其他地方，我看到另壹種婦女團體正在聯(lián)合國協(xié)助下，緩慢地擴大當?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。很快，她們將用自已的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品取代糧食計劃署的大米，滿足學校供餐方案的需要。這些都是因地制宜處理基層問題的基層措施，正是非洲需要的?！居⒆g漢二選壹】【試題壹】Foradecade,metallurgistsstudyingthehulkoftheTitanichavearguedthatthestoriedoceanlinerwentdownquicklyafterhittinganicebergbecausetheship'sbuilderusedsubstandardrivetsthatpoppedtheirheadsandlettonsoficyseawaterrushin.Morethan1,500peopledied.Nowateamofscientistshasmovedintodeeperwaters,uncoveringevidenceinthebuilder'sownarchivesofadeadlymixofgreatambitionanduseoflow-qualityironthatdoomedtheship,whichsank96yearsagoTuesday.Thescientistsfoundthattheship'sbuilder,HarlandandWolff,inBelfast,struggledforyearstoobtainadequatesuppliesofrivetsandriveterstobuildtheworld'sthreebiggestshipsatonce:theTitanicandtwosisters,OlympicandBritannic.Eachrequiredthreemillionrivets,andshortagespeakedduringTitanic'sconstruction."Theboardwasincrisismode,"saidJenniferHooperMcCarty,amemberoftheteamthatstudiedthecompany'sarchiveandotherevidence."Itwasconstantstress.Everymeetingitwas,‘thereareproblemswiththerivets,andweneedtohiremorepeople.'"Theteamcollectedothercluesfrom48Titanicrivets,usingmoderntests,computersimulations,comparisonstocentury-oldmetalsandcarefuldocumentationofwhatengineersandshipbuildersoftheeraconsideredstateoftheart.ThescientistssaythetroublesbeganwhenthecolossalplansforcedHarlandandWolfftoreachbeyonditsusualsuppliersofrivetironandincludesmallerforges,asdisclosedincompanyandBritishgovernmentpapers.Smallforgestendedtohavelessskillandexperience.Addingtothethreat,thecompany,inbuyingironforTitanic'srivets,orderedNo.3bar,knownas"best,"notNo.4,knownas"best-best,"thescientistsfound.TheyalsodiscoveredthatshipbuildersofthedaytypicallyusedNo.4ironforanchors,chainsandrivets.Sotheliner,whosenamewasmeanttobesynonymouswithopulence,inatleastoneinstancereliedoncheapmaterials.ThescientistsarguethatbetterrivetswouldhaveprobablykepttheTitanicafloatlongenoughforrescuerstohavearrivedbeforetheicyplunge,savinghundredsoflives.【漢譯英必譯題】“中國制造”模式遭遇發(fā)展瓶頸，這種模式必須要改善和提高。某些外國人認為，“中國制造”大概就是質(zhì)量低下的代名詞。不可否認，少數(shù)產(chǎn)品確實存在質(zhì)量問題，讓大多數(shù)價廉質(zhì)優(yōu)的產(chǎn)品代其受罪。質(zhì)量是產(chǎn)品的生命線。伴隨外國市場的夸張，中國企業(yè)也意識到質(zhì)量的重要性。因此壹場意在提高質(zhì)量，提供優(yōu)良服務的運動正在興起。在老式的制造業(yè)中，中國企業(yè)通過技術創(chuàng)新和質(zhì)量管理，為國際市場提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品。在新興的信息產(chǎn)業(yè)，中國企業(yè)以高科技為師，增強和外國企業(yè)的交流與合作，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。近幾年來，中國政府通過立法和社會監(jiān)督保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，發(fā)明全社會重視產(chǎn)品問題的環(huán)境?！緷h譯英二選壹】【試題壹】1996年，壹位攝影師在新疆喀納斯自然保護區(qū)無意間拍到壹只白熊。自此後來的拾年裏，白熊藏身于深山之中，再無音訊。直到，人們才再次在該自然區(qū)又發(fā)現(xiàn)了白熊的蹤跡。在熊的家族裏，只有北極熊是白色的。不過，這個龐然大物是怎樣離開極地寒帶，來到這個寒溫帶的地方呢?莫非它是通過通往北極的水路來到此地?這壹猜測遭到動物學家的質(zhì)疑。首先，北極熊不能在溫帶的樹林中生活。另壹方面，……，壹種科學考察隊在白熊出沒的地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了熊冬眠的冬窩兒，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了壹小團白色的動物毛發(fā)。DNA樣本鑒定為棕熊的毛發(fā)。不過，也有也許，至少那團毛發(fā)不屬于照片中的白熊。【漢譯英二選壹】【試題二】藍藻是壹種簡樸的水生植物，它可以在河湖、濕地、樹干和溫泉自然蔓延生長。當藍藻細胞到達壹定程度時，藍藻的“密集孽生”會使水體變色、引起泡沫、散發(fā)臭氣、影響貝類和魚類的生存，還會使水質(zhì)大幅度下降。夏天，富營養(yǎng)物和其他污染導致藍藻在太湖、巢湖、滇池發(fā)生了藍藻“密集孽生”現(xiàn)象，影響了都市供水及水生產(chǎn)品生長?！懊芗跎弊顕乐氐氖翘|部。太湖是我國第三大淡水湖。這次“密集孽生”導致周圍100多萬居民供水問題長達10天之久。為了防止污染，當?shù)丨h(huán)境保護部門關閉了770家化工廠。夏天，長期的溫暖、干燥氣候?qū)е滤{藻在部分地區(qū)發(fā)生。9月，壹艘可以迅速、有效地清除藍藻的船在江蘇省投入使用。11月【英譯漢必譯題】這次的三篇文章均出自紐約時報Atfirst,asheadjustedpumpsandcheckedtemperatures,AaronBoucherlookedlikeanytechnicianinthecontrolroomofanelectricalplant.Thenherushedtothewindowandscannedthesky,tocheckhisfuelsupply.Mr.Boucherwasbattlingclouds,timingtheoperationsofhispowerplanttogetthemostoutofpatchysunshine.Itisaskillthatmaysoonbeingreaterdemand,fortheworldappearstobeonthevergeofaboominalittle-knownbutpromisingtypeofsolarpower.Itisnotthekindthatfeaturesshinypanelsboltedtotheroofsofhouses.Thistypeinvolvescoveringacresofdesertwithmirrorsthatfocusintensesunlightonafluid,heatingitenoughtomakesteam.Thesteamturnsaturbineandgenerateselectricity.Thetechnologyisnotnew,butitissuddenlyinhighdemand.Aspricesriseforfossilfuelsandworriesgrowabouttheircontributiontoglobalwarming,solarthermalplantsarebeingviewedasarenewablepowersourcewithhugepotential.Afteradecadeofnoactivity,twoprototypesolarthermalplantswererecentlyopenedintheUnitedStates,withacapacitythatcouldpowerseveralbighotels,neonincluded,ontheLasVegasStrip,about20milesnorthofhere.Another10powerplantsareinadvancedplanninginCalifornia,ArizonaandNevada.Onsunnyafternoons,those10plantswouldproduceasmuchelectricityasthreenuclearreactors,buttheycanbebuiltinaslittleastwoyears,comparedwithadecadeorlongerforanuclearplant.Someofthenewplantswillfeaturesystemsthatallowthemtostoreheatandgenerateelectricityforhoursaftersunset.TheplantinBouldercity,NevadaSolarOne,usesamirrorintheshapeofaparabolatofocuslightontoablackpipewithaheat-transferfluidinside.Thefluidisusedtoboilwaterintosteam,whichturnsageneratorthatcanproduce64megawatts.AtNevadaSolarOnetheotherday,Mr.Boucher,30,ranthecomputerizedcontrolroom.DressedinaT-shirt,sneakersandaBostonRedSoxcapwornbackwards,helookedabitlikeateenagegamerasheusedacomputermousetomanipulatetheplant.Hewastryingtoproduceasmuchelectricityaspossiblewhilesavingheattotidetheplantoverascloudscastepisodicshadowsonthesolararray.“I’vebeenfightingitallday,”hesaid.Imperceptibly,inthedustywindofthehighdesert,182,000mirrorsmovedfromeasttowest,trackingthesunacrossthesky.【英譯漢試題1】Thisweek,thisremoteArcticsettlement—whichbillsitselfasperhapsthenorthernmosttownintheworld—isbuzzingwithexcitementandexpectation.Itisnotbecauseapolarbearwasspottedintheadjacentvalleylastweek.(Itwasdeemedwellfed,andofficialsdecidedtoletitlumberontowardthecoastinsteadofshootingitasamatterofpublicsafety.)The2,000inhabitantsofLongyearbyen,onanisland600milesfromtheNorthPole,areeagerlyawaitinganothervisitor,whosearrivalisjustaroundthecorner.Fromexperience,theyknowthisguestwillwarmtheairandmakethetown’snowfilmycolorscomealive—thewhiteofthesnow;thedeepblueofthewater;thered,yellowandgreenofthewoodenhomes,banks,restaurants,schoolsandthepostoffice.Onsunday,thesunwillriseagaininLongyearbyen,thefirsttimesinceOctober.Whilemostoftheworldtakeslightandshadowsforgranted,forresidentshere,aftermonthsofperpetualdarkness,theprospectofsunlightisaverybigdeal.Withthesunclimbingclosertothehorizon,eachdayis20minuteslongerthanthedaybefore,andnoticeablybrighter.OnSaturday,directsunlight,withshadowsandwarmth,willarrive,startingwithanactualsunrise.Thearrivalofdaylightislikeayearlyrebirth,transforminglivesandroutines.Whilepeopledonotactuallyhibernate,ofcourse,residentssaytheytireeasilyinthedarkwinter.OnFriday,attheRoyalKindergarten(oneofthreepreschoolshere),adozenorsochildrenwhohavelivedindarknessforthewinterwerebusilypaintingandcuttingoutpapersunsthatarenowaffixedtotheschool’ssnowywindows.Theyarelearningasongforafestivalthatwillbringtogetherallthetown’sstudentsnextweek:“Thesunisgood.Thesunisgreat.Thesuniswarm.Itbrownsthebody.Thesunshineseverymorningonme.”Thedaythesunarrivesisapublicholiday.【英譯漢試題2】Myhusband,at74,isthebabyofhisbridgegroup,whichincludesawomanof85andamanof89.Thischallenginggamedemandsanexcellentmemory(forbids,cardsplayed,rulesandsoon)andanabilitytothinkstrategicallyandreadsubtlepsychologicalcues.Neverhavinghadaheadforcards,Icontinuetobeamazedbythementalagilityoftheseseptuagenariansandoctogenarians.Thebrain,likeeveryotherpartofthebody,changeswithage,andthosechangescanimpedeclearthinkingandmemory.Yetmanyolderpeopleseemtoremainsharpasatackwellintotheir80sandbeyond.Althoughtheirpacemayhaveslowed,theycontinuetowork,travel,attendplaysandconcerts,playcardsandboardgames,studyforeignlanguages,designbuildings,workwithcomputers,writebooks,dopuzzles,knitorperformothermentallychallengingtasksthatcanbefuddlepeoplemuchyounger.Severalstudiesofnormalaginghavefoundthathigherlevelsofeducationalattainmentwereassociatedwithslowercognitiveandfunctionaldecline.Butbrainstimulationdoesnothavetostopwiththediploma.Better-educatedpeoplemaygoontochoosemoreintellectuallydemandingoccupationsandpursuebrain-stimulatinghobbies,resultinginaformoflifelonglearning.You’redoingthesamethingoverandoveragain,withoutintroducingnewmentalchallenges,itwon’tbebeneficial.Thus,aswithmuscles,it’s“useitorloseit.”Thebrainrequirescontinuedstressestomaintainorenhanceitsstrength.Long-termstudiesinothercountries,includingSwedenandChina,havealsofoundthatcontinuedsocialinteractionshelpedprotectagainstdementia.Themoreextensiveanolderperson’ssocialnetwork,thebetterthebrainislikelytowork.Especiallyhelpfulareproductiveormentallystimulatingactivitiespursuedwithotherpeople,likecommunitygardening,takingclasses,volunteeringorparticipatinginaplay-readinggroup.Perhapsthemostdirectroutetoafitmindisthroughafitbody.Justwalkingfastfor30to60minutesseveraltimesaweekcanhelp.Eventhosewhostartexercisingintheir60scuttheirriskofdementiainhalf.漢譯英必譯題】中譯英的題目印象不是很深，大概列幾種點吧。必譯題講的是生態(tài)社會。1.生態(tài)社會是處理全球氣候變暖的壹種重要途徑。生態(tài)社會以……為基礎，以……為重要途徑，以生態(tài)文明為最高目的。2.生態(tài)社會符合科學發(fā)展觀的規(guī)定(ScientificOutlookonDevelopment)。發(fā)展生態(tài)社會必須處理好人與自然、人與社會、人與人的關系，要實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)籌發(fā)展。3.發(fā)展生態(tài)文明……(大概就是對現(xiàn)代的意義)不能損害子孫後裔的利益?！緷h譯英試題1】1.中國政府1978年開始在三北地區(qū)建“三北防護林”，這項“綠色長城”面積達……，居世界之首。2.中國政府1979.11月設“植樹節(jié)”。中國政府已經(jīng)種植……面積的人工林，占到了人工林總面積的1/3為世界人工林之首，從78年的……(面積)到98年的……(面積)。人均面積上升了……。3.中國政府采用了壹系列措施增長植被和森林面積。4.世界糧農(nóng)組織匯報指出，雖然過去幾拾年世界植被下降了……(面積)，但亞洲則是上升了……(面積)，其中大部分應當歸功于中國.5月【英譯漢必譯題】IntheEuropeanUnion,carrotsmustbefirmbutnotwoody,cucumbersmustnotbetoocurvedandceleryhastobefreeofanytypeofcavity.Thiswasthelaw,onethatbannedoverlycurved,extra-knobblyoroddlyshapedproducefromsupermarketshelves.ButinavictoryforopponentsofEuropeanregulation,100pagesoflegislationdeterminingthesize,shapeandtextureoffruitandvegetableshavebeentornup.OnWednesday,EUofficialsagreedtoaxeruleslayingdownstandardsfor26products,frompeastoplums.Indoingso,theauthoritieshopetheyhavekilledoffregulationsroutinelyusedbycritics-mostnotablyintheBritishmedia-toridiculethemeddlingtendenciesoftheEU.Afteryearsofnewsstoriesaboutthepermittedangleorcurvatureoffruitandvegetables,thedecisionWednesdayalsocoincidedwiththerisingpriceofcommodities.Withthecostoftheweeklysupermarketvisitontherise,ithasbecomeincreasinglyhardtodefendtheactofthrowingawayfoodjustbecauseitlooksstrange.BeginninginJulynextyear,whenthechangesgointoforce,standardsonthe26productswilldisappearaltogether.Shopperswillthebeabletochosetheirproducewhateveritsappearance.Underacompromisereachedwithnationalgovernments,manyofwhichopposedthechanges,standardswillremainfor10typesoffruitandvegetables,includingapples,citrusfruit,peaches,pears,strawberriesandtomatoes.ButthoseinthiscategorythatdonotmeetEuropeannormswillstillbeallowedontothemarket,providingtheyaremarkedasbeingsubstandardorintendedforcookingorprocessing."Thismarksanewdawnforthecurvycucumberandtheknobblycarrot,"saidMariannFischerBoel,Europeancommissionerforagriculture,whoarguedthatregulationswerebetterlefttomarketoperators."Inthesedaysofhighfoodpricesandgeneraleconomicdifficulties,"FischerBoeladded,"consumersshouldbeabletochoosefromthewidestrangeofproductspossible.Itmakesnosensetothrowperfectlygoodproductsaway,justbecausetheyarethe'wrong'shape."Thatsentimentwasnotsharedby16oftheEU's27nations-includingGreece,France,theCzechRepublic,Spain,ItalyandPoland-whichtriedtoblockthechangesatameetingoftheAgriculturalManagementCommittee.Severalworriedthattheabolitionofstandardswouldleadtothecreationofnationalones,saidoneofficialspeakingonconditionofanonymitybecauseofthesensitivityofthediscussions.Copa-Cogeca,whichrepresentsEuropeanagriculturaltradeunionsandcooperatives,alsocriticizedthechanges."WefearthattheabsenceofEUstandardswillleadmemberstatestoestablishnationalstandardsandthatprivatestandardswillproliferate,"saiditssecretarygeneral,PekkaPesonen.Butthedecisiontoscalebackonstandardswillbewelcomedbyeuro-skepticswhohavelongpilloriedtheEUexecutive'sinterestinintrusiveregulation.Onesuchcontroversyrevolvedaroundthecorrectdegreeofbendinbananas-atypeoffruitnotcoveredbytheWednesdayruling.Infact,thereisnopracticalregulationontheissue.CommissionRegulation(EC)2257/94saysthatbananasmustbe"freefrommalformationorabnormalcurvature,"thoughClass1bananascanhave"slightdefectsofshape"andClass2bananascanhavefull"defectsofshape."Bycontrast,thecurvatureofcucumbershasbeenapreoccupationofEuropeanofficials.CommissionRegulation(EEC)No1677/88statesthatClassIand"Extraclass"cucumbersareallowedabendof10millimetersper10centimetersoflength.ClassIIcucumberscanbendtwiceasmuch.Italsosayscucumbersmustbefreshinappearance,firm,cleanandpracticallyfreeofanyvisibleforeignmatterorpests,freeofbittertasteandofanyforeignsmell.Suchrestrictionswilldisappearnextyear,andabout100pagesofrulesandregulationswillgoaswell,amovewelcomedbyNeilParish,chairmanoftheEuropeanParliament'sagriculturecommittee."Foodisfood,nomatterwhatitlookslike,"Parishsaid."Tostopstoressellingperfectlydecentfoodduringafoodcrisisismorallyunjustifiable.CreditshouldbegiventotheEUagriculturecommissionerforpushingthroughtheseproposals.Consumerscareaboutthetasteandqualityoffood,nothowitlooks."【參照譯文】在歐盟，市場發(fā)售的胡蘿卜必須脆而不糠，黃瓜也不能太彎，芹菜壹點空心都不能有。由于過去法規(guī)嚴禁超市發(fā)售外形過彎、疙疙瘩瘩或者外形奇怪的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。不過最終反對這條歐盟法規(guī)的人士獲得了勝利，這意味著約100頁規(guī)定果蔬尺寸、外形和質(zhì)地的有關法規(guī)得以廢除。周三，歐盟有關領導人同意廢除對部分農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的強制性原則，范圍波及豌豆、李子等26個品種。以英國媒體為首，各界批評家常就這壹法規(guī)對歐盟動輒插手干涉的作風冷嘲熱諷。有關部門但愿此舉能息事寧人/正是基于這壹現(xiàn)實狀況促使有關部門將其廢除。老百姓去超市購物的花費每周都在上漲，在這種狀況下，就由于蔬菜水果長得不夠原則就扔掉，實在說不過去明年七月開始，這些法規(guī)將被正式廢除。屆時，26種產(chǎn)品的原則將會壹齊消失。消費者將可以隨心所欲地挑選商品，無論它們的摸樣是好是壞。由于不少歐盟國家政府反對廢除這壹法規(guī)。作為妥協(xié)，包括蘋果、柑橘類、桃子、梨、草莓和番茄等10種蔬菜水果的有關原則將予以保留。不過就算上述此類果蔬達不到歐盟的原則，只要注明非達標產(chǎn)品或?qū)榕腼兗凹庸な褂?，仍然容許其上市銷售歐盟委員會農(nóng)業(yè)委員瑪麗安?菲舍爾?伯爾表達：“這標志著彎黃瓜和坑坑洼洼的胡蘿卜能重回市場了”，并倡導此類法規(guī)應由市場上的經(jīng)營者說了算。菲舍爾?伯爾補充道：“在食品價格居高、經(jīng)濟普遍堪憂的境況下，應當為消費者提供盡量多的產(chǎn)品來選擇。只由于外形不符合原則就把質(zhì)量上乘的產(chǎn)品扔掉，這種做法毫無道理”。到明年這些限制將會取消，同步約100頁有關法律法規(guī)也會壹并失效。對于這壹舉措，歐洲議會農(nóng)業(yè)委員會主席NeilParish表達贊同?！安还荛L的怎么樣，食品畢竟只是食品。在糧食危機的當下還嚴禁商家發(fā)售質(zhì)量尚好的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，這從道德層面說不過去。歐盟委員會農(nóng)業(yè)委員推進這些提案通過的做法值得夸獎。畢竟，消費者關懷的是食品味道和品質(zhì)，而不是長得什么樣”?！居⒆g漢二選壹】【試題壹】Askmotherswhybabiesareconstantlypickingthingsupfromthefloororgroundandputtingthemintheirmouths,andchancesarethey'llsaythatit'sinstinctive-thatthat'showbabiesexploretheworld.Butwhythemouth,whensight,hearing,touchandevenscentarefarbetteratidentifyingthings?Sinceallinstinctivebehaviorshaveanevolutionaryadvantageortheywouldnothavebeenretainedformillionsofyears,chancesarethatthisonetoohashelpedussurviveasaspecies.And,indeed,accumulatingevidencestronglysuggeststhateatingdirtisgoodforyou.Instudiesofwhatiscalledthehygienehypothesis,researchersareconcludingthatorganismslikethemillionsofbacteria,virusesandespeciallywormsthatenterthebodyalongwith"dirt"spurthedevelopmentofahealthyimmunesystem.Severalcontinuingstudiessuggestthatwormsmayhelptoredirectanimmunesystemthathasgoneawryandresultedinautoimmunedisorders,allergiesandasthma.Oneleadingresearcher,Dr.JoelWeinstock,thedirectorofgastroenterologyandhepatologyatTuftsMedicalCenterinBoston,saidinaninterviewthattheimmunesystematbirth"islikeanunprogrammedcomputer.Itneedsinstruction."Hesaidthatpublichealthmeasureslikecleaningupcontaminatedwaterandfoodhavesavedthelivesofcountlesschildren,butthey"alsoeliminatedexposuretomanyorganismsthatareprobablygoodforus.""Childrenraisedinanultra-cleanenvironment,"headded,"arenotbeingexposedtoorganismsthathelpthemdevelopappropriateimmuneregulatorycircuits."StudieshehasconductedwithDr.DavidElliott,agastroenterologistandimmunologistattheUniversityofIowa,indicatethatintestinalworms,whichhavebeenallbuteliminatedindevelopedcountries,are"likelytobethebiggestplayer"inregulatingtheimmunesystemtorespondappropriately,Elliottsaidinaninterview.Headdedthatbacterialandviralinfectionsseemtoinfluencetheimmunesysteminthesameway,butnotasforcefully.Mostwormsareharmless,especiallyinwell-nourishedpeople,Weinstocksaid."Thereareveryfewdiseasesthatpeoplegetfromworms,"hesaid."Humanshaveadaptedtothepresenceofmostofthem."Ruebushdeploresthecurrentfetishforthehundredsofantibacterialproductsthatconveyafalsesenseofsecurityandmayactuallyfosterthedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistant,disease-causingbacteria.Plainsoapandwaterareallthatareneededtobecomeclean,shenoted.11月【英譯漢】【試題壹】Offshoresupplyvesselsresemblinglarge,floatingflat-backedtrucksfillVictoriaDock,unabletofindchartersinasignofthedownturninBritain'soilindustry.WithUKNorthSeaoilandgasproduction44percentbelowitspeak,self-styledoilcapitalofEuropeAberdeenfearstheslowdownisnotsimplycyclical.TheoilindustrythatatonestagesparkedtalkofScotlandas"theKuwaitoftheWest"hasalreadyoutlivedmostpredictions.Tourism,lifesciences,andtheexportofoilservicesaroundtheworldareamongAberdeen'stargetedsubstitutesforNorthseaoilandgas--butformanythebiggestprizewouldbetouseitsoffshoreoilexpertisetobuildarenewableenergyindustryasbigasoil.Thecityaimstouseitsexperiencetobecomealeaderinoffshorewind,tidalpowerandcarbondioxidecaptureandstorage.AlexSalmond,headofthedevolvedScottishgovernment,toldaconferenceinAberdeenlastmonththemarketforwindpowercouldbeworth130billionpounds,whileScotlandcouldbethe"SaudiArabiaoftidalpower.""We'reseeingtheemergenceofanoffshoreenergymarketthatiscomparableinscaletothemarketwe'veseeninoffshoreoilandgasinthelast40years,"hesaid.Anotherareaoffocus,tourism,haspreviouslybeenhinderedbythepresenceofoil.EagertoputAberdeenontheinternationaltouristmap,localbusinesshasstronglybackedaplanbyU.S.realestatetycoonDonaldTrumpforaluxuryhousingandgolfproject12km(8miles)northofthecity,eventhoughitmeansbuildingonanaturereserve.ThecityalsohopestoreorientateitsvibrantoilservicesindustrytowardemergingoffshoreoilcenterssuchasBrazil."JustbecausetheproductionintheNorthSeastartstodeclinedoesn'tmeanthatAberdeenasaglobalcenteralsodeclines,"saidRobertCollier,ChamberofCommerceChiefExecutive."Thatexpertisecanstillstayhereandbeexportedaroundtheworld."【英譯漢】【試題二】Wemarkthepassingof800years,andthatisindeedaremarkablespanforanyinstitution.Buthistoryisneveraneven-flowingstream,andthemostremarkablethingaboutmodernCambridgehasbeenitsenormousgrowthoverthepasthalfcentury.SinceIcameupasanundergraduatein1961thestudentpopulationhasmorethandoubled.Morestudentshavemeantmoreteachers,and,evenmoresignificantly,morescholarsdevotedsolelytoresearch:everycategoryhasmorethandoubledinnumbers.Thishugeincreasehasbeenpartlyabsorbedbyanexpansionofthecolleges:theyallhavemorestudentsandmoreFellowsthantheydid50yearsago;and,since1954,nofewerthan11ofthe31collegesareeitherbrandnewfoundations,orhavebeenconjuredupasnewcreationsfromexistingbutquitedifferentbodies.Frombeingauniversityprimarilydrivenbyundergraduateeducation,Cambridge'sreputationisnowoverwhelminglytiedtoitsresearchachievements,whichcanbesimplyrepresentedbythefactthatmorethanthree-quartersofitscurrentannualincomeisdevotedtoresearch.Thishasbroughtnotjustnewlaboratoriesbutnewbuildingstohousewholefacultiesanddepartments:inthemid-20thcenturyfewfacultieshadaphysicalmanifestationbeyond,perhaps,alibraryandacoupleofadministrativeoffices.CambridgeattractsthebeststudentsandacademicsbecausetheyfindtheUniversityandthecollegesstimulatingandenjoyableplacesinwhichtoliveandwork.Thestudentsarethrowninwithsimilarlyableminds,learningasmuchfromeachotherasfromtheirteachers;thegoodsenioracademicsknowbetterthantobetoohierarchicalortocutthemselvesofffromintellectualcriticismanddebate.Onegenerationdismissesanother:notevenErasmusorNewton,DarwinorKeynesstandunscathedbythepassageoftime;norcanwebebuthumbled,especiallyinourdaywhensomuchinformationissoeasilyaccessible,bythevaststoreofknowledgewhichwecanapproachbutneverreallycontrol.Ourlibraryandmuseumcollectionsbringusintocontactwithmanyliveslivedinthepast.Theyserveassymbolsofthecontinuityoflearning,orthediversityofviews,ofanobligationtowrestlewithfactandargument,tocometoourownconclusions,andinturntobeaccountableforourfindings.Therealquestisnotforknowledge,butforunderstanding.5月【英譯漢必選】Farmsgooutofbusinessformanyreasons,butfewfarmsdomerelybecausethesoilhasfailed.Thatisthemiracleoffarming.Ifyoucareforthesoil,itwilllast—andyield—nearlyforever.Americaissuchayoungcountrythatwehavebarelytestedthat.Formostofourhistory,therehasbeennewlandtofarm,andwestillfarmasthoughtherealwayswillbe.Still,therearesomeveryoldfarmsoutthere.TheoldestistheTuttlefarm,nearDover,N.H.,whichisalsooneoftheoldestbusinessenterprisesinAmerica.Itmadethenewslastweekbecauseitsowner—alinealdescendantofJohnTuttle,theoriginalsettler—hasdecidedtogooutofbusiness.Itwasfoundedin1632.Ihearitssweetcornislegendary.Theyear1632isunimaginablydistant.In1632,Galileowasstillpublishing,andJohnLockewasborn.Therewereperhaps10,000colonistsinallofAmerica,onlyafewhundredoftheminNewHampshire.TheTuttleacres,then,wouldhaveseemedalmostassurroundedastheydoin,butbyforestinsteadofhighwaysandhouses.Itwasaprecariousoperationatthestart—asallfarmingwasinthenewcolonies—anditbecameprecariousenoughagaininthesepastfewyearstopeteroutatlast.Thelandisprotectedbyaconservationeasementsoitcan’tbedeveloped,butnooneknowswhetherthenextownerwillfarmit.InaletterontheirWebsite,theTuttlescite“exhaustionofresources”asthereasontosellthefarm.Theexhaustedresourcestheylistincludebodies,minds,hearts,imagination,equipment,machineryandfinances.Theydonotmentionsoil,whichhasbeenrenewedandredeemedrepeatedly.It’sasthoughtheparishionersoftheFirstParishChurchinnearbyDover—erectednearly200yearslater,in1829—hadrebuiltthestructureonthesamespoteveryfewyears.Itistoosimpletosay,astheTuttleshave,thattherecessionkilledafarmthathadsurvivedfornearly400years.Whatkilleditwastheeconomicstructureoffoodproduction.Eachyearithasbecomeharderforfamilyfarmstocompetewithindustrialscaleagriculture—heavilysubsidizedbythegovernment—undersellingthemateveryturn.Inasystemcommittedtothehealthoffarmsandtheirintegrationwithlocalcommunities,theresult