專題41 閱讀理解之主旨大意題（講案）解析版

2/40高考一輪復習知識清單專題41閱讀理解之主旨大意題（講案）解析版（快問快答+思維導圖+考法點撥+真題再練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解主旨大意題快問快答P1二、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情P1三、閱讀理解主旨大意題命題特點P2四、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導圖P3五、閱讀理解主旨大意題考法點撥P4考法一：段落大意題P4考法二：文章大意題P6考法三：標題概括題P11六、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練(7例)P14七、閱讀理解主旨大意題名校模擬(8篇)P22模擬一：段落大意題P22模擬二：文章大意題P26模擬三：記敘文標題概括題P31模擬四：說明文標題概括題P36一、閱讀理解主旨大意題快問快答Q1：閱讀理解主旨大意題有什么特點？A1：主旨大意題屬于閱讀理解較難題型，每年必考，占1-2題，需要有較強的閱讀理解能力和做題技能。Q2：閱讀理解主旨大意題做題步驟如何？A2：一是“找詞”--先從題干中提取關鍵性(題眼)，二是“定位”--尋找與此關鍵詞相關的段落、語句做好標記，尤其是關注文章體裁、文章結構，三是“比對”--仔細比對四個選項與文中原句關系，確認屬于哪一種主旨大意題，關注干擾項“偷換概念”“無中生有”“張冠李戴”等命題手段去偽存真確定答案。Q3：閱讀理解主旨大意題有哪些考查方法？A3：閱讀理解主旨大意題有三大考查方向：一是段落大意題，二是文章大意題，三是標題概括題。Q4：如何提高閱讀理解主旨大意題正答率？A4：一要掌握閱讀理解主旨大意題命題規(guī)律和選項特征，二要不斷擴大詞匯量，尤其是3500高考高頻詞匯，三要廣泛進行閱讀實踐和專項訓練，積累推理判斷經驗，掌握主旨大意題整體閱讀這一要旨，摸索出一套行之有效的個性化做題模式，四要重視糾錯，探尋錯誤原因，防止出現類似錯誤。二、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情主旨大意題目主要的考查形式：理解段落大意、把握全文主旨和擬定文章標題。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點統(tǒng)計卷別細節(jié)理解題主旨大意題主旨大意題主旨大意題2024新課標I卷91412024新課標II卷91412023新課標I卷61712023新課標II卷61712022新課標I卷82412022新課標II卷82412024全國甲卷71612023全國甲卷81512023全國乙卷51812022全國甲卷81332022全國乙卷10131三、閱讀理解主旨大意題命題特點【設問特點】特殊疑問句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及推斷作者態(tài)度、文章出處、文章類型、寫作意圖、下段話題等。特殊疑問句形式:以what等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及段落大意、文章大意或者標題概括等。26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout? （2024新課標I卷，段落大意題）31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout? （2024新課標II卷，文章大意題）27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext? （2024全國甲卷，標題概括題）35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext? （2024浙江1月卷，標題概括題）32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout? （2023全國乙卷，段落大意題）31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout? （2022全國甲卷，文章大意題）【選項規(guī)律】正確選項特征概括性涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段覆蓋性確定的范圍恰當，既不太大，也不太小精確性精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩模糊性不出現細節(jié)信息，不含過分肯定或絕對意義的詞干擾選項特征主題擴大所給選項內容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內容無中生有符合常識，但不是文章的內容曲解文意與原文的內容極其相似，只是在某個細節(jié)處有些變動顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反偷換概念所給選項被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內容放在B上四、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導圖五、閱讀理解主旨大意題考法點撥考法一：段落大意題每一篇文段都要圍繞一個特定的主題，按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以段落的結構也有一定的規(guī)律性。做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”,即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結構框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準確性更高?！径温浯笠忸}干擾項特征】1.過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所概括的內容超出原文的范圍。2.以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的細節(jié)內容或個別詞語做出選項內容。3.移花接木，偷換概念。選項中定語和狀語影響語意范圍，或者把屬于A的內容放在B上。4.主觀臆測，無中生有。選項中關鍵詞也在文中提及，但選項的實際含義與文章主題無關。【段落大意題兩大抓手】1.尋找段落主題句解答段落大意題的關鍵是抓住段落的主題句。一般而言，每個段落總有一個中心，通常中心思想會在首句或尾句體現出來，這就是常說的段落主題句?？傮w來說，采用歸納法的段落，細節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾；采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點，后舉例子，由一般到特殊，主題句出現在段首，這種現象較多出現在說明文和議論文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現在段落的中間。有時，作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，考生要學會根據段落的內容概括出主題句。2.確定段落關鍵詞段落中反復出現的詞匯一般就是段落關鍵詞，往往需要出現在正確選項中。【段落大意題思維導圖】【調研01】(2024新課標I卷第26題)LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.26.主旨大意題。根據第三段內容“LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.(利·廷代爾的狗查理患有嚴重的心臟病。廷代爾說，查理心臟病發(fā)作后，她準備讓他進入睡眠狀態(tài)，但法伯的治療大大減輕了她的狗的痛苦，她能夠讓它多活五個月。普里西拉·杜因(PriscillaDewing)報告說，她的馬納皮(Nappy)經過脊椎按摩調整后，“行動更容易，乘車更舒服”。)”可知，本段主要講述了兩個例子，一個是Farber通過整體醫(yī)學方法幫助了患有嚴重心臟病的狗Charlie，另一個是馬Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治療后移動和騎行更為舒適。這些例子都是為了說明整體醫(yī)學的有效性。故選D?！菊{研02】(2023新課標I卷第32題)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.32.主旨大意題。根據第二段內容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(這種效應利用了這樣一個事實，即當人們犯錯誤時，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。當這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時，它們會相互抵消，從而產生更準確的估計。如果相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估計是獨立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關或依賴，估計的準確性就會下降。)”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產生更準確的估計，討論了獨立估計的平均如何由于誤差的消除而導致更準確的預測。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應這一現象的基本邏輯。故選B?！菊{研03】(2023全國乙卷第32題)Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.32.主旨大意題。根據文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.(如果你想講述整個世界的歷史，一段不以人類某一部分為特權的歷史，你不能僅僅通過文本來講述，因為世界上只有一部分人曾經有過文本，而世界上大多數人，在大多數時間里，都沒有。寫作是人類較晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至許多有文字的社會也不僅用文字，而且用物件來記錄他們所關心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應該如何呈現給我們。故選A?？挤ǘ何恼麓笠忸}文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，把每個段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。該題型主要是測試考生對一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結，屬于高層次題?！疚恼麓笠忸}答題策略】題型一：利用主題句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧點撥：說明文和議論文學會關注“首段”和“段首”。借鑒“七選五”小標題類型特點，段首句統(tǒng)領全段主旨大意，由此推斷段落大意。題型二：利用主題句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧點撥：有時主題句出現在段中某句，這就需要考生耐心閱讀揣摩段落各句之間內在邏輯關系，確定主題句位置，進而明確段落主旨大意。題型三：利用主題句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧點撥：有時主題句出現在段尾，關注一些表征總結性，結論性的詞:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，這些詞后面連接的通常是主題句。題型四：利用段落沒有主題句推敲段落大意技巧點撥：有時候段落沒有出現主題句，需要考生自己總結提煉，難度更大。題型五：利用“總-分-總”結構推敲語篇主旨大意題技巧點撥：有時候段落沒有出現主題句，需要考生自己總結提煉，難度更大。【文章大意題思維導圖】【調研04】(2024新課標II卷第31題)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】28.C29.B30.D31.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。28.細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農貿市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”可知，巴比倫微型農場（BMF）進一步縮短了從農場到餐桌的距離。故選C。29.細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，還有一個便捷的應用程序，可以實時提供增長數據)”可知，這個便捷的應用程序提供了植物生長的實時數據。故選B。30.推理判斷題。根據最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品?！?”可知，BMF員工具有強烈的環(huán)保意識。故選D。31.主旨大意題。根據第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農貿市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通過云連接，對BMF進行遠程監(jiān)控。此外，還有一個方便的應用程序可以實時提供不斷增長的數據。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是為每株植物提供合適的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學品?！?”可知，文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運輸距離、通過云技術遠程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A?！菊{研05】(2022全國甲卷第31題)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings. B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D.Sticktoapromise.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.28-31ACCA【解題導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了71歲的GinniBalinton從小就對旅行有著深深的熱愛，渴望探險，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開始周游世界，并在2008年開始了前往南極洲的旅程。28.A。詞句猜測題。根據第二段劃線詞前文“Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.(在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英國巡演，但一直渴望進一步探索)”和“Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,(當她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組taketheplunge與trychallengingthings“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選A。29.C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段中的“AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTieradelFuego.(正是在智利，她發(fā)現自己可以在最后一刻買到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價船只)”可知，是一張折扣票價讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C。30.C。細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段“Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.(意識到這是一塊寶貴的土地，應該受到人類的尊重，這是Ginni最深刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行結束后，Ginni認為南極洲應該得到很好的保護。故選C。31.A。主旨大意題。根據第二段“Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71hashadadeeplovefortravel.(今年71歲的吉妮從小就對旅行有著深深的熱愛)”及全文可知，文章主要介紹了71歲的GinniBalinton從小就對旅行有著深深的熱愛，渴望探險，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開始周游世界，并在2008年開始了前往南極洲的旅程。由此可知，Achildhooddream.(童年的夢想)能夠概括文章主旨。故選A。考法三：標題概括題標題是文章中心思想的精練表達。此類題目主要考查考生把握主題和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基礎上運用判斷、歸納、概括等方法，對文章的主題進行提煉或高度概括，最終準確地選出文章的標題。記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會考查到標題歸納題。【標題概括題三大方法】1.主題段法標題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來說第一段經常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個短語即是文章的標題。2.主題句法解題的關鍵要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標題。2.關鍵詞法任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此有的文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即關鍵詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心?！緲祟}概括題三大策略】1.正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基礎上，揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨。2.反面否定法撇開原文，拿各個備選項去嘗試用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內容，然后和原文對照，一一排除荒謬者。3.排除干擾法研究干擾項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結構、新奇性、概括性等。文章的標題應該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者注意力?！緲祟}概括題思維導圖】【調研06】(2024全國甲卷B篇)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!24.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.25.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】24.A25.C26.D27.B【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物來表達需求、評估環(huán)境和展示愛意。24.細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.(動物可以用很多方式來表達他們的需求。例如，幾乎所有的動物都有獨特的聲音，它們依靠這些聲音來尋求幫助，嚇跑危險的動物或尋找庇護。)”和“Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.(貓寶寶一出生就開始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和被喂食。)”可知，貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A。25.細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.(貓有許多敏銳的感官，但它們的嗅覺令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來評估周圍的環(huán)境，尋找任何危險的跡象。)”可知，寵物貓通過檢查氣味來評估不同情況。故選C。26.詞句猜測題。根據第三段劃線詞前半句“Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取習慣而聞名)”和后句“Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.(許多貓會在外面隨意找到一些東西，并把它們帶給主人。)”可知，狗以取回東西而聞名，但貓可以從外邊找到東西帶回來，因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語take...upanotch是用來形容貓在帶回東西這一行為上做得更好或更出色。故選D。27.主旨大意題。根據第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.(動物可以用很多方式來表達他們的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式，包括叫聲、嗅覺和帶回禮物的習慣，以及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior(了解你的貓的行為)”作文文章標題最為合適。故選B?！菊{研07】(2023新高考II卷B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker. B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant. D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.25.WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?A.Thekids’parentsdistrustedher. B.Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.C.Somekidsdislikedgardenwork. D.Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable.C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardens B.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape【答案】24.D25.C26.A27.B【導語】本文是記敘文。文章主要講述了AbbyJaramillo等老師在低收入學校發(fā)起的培養(yǎng)學生科學能力，環(huán)保意識以及健康生活方式的UrbanSprouts花園項目，讓學生通過體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活，對學生影響深遠。24.細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段的“Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.(起初是這樣的，艾比·哈拉米洛說，她和另一位老師在四所低收入學校啟動了“UrbanSprouts”學校花園項目。)”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是UrbanSprouts的發(fā)起者。故選D。25.推理判斷題。根據第二段的“shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.(她說。“他們來找我們，認為蔬菜很可怕，泥土很可怕，昆蟲也很可怕?！彪m然有些人一開始害怕昆蟲，對泥土感到厭煩，但大多數人都渴望嘗試新的東西。)”可知，項目之初，一些學生不喜歡園藝工作。故選C。26.推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”(她補充說，該計劃的好處不僅僅是營養(yǎng)。有些學生對園藝非常感興趣，他們帶回家種子開始自己的菜園。此外，在花園里工作似乎對Jaramillo的特殊教育學生有鎮(zhèn)靜作用，他們中的許多人都有情緒控制問題。“他們走了出去，”她說，“他們覺得成功?！?”可知，這個項目不僅給學生提供了有營養(yǎng)的食物，而且許多學生回家開創(chuàng)了自己的菜園，對有情緒控制問題的學生也起到了鎮(zhèn)靜作用，從而推知，該項目的影響是深遠的。故選A。27.主旨大意題。根據第一段的“Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.(起初是這樣的，艾比·哈拉米洛說，她和另一位老師在四所低收入學校啟動了“UrbanSprouts”學?；▓@項目。該項目旨在幫助學生培養(yǎng)科學技能、環(huán)保意識和健康的生活方式。)”以及下文內容可知，文章主要講述了AbbyJaramillo等老師在低收入學校發(fā)起的培養(yǎng)學生科學能力，環(huán)保意識以及健康生活方式的UrbanSprouts花園項目，讓學生體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活，對學生影響深遠。因此推斷B項“體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活”符合文意，最適合作為本文標題。故選B。七、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練【真題演練01】（2022全國甲卷D篇）Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決).”O(jiān)ntheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?（段落大意題）A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture. B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment. D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions. B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation. D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.A