局部血液循環(huán)障礙

局部血液循環(huán)障礙

概述1

正常的血液循環(huán)和體液內(nèi)環(huán)境是保證組織細胞健全的必要條件。

血液供應紊亂或體液平衡障礙都可導致組織器官的充血、出血以及血栓形成、栓塞、甚至梗死，是人類死亡的重要原因。第一節(jié)充血一.動脈性充血器官或組織因動脈輸入血量的增多而發(fā)生的血管內(nèi)血液含量增多的狀態(tài)，簡稱充血（hyperemia）。特點：主動過程、發(fā)生快、易于消退。一、動脈性充血㈠原因及類型1.生理性充血為適應器官和組織生理需要和代謝增強需要而發(fā)生的充血。2.病理性充血減壓后充血：長期受壓的器官或組織，當壓力突然解除時，細動脈發(fā)生反射性擴張。炎性充血：由于致炎因子或炎癥介質(zhì)引起的細動脈擴張。一、動脈性充血㈡病理變化肉眼器官、組織體積稍增大，顏色鮮紅，局部溫度升高。光鏡局部細動脈及毛細血管擴張充血。㈢后果短暫反應，一般恢復正常。少數(shù)出現(xiàn)血管破裂。一、動脈性充血眼結(jié)膜充血第一節(jié)充血二.靜脈性充血器官或局部組織靜脈回流受阻，血液淤積在小靜脈和毛細血管內(nèi)，簡稱淤血(conges-tion)。特點：病理性、被動過程、發(fā)生緩慢、持續(xù)時間長。二、靜脈性充血㈠原因1.生理狀態(tài)下的淤血妊娠子宮壓迫髂靜脈引起下肢及盆腔淤血，長久站立引起的下肢淤血。2.病理狀態(tài)下的淤血靜脈受壓靜脈管腔阻塞靜脈血液墜積心力衰竭二、靜脈性充血㈡病理變化肉眼光鏡體積顏色溫度小動脈毛細血管小靜脈充血淤血增大暗紅/青紫下降擴張充血擴張充血增大鮮紅升高擴張充血擴張充血㈢后果淤血血管靜脈壓↑毛細血管通透性↑器官實質(zhì)細胞間質(zhì)細胞水腫血漿漏出出血血細胞漏出硬化纖維↑壞死變性萎縮缺氧營養(yǎng)不良代謝產(chǎn)物↑二、靜脈性充血㈣重要器官淤血1.肺淤血原因左心衰竭病變?nèi)庋酃忡R臨床缺氧、氣促、發(fā)紺、粉紅色泡沫痰暗紅、實重、切面紅色泡沫肺水腫和出血肺泡壁毛細血管小靜脈擴張心力衰竭細胞二、靜脈性充血肺淤血粉紅色泡沫痰二、靜脈性充血肺淤血正常肺組織心衰細胞二、靜脈性充血慢性肺淤血二、靜脈性充血2.肝淤血原因右心衰竭病變?nèi)庋酃忡R臨床肝腫大、壓痛暗紅、實重、切面隆起（檳榔肝）中央靜脈、肝竇擴張肝細胞脂變、萎縮、消失纖維組織增生（淤血性肝硬化）二、靜脈性充血肝淤血DiagramThemeGallery

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