2019-年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語一試題

Directions:

SectionIUseofEnglish

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones. 1_ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize._3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_4_can'tfindnorth,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,and

onsuppliesoffreshwater. 9 ,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,

youshould__lQ_seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe 11 howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another 12 :Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. 13evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto 14 gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve___lLthewoods.Headtowardthese16__tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor 17 lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the 19 weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeatures

can_1Q_youtocivilization.

[A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All

[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come

[A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D]Until

[A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally

[A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away

[A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone

[A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar

[A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place

[A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides

[A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually

[A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused

[A]problem [B]option [C]view [D]result

[A]Aboveall [B]Incontrast [C]Onaverage [D]Forexample

[A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate

[A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under

[A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks

[A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited

[A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D]Generally

[A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings

[A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]expose

SectionII ReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecisionmaking,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

"Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism."

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.

helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.[qbuildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

governments'impatienceindecision-making.[qthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[D]"short-termism"ineconomicactivities.

Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

indirect.

adverse.[qminimal.

[D]temporary.

TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".

thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[qtheapproachestopromoting"long-termism".

[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[qDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

Students'indifferencetoGPAs.[qColleges'neglectofGPAs.

[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

2.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

[qTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[D]Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

obtainmorefinancialsupport.

boosttheirstudentenrollments.[qimprovetheirteachingquality.

[D]meetlocalgovernments'needs.

9.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

Tocounterbalanceeachother.

Tocomplementeachother.

[qTobeidenticalwitheachother.

[D]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

0.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

assessingitsfeasibility.

analyzingthecausesbehindit.[qcomparingdifferentviewsonit.

[D]listingitslong-runeffects.

Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof"Frankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,"byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.[qinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.[qinspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

canhardlyeverbefound.

isstillbeyondourcapacity.[qcauseslittlepublicconcern.

[D]hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

affirmation.

skepticism.[qcontempt.

[D]respect.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI[qTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

Text4

StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."

TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

betterbusinesses'relationswithstates.

putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.[qmakemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

[D]forcesomestatestocutsalestax.

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.

havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.[qwerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.

[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

hinderedeconomicdevelopment.

broughtprosperitytothecountry.[qharmedfairmarketcompetition.

[D]boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.

9.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?

Internetentrepreneurs.

Big-chainowners.[qThird-partysellers.

[D]Smallretailers.

0.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.

describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.[qpresentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.

[D]citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.

PartBDirections:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.Leamingwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto''win"anargument.

JOfcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[qNoneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairs

ofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

[EJInhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[_F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.

[GJThereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.

41.1-142.1-CIJ-143.1-144.1-1C1-145.

PartCDirections:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbad

muchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liv