獨立主格結構

PAGEPAGE47獨立主格結構一、\o""獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞，加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：1.獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2.名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。3.獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，與主句之間不用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結構的常見形式1.名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞（邏輯主語是分詞的動作發(fā)出者）Themoonappearing，theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjouney.Weshallplaythematchtomorrow,weatherpermitting.明天假設天氣好，我們就進行比賽。2.名詞（代詞）+過去分詞（邏輯主語是分詞的動作承受者）Thejobfinished,wewenthome.工作結束后我們就回家了。Good-byesaid，hewenthome.3.名詞（代詞）+不定式Nobodytocometomorrow,wewillhavetoputoffthemeetingtillnextweek.如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。Somanypeopletohelphim,heissuretosucceed.有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。4.名詞（代詞）+介詞短語（相當于不帶動詞的“主—系—介詞短語）Thesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.士兵們端著槍沖了進來。Agirlcamein,bookinhand.一個少女進來了，手里拿著書。5.名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞（相當于一個未帶動詞的“主—系—表”結構）Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排，嘴半開著。6.Therebeing+名詞（代詞）Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。Therebeingnofurtherbusiness,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.沒有要討論的事了，我宣布散會。7.Itbeing+名詞（代詞）ItbeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息。Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。注：\o""獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。Hestoodbeforehisteacherwithhisheaddown.他低著頭站在老師面前。Shecameinwithabookinherhand.她手里拿著一本書走了進來。Iwon’tbeabletogoonholidaywithmymotherbeingill.因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。Alltheafternoonheworkedwiththedoorlocked.整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。Ican’tgooutwithalltheseclothestowash.要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。比較：“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。with的復合結構：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.三、英語獨立主格結構的用法獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。 1.用作時間狀語Theworkdone(=Aftertheworkhadbeendone),wewenthome.工作完成后，我們就回家了。2.用作條件狀語Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3.用作原因狀語Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Asanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4.用作伴隨狀語Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5.表示補充說明Ahuntercamein,hisfaceredwithcold(=andhisfacewasredwithcold).一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。Weredoubledourefforts,eachmanworkingliketwo.我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：1、獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。

2、獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主編來了，我們開始開會。比較動名詞復合結構：Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.3、獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。四、with+復合賓語結構常見類型及其用法

“with+復合賓語”結構是指“with+賓語（名詞或代詞）+非謂語動詞（分詞、不定式）、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構成的一種介詞短語。該結構內(nèi)部若是動詞，則其非謂語形式的選用要注意三點：若內(nèi)部動詞表示將來（無論主動還是被動），則用不定式；若內(nèi)部動詞表示被動且屬過去，則用過去分詞；若內(nèi)部動詞表示持續(xù)主動動作，則用現(xiàn)在分詞。該結構在句子中可以作以下幾種成分：

1、原因狀語

1.Withthemanguidingusahead,wehadnotroublefindingthevillage.

2、時間狀語

1.Withourproblemsettled,weallfelthappy.

3、伴隨狀語

Shelefttheofficeswithtearsinhereyes.

4、后置定語

1.Doyouknowthemanwith/havingabookinhishand?

分詞結構和獨立主格結構作狀語時的區(qū)別

一、分詞在句中作狀語時句子的主語是分詞的邏輯主語，即主句主語是分詞的動作執(zhí)行者（用現(xiàn)在分詞）或動作承受者（用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞被動式）。這種情況下的分詞短語可以改為相應的狀語從句或并列謂語。二、獨立主格結構作狀語時，結構內(nèi)部的分詞或介詞短語的邏輯主語不是整句的主語，即主句主語與分詞的邏輯主語不一致。三、使用分詞短語、獨立主格結構、with+復合賓語結構分別在句子中作狀語時要注意：它們與主句之間不應有從屬連詞（如when,if,assoonas,as,while等）或并列連詞（如and,but,or,so等）。獨立主格結構練習題及解析1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof________novels.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.them2.________moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.becauseB.asC.WithD.Since3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof________carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.A.themB.whoC.whomD.which4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof________over600yearsold.A.whichB.thatC.themD.it5.Thecave________verydark,helitsomecandles________light.A.was;givenB.was;togiveC.being;givenD.being;togive6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand________agunandhisface________withsweat.Aheld;coveredB.holding;coveringC.holding;coveredD.held;covering7.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_________.A.flowedinthebreezeB.wasflowinginthebreezeC.wereflowinginthebreezeD.flowinginthebreeze8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_________fortheday.A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.werefinished9.OnSundaystherewerealotofchildrenplayinginthepark,_________parentsseatedtogetherjoking.A.theirB.whoseC.whichD.that10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,________A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.theothers【答案與解析】1.D。halfofthemnovels為獨立主格結構，相當于andhalfofthemarenovels。2.C。考查“with+名詞+過去分詞”結構。3.A。mostofthemcarrying...為獨立主格結構，相當于andmostofthemwerecarrying...，也可改為：mostofwhomwerecarrying。注意改動后連詞and的使用和動詞were的使用。4.C。allofthemover600yearsold為獨立主格結構，相當于andallofthemareover600yearsold。5.D。第一空填being，構成獨立主格結構;第二空填不定式表目的。6.C。獨立主格結構，hisrighthand與hold有主謂關系，故用holding,而hisface與cover是動賓關系，故用covered.7.D。herlonghair與flowing是主動關系，這是“獨立主格結構”作狀語。8.B。因lessons與動詞finish之間為被動關系，故要用過去分詞。其實，theirlessonsfinishedfortheday為獨立主格結構。9.A。此題容易誤選B，認為這是非限制性定語從句。其實，句中的theirparentsseatedtogetherjoking不是非限制性定語從句，而是一個獨立主格結構，因為空格后的動詞seated不是謂語，而是一個過去分詞，因為seat作動詞用時，是及物動詞。10.D。易誤選C。后面部分實際上是獨立主格結構形式，省略了being。補充完整就是：TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,onebeingaToyota,theothersbeingLandRoverofthelatest.(兩個獨立主格結構均表伴隨狀語)

五、倒裝結構倒裝可分為二種：將整個謂語提到主語之前的叫完全倒裝（fullinversion）；將be、情態(tài)動詞或者助動詞放在主語之前的叫做部分倒裝（partialinversion）。用于表示一定的句子結構（語法需要）或強調(diào)某一句子成分。一、完全倒裝(1)在以地點副詞here,there和時間副詞now,then，thus開頭，后面的動詞是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等，而主語又是名詞時，構成完全倒裝句。Theregoesthebell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。Thencamethechairman.然后主席就來了Hereisyourletter.這是你的信。(2)there引導句子除了therebe句型外，there還可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seemtobe,stand等，一般都譯成"有"的含義。Thereappearedtobeamaninblackinthedistance.遠處有個穿黑色衣服的人。(3)在象聲詞或以out、in、up、down、away等表示運動方向的副詞置于句首的句子。Click.clickwenttheweavingroom.Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.轟炸機下面發(fā)出了一顆導彈。(4)當表示地點的介詞詞組在句首時。Atthefootofthehillliesabeautifullake.Eastofthelakelietwotowns.Underthetreewaslyingawoundedsoldier.注意：1)在here,there引出的倒裝句中，當主語是普通名詞時用完全倒裝句，但當主語是代詞時，就要用部分倒裝句。Herecomesthepostman!郵遞員終于來了！注意實意謂語動詞位于主語之前。Hereweare.（我們到了。注意系動詞位于主語代詞之后。）2)當主語是代詞，謂語是系動詞，表語是說明性的詞、詞組和定語從句時，可以使用完全倒裝句，起強調(diào)作用。Luckyishewhohasbeenenrolledintoafamousuniversity.他真幸運，被一所名牌大學錄取了。二部分倒裝1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil,scarcely,barely,underoncondition,hardly…when，nosooner…than，notonly,等。NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.你在哪兒都找不到這個問題的答Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。（當Notuntil引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。Themotherdidn’tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep）Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthesender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.她剛要走時一個學生來看她。2.表示"也"、"也不"的so,neither,nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Tom能說法語，我也能。Ifyouwon'tgo,neitherwillI.如果你不去，我也不去。注意：當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為"的確如此"。例如：1)TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。2)It'sraininghard.Soitis.雨下得很大。的確很大。3.only放在句首，強調(diào)狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被請了三次才來開會。注意：如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。4．a(chǎn)s,though引導的倒裝句as/though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞,副詞,分詞,實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實義動詞,其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作滿意。三其他部分倒裝1.so…that句型中的so位于句首時，需倒裝。例如：Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.他害怕得動都不敢動。2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：Mayyouallbehappy.望大家開心愉快。3.在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were,had,should等詞，可將if省略，把were,had,should移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.如果我是你，我就再試一次?？偨Y：種類倒裝條件例句完全倒裝here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào)Outrushedthechildren.強調(diào)表語置于句首，或為保持句子平衡Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒裝never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglishnotonly…butalsonotonly…butalso連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…thatso…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導的讓步狀語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或norso,neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另d外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.省略if的虛擬條件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!倒裝句練習：1.

_____can

you

expect

to

get

a

pay

rise.

A.With

hard

work

B.

Although

work

hard

C.

Only

with

hard

work

D.

Now

that

he

works

hard2.

____,

mother

will

wait

for

him

to

have

dinner

together.A.However

late

is

he

B.

However

he

is

late

C.

However

is

he

late

D.

However

late

he

is3.

Not

until

all

the

fish

died

in

the

river,

_____

how

serious

the

pollution

was.A.did

the

villagers

realize

B.

the

villagers

realized

C.

the

villagers

did

realize

D.

didn’t

the

villagers

realize4.

Not

until

I

began

to

work

____

how

much

time

I

had

wasted.A.didn’t

realize

B.

did

I

realize

C.

I

didn’t

realize

D.

I

realized

5.—Do

you

know

Jim

quarrel

with

his

brother?

—I

don’t

know,

_______.

A.nor

don’t

I

care

B.

nor

do

I

care

C.

I

don’t

care

neither

D.

I

don’t

care

also6.

Only

by

practicing

a

few

hours

every

day

_____

be

able

to

waste

much

time.A.you

can

B.

can

you

C.

you

will

D.

will

you

7.

Not

until

the

early

years

of

the19th

century

_____

what

heat

is.

A.man

did

know

B.

man

knew

C.

didn’t

man

know

D.

did

man

know8.

_____got

into

the

room,

_____

the

telephone

rang.

A.He

hardly;

then

B.

Hardly

had

he;

when

C.

He

had

not;

than

D.

Not

had

he;

when9.

______

snacks

and

drinks,but

they

also

brought

cards

for

entertainment

when

they

had

a

picnic

in

the

forest.

A.

Not

only

they

brought

B.

Not

only

did

they

bringC.

Not

only

brought

they

D.

Not

only

they

did

bring10.—I

don’t

think

I

can

walk

any

further.

—_____,

Let’s

stop

here

for

a

rest.A.Neither

can

I

B.

Neither

do

I

C.

I

didn’t

think

so

D.

I

think

so

11.

Only

in

this

way

______

do

it

well.A.must

we

B.

we

could

C.

can

we

D.

we

can12.

Hardly

____

when

it

began

to

rain.A.had

he

arrived

B.

arrived

he

C.

he

had

arrived

D.

did

he

arrive

13.

Jack

is

a

student

and

studies

at

the

No.

2

Middle

School.

_____.A.

It

was

the

same

with

Mike

B.So

it

is

with

MikeC.

So

is

Mike

D.

So

does

Mike14.

______,

I

would

have

given

you

his

address.A.

If

you

asked

me

B.

You

had

asked

meC.

Should

you

have

asked

me

D.Had

you

asked

me15.

_____

that

they

had

made

an

important

discovery

in

science.A.Little

they

realized

B.

They

had

realized

littleC.Little

did

they

realize

D.

Little

had

they

realized

16.

______

that

I

couldn’t

be

absorbed

in

the

work.A.

They

made

such

talked

B.

So

loudly

they

talkedC.

It

was

noise

outside

D.

Such

a

loud

noise

did

they

make

17.

Many

a

time

_____

me

good

advice.A.

he

gave

B.

does

he

give

C.

he

has

given

D.

has

he

given18.

____

have

I

seen

a

better

performance.A.

Everywhere

B.

Nowhere

else

C.

Everywhere

else

D.

Nowhere19.

Not

a

single

word

____

at

the

beginning.A.

did

he

say

B.

has

he

said

C.

he

said

D.

he

has

said20.

Only

in

an

hour

ago

____

out

why

he

was

absent.A.

did

the

teacher

found

B.

the

teacher

found

C.

did

the

teacher

find

D.

had

the

teacher

found21.

_____the

plane.A.

Flew

down

B.

Down

flew

C.

Down

was

flying

D.

Down

fly22.

Hardly

_____

when

the

bus

suddenly

pulled

away.A.they

had

got

to

the

bus

stop

B.

they

got

to

the

bus

stopC.

did

they

get

to

the

bus

stop

D.

had

they

got

to

the

bus

stop23.

______

I

had

time,

I

would

have

run

round

that

lake

again.A.

If

B.

Unless

C.

Had

D.

When24.

Not

only

______

a

promise

,but

he

also

kept

it.A.

had

he

made

B.

he

had

made

C.

did

he

make

D.

he

makes25.

______

I

would

see

you

here.A.Little

I

dreamed

B.

Little

do

I

dream

C.

I

dreamed

little

D.

Little

did

I

dream26.

There

____

.A.come

they

B.

they

come

C.

they

are

come

D.

they

will

come

27.

______

that

he

could

not

speak

for

a

long

time.A.So

frightened

was

he

B.

So

frightened

he

was

C.

Was

he

so

frightened

D.

Frightened

was

he28.

Only

when

class

began

______

that

he

had

left

his

book

at

home.A.will

he

realize

B.

he

did

realize

C.

did

he

realize

D.

should

he

realize29.

Only

when

you

have

finished

your

homework

_____

go

home.A.

can

you

B.

would

you

C.

you

will

D.

you

can30.

Seldom

____

any

mistakes

during

my

past

few

years

of

working

here.A.

would

I

make

B.

did

I

make

C.

I

did

make

D.

shall

I

make

參考答案1．倒裝句，答案為C。2．狀語從句語序應是正常語序，故A、C排除，連詞however后必須緊跟形容詞或副詞，D是正確答案。3．not

until引導狀語從句位于句首時，主句要倒裝，答案為A

。4．本題考查以否定詞開頭并修飾狀語時的主謂語序，這時原狀語可以是副詞或介詞短語，還可以是從句，而主謂的語序為部分倒裝，答案為B。5．本題考查neither

或nor連接句子時語序的倒裝，答案為B。6．答案為D。7．答案為D。8．hardly...when和no

sooner

...than是兩個固定句型，前半部分置于句首，其后分句要倒裝，答案為B

。9．答案為B

。10．答案為B。11．only引導的介詞短語或從句位于句首修飾狀語時，句子謂語要部分倒裝，答案為C。12．部分倒裝，答案為A。13．答案為B。14．答案為D。15．副詞little位于句首時，句子要倒裝，答案為C。16．答案為D。17．many修飾名詞并位于句首時，句子要倒裝，答案為D。18．答案為D。19．答案為A。20．only修飾介詞短語時，并位于句首時,句子要倒裝，答案為C。21．答案為B。22．答案為D。23．虛擬語氣的倒裝形式，答案為C。24．答案為C。25．答案為D。26．there放于句首，主語是代詞時，主語和謂語的位置不變，仍保留陳述句式，答案為B。27．答案為A。28．答案為C。29．only修飾句子的狀語，位于句首，要部分倒裝。only修飾的狀語從句不倒裝，主句要倒裝，答案為A。30．由否定詞never,

not,

hardly,

little,

seldom,

rarely,

nowhere和否定意義的短語in

no

way,

in

no

case,

at

no

time,

by

no

means等引起的句子，常用倒裝語序，答案為B。

六、主謂一致問題主謂一致是指謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語一致。通常有三個不同角度1,語法一致2,意義一致3,就近原則.語法一致：1．不定式,動名詞,以及從句作主語時應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù).Readingoftenmeanslearning.讀書常意味是學習.ToreadEnglishaloudeverymorningdoesyoualotofgood.每天早晨朗讀英語好處多.注：若what從句用在"主系表"結構中，從句是含復數(shù)意義的并列結構，謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復數(shù)兩可。如果表語是單數(shù),主句的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)，如果表語是復數(shù),主句的謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)。Whatyousayandthinkis/arenobusinessofmine.你怎么說以及怎么想，不關我的事。Whatheboughtwas/weresomebooks.他所買的是幾本書。Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.事故是由什么引起的完全是個謎.WhathisfatherlefthimareafewEnglishbooks.他父親留給他的只是幾本英語書而已.2．不定代詞one,every,each,everybody,everyone,oneof,noone,nothing,nobody,someone,somebody,either,neither,manya等作主語或修飾主語時應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù).none作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復數(shù)；但在代表可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù)，因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點不使我著急。Neitherofmysisterslikessports.我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運動.Manyastudenttakesawalkoncampusafterdinner.許多學生晚飯后常在校園里散步.Everyboyandgirlshowsgreatinterestinextra-curriculumactivities.每個男孩和女孩對課外活動都表現(xiàn)出很大的興趣.3．由some,several,both,few,many,anumberof等詞修飾主語,或是由它們自身作主語時應看作復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù)Ontheseashore,somepeopleareplayingvolleyballandsomearelyinginthesun.海邊,有些人在打排球,有些人躺著曬太陽.Bothofusarefondofwatchingfootballgames.我們倆都喜歡看足球賽.Anumberofwill-begraduatesarevoluntarilygoingtoworkintheWestofChina.許多即將畢業(yè)的學生打算自愿去中國西部工作.4．a(chǎn)seriesof,akindof,thenumberof,a+名詞+andahalf，oneandahalf+名詞等與名詞構成名詞短語作主語時應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù).但Oneortwomore+復數(shù)名詞"作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)..Aseriesofhightechnologyproductshasbeenlaidoutintheexhibition.一系列高科技產(chǎn)品已在展覽上展出.Thenumberofprintingmistakesinsomerecentbooksoftensurprisespeopleeventodeath.近來一些書籍里印刷錯誤的數(shù)量讓人吃驚得要命.Akindofroseinthegardensmellsverypleasant.這座花園里有一種玫瑰香氣怡人.Oneortwopersonsaresenttheretohelpthemdothework.要派一兩個人到那兒去給他們幫忙注意：aseriesof這是一個短語，表示“一系列”，后面跟復數(shù)名詞。但其動詞謂語用單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)，取決于本短語表示的是一系列“同一種類”的事物還是“不同種類”的事物。前者用單數(shù)謂語；后者用復數(shù)謂語。

Aseriesofwetdaysspoilsourholiday.（陰雨連綿破壞了我們的假期。）

Thereareaseriesofstrangeobjectsinhissuitcase.（他的提箱里有一些奇怪的東西。）5．有些表示“單位、度量”的短語,名詞的單復數(shù)決定謂語形式,如:alotof,mostof,anyof,halfof，threefifthsof,eightypercentof,someof,noneof,therestof,allof等后接不可數(shù)名詞,或是單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語時應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);但如果后接可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式作主語時應看作復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù).（即謂語動詞形式根據(jù)of后的名詞）Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.地球表面四分之三為水所覆蓋.Alotofmoneyintheshopwasstolenyesterdaywhentheelectricitywassuddenlycutoff.昨天突然斷電時,那家商店丟失了許多錢.AlotofbooksaboutInvestmentFundhavebeenpublishedrecently.最近出版了許多關于投資基金的書籍.6）"morethanone+單數(shù)名詞"大多接單數(shù)謂語。Morethanonepersonwas(were)absent.不止一個人缺席。"more+復數(shù)名詞+thanone"接復數(shù)謂語。Morestudentsthanonehavebeenthere.不止一個學生去過那兒。"morethantwo(three,…)+復數(shù)名詞"接復數(shù)謂語。Morethanonehundredstudentshaveattendedtheconcert.不止一百名學生聽了這場音樂會。意義一致從意義上決定主謂一致問題.有時主語形式上為單數(shù),但意義上卻是復數(shù),那么謂語依意義也用復數(shù)形式;而有時主語形式上為復數(shù),但意義上卻是單數(shù),那么謂語依意義亦用單數(shù)形式.1）表示國家,機構,事件,作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù).TheUnitedStatesisleadingtheworldinscienceandtechnology.美國常在世界科技方面領先.TheUnitedNationsplayanimportantroleintheinternationalaffairs.聯(lián)合國在國際事務中起著重要作用2)當主語后面接由aswellas,asmuchas,accompaniedby,including,inadditionto,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith等引導的詞組（做狀語）時,其謂語動詞的形式要依主語的單復數(shù)而定.Thestudents,togetherwiththeirteacher,aregoingtohaveapicnicthisweekend.學生們打算這個周末與他們的老師一起去野炊.Thewarehouse,withallitsstockings,wasburnedlastnight.昨晚,那個倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了.3)表示時間,金錢,距離,體積,重量,面積,數(shù)字等詞語作主語時,其意義若是指總量應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);但如果其意義是指"有多少數(shù)量"則應該看作是復數(shù),那么謂語動詞也應該用復數(shù).Fourweeksareoftenapproximatelyregardedasonemonth.人們常大約地將四個星期看成一個月.Twentyyearsstandsforalongperiodinone'slife.二十年在人的一生里意味著一個很長的時期.Eightydollarsareenoughforastudenttospendonfoodforoneweek.八十塊錢給一個學生吃一個月的伙食是足夠的了.4)形容詞前加定冠詞即"the+形容詞"作主語時,其意義若是指個人或是抽象概念應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);但如果其意義是指一類人則應該看作是復數(shù)。Theyoung,ontheonehand,oftenthinkoftheoldconservative.Ontheotherhand,theoldalwaysconsidertheyounginexperience.一方面,青年人常認為老年人保守;另一方面,老年人總是認為青年人沒有經(jīng)驗.Inmanystories,thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadaredoomedtounfortunate.在許多故事里,好人總是有好報;壞人注定要倒霉.5)當and連接兩個并列主語在意義上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念時,應看作單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù).另外,當and連接兩個形容詞去修飾一個單數(shù)形式的主語時,其實是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應該看作是復數(shù),那么謂語動詞也應該用復數(shù).Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.戰(zhàn)爭與和平是一個歷史永恒的主題.ChineseandJapanesesilkareofgoodquality.中國絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好.6)集體名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語的意義:主語表示整體時視為單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù);主語表示集體中的個體成員時視為復數(shù),謂語動詞用復數(shù).這類集體名詞常見的有:army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成復數(shù)形式.Thefamilyareallfondoffootball.那一家人都喜歡足球.Thefamilyisthetiniestcellofthesociety.家庭是社會的最小的細胞.Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.人民大眾完全有理由謹防職業(yè)騙局.Thepublicnowcometoknowthewholestory.人們現(xiàn)在越來越清楚那是怎么回事了.7）有些表示成雙成對的詞，常常只用復數(shù)形式，動詞一律用復數(shù)，也不能用不定冠詞。通常使用"apairof"。這樣的詞有：eyeglasses,pants,scissors,shoes,shorts,socks,stockings,trousers等。8）學科名詞一般用單數(shù)謂語動詞。但是，表具體的學業(yè)、活動時，多用作復數(shù)。economics,electronics,mathematics,politics等等。

Politicsisagoodtopicfordiscussion.（政治是談論的好題目。）

Economicshasfascinatedme.（我迷上了經(jīng)濟學。）

Hermathematicsareweak.她數(shù)學差。（指“學業(yè)成績、能力”）Whatareyourpolitiscs?你的政治觀點如何？Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.9）有些名詞具有復數(shù)形式，但其實是單數(shù)意義，有自己的復數(shù)形式。其用法與一般名詞相同，單數(shù)時可以使用不定冠詞，謂語用單數(shù)；復數(shù)時謂語動詞用復數(shù)。chaos-chaoses（瑣事，雜亂）,campus-campuses（校園）,chorus-choruses（合唱隊）,status-statuses（身份、地位）,virus-viruses（病毒）,analysis-analyses（分析）,basis-bases（基礎）,crisis-crises（危機）,hypothesis-hypotheses（假設）,等。

Therewaschaoseverywhereinthetownaftertheearthquake.（地震后，城內(nèi)一片混亂。）10）復數(shù)形式的名詞，crossroads(十字路口；聚焦點),barracks(兵營),headquarters(總部),means(方法，手段),species(種類，品種),series(系列),works(工廠)等，其動詞的單復數(shù)取決于兩點：a)取決于限定詞：

Everymeanshasbeentriedbutwithoutmuchresult.各種方法都試過，可沒有多大效果。

Theseworkshavebeenclosedsincethebeginningofthisyearduetothestrikeoftheworkers.由于工人罷工，這些工廠從今年年初起就一直停工。b)取決于上下文內(nèi)容、作者所要表達的意思、特指還是泛指：

Are/Isthereanyothermeansofsolvingtheproblem?還有什么其它解題的方法嗎？這里可以用are表示其它方法，也可以用is表示和現(xiàn)在所用的方法相對比的另一種方法。

OurTVseriesaremuchbetterthanthoseofJapan.我國的電視劇比日本的好得多。（泛指）

11）百分數(shù)（或分數(shù)）+of+可數(shù)名詞（或不可數(shù)名詞）謂語動詞用單數(shù)；百分數(shù)（或分數(shù)）+of+復數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如：Twentypercentoftheworkersinthefactoryarewomen.這個工廠里百分之二十是女工。Altogethermorethan70percentofthesurfaceofourplanetiscoveredbywater.總的來說，我們這個行星的表面有百分之七十是為水覆蓋的12)數(shù)學上的加、減、乘、除的規(guī)律是：加法和乘法的謂語動詞單復數(shù)皆可；而減法和除法的謂語動詞一律用單數(shù)。

Oneplus/andoneis/aretwo.（一加一等于二。）

Tentimeszerois/arezero.（10乘0等于0。）

Tenminusthreeisseven.（10減3等于7。）

Tenintofiftyisfive.（50除以10等于5。）注意：Twotensmake/makestwenty.（兩個10得20。）

Twotensaretwenty.（兩個10得20。）

在這兩個例句里，動詞make既可以用單數(shù)，也可以用復數(shù)。但如果用be動詞做謂語，則只能用復數(shù)。13）群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語，謂語動詞用作復數(shù)。NiagaraFallsareasplendidscene.尼亞加拉瀑布是一個壯麗的景象.TheWestIndies就近原則(PrincipleofProximity)這一原則是指,謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致.常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有:therebe句型，or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…，notjust…but…,等.Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.不是我,就是他們要對那件事的結局負責任.Neithertheunkindwordsnortheunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.既不是那些不友好的話,也不是那不友好的態(tài)度讓我沮喪.Notonlyhebutalsoallhisfamilyarekeenonconcerts.不僅僅是他,而且是他全家人都很熱衷于音樂會.Neitherhisfamilynorheknowsanythingaboutit.他全家人和他都不知道那件事.當?shù)闹髡Z是一系列事物時,謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致.另：某些固定結構中謂語的數(shù)：

agreatmany+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用復數(shù)

manya+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

anumberof+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用復數(shù)

thenumberof+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

themajorityof+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用復數(shù)

each/every+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

neither/eitherof+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

morethanone+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

oneandahalf+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)

謂語用單數(shù)

thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of

/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof

謂語的數(shù)與of后面的名詞一致練習1.There______diedintheterriblefireinLuoyanglastwinter.A.hundredspeople B.hundredpeopleC.hundredspeoples D.hundredpeoples2.Eitheryouorthepresident_______theprizestothesegiftedwinnersatthemeeting.A.ishandingout B.aretohandoutC.arehandingout D.istohandout3.I,who______yourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyououtoftrouble.A.am B.is C.are D.be4.TheOlympicGamesintheyear2008______inBeijingofChina,which______knowntousall.A.istohold;is B.istobeheld;wasC.aretohold;is D.aretobeheld;is5.There_____alotofrubbishonthefloorsoIaskedMarytosweep_____up.A.were;it B.are;themC.was;it D.is;them6.Threemilliontonsofcoal______everyyearinthecity.A.isexploited B.areexploitedC.hadexploited D.haveexploited7.StoriesoftheLongMarch_______popularwiththeyoungpeoplenow.A.is B.was C.are D.were8.Mathematics_______thelanguageofscience.A.are B.aregoingtobe C.is D.istobe9.Bothriceandwheat_____growninourcountry.A.is B.are C.was D.were10.________eitherofyourparentscometoseeyourecently?A.Have B.Had C.Has D.Is11.Whatthechildreninthemountainvillageneed________goodbooks.A.is B.are C.have D.has12.Thewholefamily_______TVattentively.A.arewatching B.iswatchingC.isseeing D.areseeing13.Nothingbutseveralglasses________boughtbymyfatherthedaybeforeyesterday.A.was B.were C.havebeen D.wouldbe14.Atthebusstop______asoldierandtwoyoungpeopleontheirwaytothevillage.A.were B.was C.is D.sits15.Iflawandorder______,neitherthecitizennorhisfamilyissafe.A.arenotpreserved B.isnotpreservedC.werepreserved D.havenotbeenpreserved16.There______littlechangeinthatmiddleschool.A.have B.had C.havebeen D.hasbeen17.Whatsuchasunsetis______strangetousall.A.goingtobe B./ C.is D.that18.Seventy-fivepercentoftheearth’ssurface______withwater.A.iscovered B.iscovering C.werecovered D.arecovered19.Thefollowing______someothermentaldiseases.A.being B.are C.was D.were20.NotonlyyoubutalsoI______abletohelphimout.A.are B.is C.am D.were21.“TheKites”______usastoryofthekite’shistory.A.havetold B.tells C.weretold D.wastold22.YouandI_____twinsisters.A.were B.are C.is D.am23.AteacherofEnglishandclassteacher_______ussomethingaboutvolunteerworkers.A.aretelling B.istelling C.aregiven D.weregiven24.Thousandsoftonsofrubbish________overalargeperiodoftime.A.rotsaway B.rotaway C.hasrottedaway D.arerottedaway25.Mayoraswellasvolunteerworkers_______thenewly-builtstadium.A.iscleaning B.arecleaning C.werecleaning D.havecleaned26.Manyastudent______somethingaboutAbrahamLincoln.A.haveknown B.knowsC.isknown D.areknown27.Thedefenceworks______builtlongagotokeeptheenemyaway.A.were B.hasbeenC.hadbeen D.was28.“Haveyouallstudiedthepassage‘UsingtheMindagainstDisease’？”“______.”A.Nobodyofushas B.NobodyofushaveC.Noneofushas D.Noneofusdid29.AgroupofItaliansoldiers______quicklytowardstheirposition.A.wereadvancing B.wereadvancedC.wasadvancing D.advancing30.Everyone,menandwomen,oldandyoung______sportsandgames.A.isenjoy B.wereenjoyingC.enjoys D.enjoy答案：1.解析：選B.hundred一詞前面有具體數(shù)詞修飾時不加-s2.解析：選D.當either…or連接兩個并列主語時，句子的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上和后一個主語保持一致?！癰e+不定式”表示按計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作。3.解析：選A.who為引導定語從句的關系代詞，其先行詞是I,所以謂語動詞要用am.4.解析：選D.主語theOlympicGames意為：奧運會，謂語動詞要用非第三人稱單數(shù)形式；后半部分為which引導的非限制情定語從句，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。5.解析：選C.therebe句型中be動詞的單復數(shù)取決于其后的主語，alotofrubbish(不可數(shù)名詞)，因此后面謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。6.解析：選A.主語為coal,是不可數(shù)名詞。根據(jù)題意，此處要用被動語態(tài)。7.解析：選A.主語StoriesoftheLongMarch是書名，謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。8.解析：選C.此處mathematics為學科名詞，作主語時謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。9.解析：選B.bothand連接兩個并列主語時，句子的謂語動詞要用非第三人稱單數(shù)形式。10.解析：選C.e