同位語構(gòu)成及同位語從句翻譯 講義 高三英語上學(xué)期一輪復(fù)習(xí)專項

同位語(Appositive)同位語本質(zhì)上是一種修飾語，它對與之同位的名詞詞組提供補充說明、修飾和描繪的作用。一、常見組成：名詞詞組，位置一般在與之同位的名詞之后，也有提前或置于句末的情況。Yourbrother,aproudandunbendingman,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.Streamlinedswimmersandbloodhoundsofthesea,sharksareequippedwithanextraordinarysenseofsmell.Onlyoneproblemstillremains—thestorageofthegrain.Anexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality,MissRuelisapromisingcandidateforwow,aninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheword.代詞(反身代詞/不定代詞/指示代詞)Myfatherwillgoandseeithimself.(reflexivepronoun)Myfriendsallunderstandme.(indefinitepronoun)Air,food,waterandheat—thesearefourrequirementsofalllivingthings.(demonstrativepronoun)非謂語小句Shelikedherjob,teachingEnglish.(gerund)Duringallthoseyearstheyoungmanhadbutoneaim—tofightfortheindependenceofhismotherland.(infinitive)同位語從句（略）answer,advice,assurancebelief,conclusion,commanddecision,discovery,doubt,demand,desire,explanation,evidence,fact,feelinghope,guaranteeidea,information,insistence,instruction,impressionknowledge,law,message,news,opinion,order,possibility,problem,promise,proof,proposal,plan,propositionquestion,report,risk,rumor,recommendation,request,requirement,story,suggestiontruth,theory,thought,wish,word二、常用引導(dǎo)方式：標(biāo)點符號（comma,dash）介詞（of）ThecityofShanghai=thecity,ShanghaiThemonthofMay=themonth,MayTheartofpainting=theart,painting引導(dǎo)詞（表等同關(guān)系/列舉關(guān)系/突出重點）namely,thatis(i.e.),thatistosay,inotherwords,or,forshort…Apronounisapro-form,i.e.aformusedtorefertoapersonorathing.Hestudieslinguistics,orthescienceoflanguage.Heisacutler-thatistosay,amanwhosellsknivesandsharptools.forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,including…Someanimals,forexamplethefoxandsquirrel,havebushytails.BesidesEnglishheknowsotherforeignlanguages,suchasFrenchandGerman.Anydictionary,sayHornby'sAdvancedLearner'sDictionary,willservemypurposeforthetimebeing.especially,particularly,chiefly,mostly…Moststudentsinourclass,particularlyDavidandChris,arefondofmusic.Iwantverymuchtoreadthesenewnovels,especiallytheoneyoumentioned.同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞（關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞）關(guān)系代詞：Who、whose、which、that關(guān)系副詞：when、where、why、how三、同位語的翻譯翻譯成名詞前的定語WehavebeenfortunatetohaveMr.Jackson,adistinguishedlinguistfromtheUnitedStates,withustoday."今天能邀請到美國著名的語言學(xué)家杰克遜先生,我們感到非常榮幸。用“即”Theboilingtemperature,orboilingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichaliquidboilsunderordinarypressure.“沸騰溫度即沸點,系液體在常壓下沸騰的溫度。同位語從句,可根據(jù)情況運用斷開法、重復(fù)法、解釋法、轉(zhuǎn)換法加以處理,也可以譯為漢語局位語或外位語。(1)一般同位語從句可直接譯為漢語同位結(jié)構(gòu)或外位結(jié)構(gòu)。Thefactthattheelectroniccomputerisdevelopingmostrapidlyissoattractiveinallcountriesoftheworld.“電子計算機正在飛速發(fā)展(這一事實),引起了世界各國的注意?！?譯為同位語)或“電子計算機正在飛速發(fā)展,這一事實引起了世界各國的注意”。(譯為外位語)。(2)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的定語結(jié)構(gòu)Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapehowingthechiefoilfieldsoftheworld.“粗略地觀察一幅標(biāo)有世界各大油田的地圖,就可以證實關(guān)于石油形成于海洋的論斷"（3）重復(fù)有的英語同位語用重復(fù)先行詞的方法突出或強調(diào)先行詞的含義,漢譯也可重復(fù)這些詞。Heisnowfacedwithanimportantdecision，adecisionthatcanafeetbisentirefuture.他現(xiàn)在正面臨著一個重大的決策,這個決策將影響他的整個前程?！奔词褂⒄Z沒有重復(fù),漢譯時也可采用重復(fù)法來處理。Alofthesearrangementswereapreludetotheball,thehostess’ultimateprize.所有這一切安排僅僅是這次舞會的序曲,舞會才是女主人的最終目的。(4)解釋法(把同位成分轉(zhuǎn)換為有關(guān)中心詞的表語)Anexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality,MissRuelisapromisingcandidateforwow,aninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheword.魯爾小姐是一個全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生,品學(xué)兼優(yōu),堪稱前程無量的wow候選人;所謂wow乃是為世界各國杰出婦女而設(shè)的一個國際性的獎學(xué)金項目。(5)可以把先行詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞,，讓同位語從句作賓語。Oneaspectofafeudalmentalitywhichheldwomeninasubordinatepositionwastheideathattherewerecertainthingsthatwomancouldnotdo."認(rèn)為婦女低人一等的封建意識的一個表現(xiàn),就是認(rèn)為有些事情婦女干不了。Inafewyears'timehischildrenwouldgraduate,andhewashappyinthebeliefthattheeducationtheyhadreceivedwouldenablethemtomakeausefulcontributiontosociety.幾年后,他的孩子們就要畢業(yè)了。他相信他們所受的教育會使他們對社會做出有益的貢獻,因而他很高興。四、同位語的附加修飾成分修飾成分不是修飾名詞中心詞，而是修飾同位語成分，通常為一些副詞和介詞詞組，可以與定語從句中的狀語進行相互轉(zhuǎn)換。Tom,normallyatimidboy,jumpedintotheriverandsavedthedrowninggirl.DrHelfand,formerlydirectorofourhospital,wrotemanybooksonmedicine.ProfessorGrace,atthattimeacollegestudent,wrotepoemsandstoriesformagazinesandnewspapers.Lucy,inheryouthatalentedm