2024-2025學(xué)年高二英語(yǔ)選擇性必修第三冊(cè)（譯林版）UNIT 2 Grammar and usage教學(xué)課件

UNIT2OutofthisworldSectionBGrammarandusagegrammarandusagesubjectclausesexploringtherulesTheHubbleSpaceTelescopeplayingacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergyIn2009

TosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstarsFASTTodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverseReadthepassageinpartAandfindthesentenceswithsubjectclauses.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescope,…Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,…Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthat…Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.Wecanuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.Wecanuse_____________tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisastatement.Wecanuse_____________tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisayes-noquestion.Wecanuseaquestionwordtointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisawh-question.Weoftenuse_____________asthepreparatorysubjectwhenasubjectclauseisverylong.Workingouttherulesthatwhetheritapplyingtherules1.Thespacemissionwentsowellwasbeyondourexpectations.Thatthespacemission

2.Whethertheyareabletogrowmorevegetablesdependonhowmuchtimeittakes.depends

3.Itwasnotclearhowlonghewillstayonthespacestation.is

would4.WhatthelunarprobedidnotlandwasaworryforthepeoplebackontheEarth.5.ThatmakestheChinesepeoplehappyisthatChinahassuccessfullylaunchedaspacerocket.ThatWhatB1applyingtherulese,b,a,cB2phrasesandexpressionsP20looktothestarryskymajorbreakthroughplayacrucialroleinmysteriousdarkenergyorbitotherstarsWhetherlifeonotherplanestsdoesexistisyettobeproved.carryoutobservationswithextrodinarysensitivitydetectcommunicationsignalsphrasesandexpressionsP21comprisethreestagesorbitandscantheMoonItwasevidentthat...laythefoundationforbeplaintoseebeanybody’sguessGrammar主語(yǔ)從句一定義主語(yǔ)可以由一個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，也可以由一個(gè)句子充當(dāng)。充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的句子叫主語(yǔ)從句。Howtheearthcameintoexistenceremainsamysterytous.

地球是如何形成的，這對(duì)我們來說仍然是一個(gè)謎。Thatsmokingisharmfultoourhealthisafact.吸煙有害健康，這是事實(shí)。二引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的三類連接詞及其句法功能（1）連接詞：that，whether①that在從句中無(wú)意義，也不充當(dāng)句子成分，但不可省略。Thatshebecameafamousphysicistmadeherparentsveryhappy.她成了一位著名物理學(xué)家，這令她父母非常高興。Thatsmokingisharmfultohealthisknowntoeveryone.

吸煙有害健康，這是大家都知道的。②whether在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，但表示“是否”。Whetherwewillmakeafundamentalreformhasn’tbeendecided.我們是否要進(jìn)行根本性的變革還沒有確定下來。Whetherlifeexistsonotherplanetsisnotclear.

其他星球上是否存在生命還不清楚。（2）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，who-ever，whatever，whichever等。Whowillbringupthechildhasn’tbeendecidedyet.誰(shuí)來?yè)狃B(yǎng)這個(gè)孩子還沒有決定。Whichlifestyleisthemostbeneficialtoourhealthisstillunknown.

還不知道哪種生活方式對(duì)我們的健康最有利。Whoeversolvesthepuzzlecanreceiveanaward.無(wú)論誰(shuí)解開那個(gè)謎都可以獲獎(jiǎng)。Whateveryoudoshoulddonoharmtoothers.無(wú)論你做什么都不應(yīng)該傷害別人。（3）連接副詞：when，where，why，howwhen（什么時(shí)間），where（在哪里），why（為什么），how（怎么，如何）在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因和方式。Whenwewillsetoffhasn’tbeendecided.我們何時(shí)出發(fā)還沒有決定。Wherewelivedoesn’tmatter.我們住在哪兒不重要。WhyCarldidn’tkeephiswordwasobvious.卡爾不守信用，原因顯而易見。Howheearnedhislivingathistwentiesisnotcleartoanyone.

任何人都不清楚他二十多歲時(shí)是如何謀生的。三用it作形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句由于主語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng)，為了避免頭重腳輕，常常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。常用的有以下五種句型：（1）Itis/was+形容詞（clear，obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，probable，certain，uncertain，fortunate，etc.）+that從句.Itisclearthatthegirltoldalie.

很明顯，那個(gè)女孩說了謊。（2）Itis/was+名詞（詞組）（apity，nowonder，anhonor，agoodidea，afact，goodnews，ashame，etc.）+that從句.Itisapitythatyourparentsdidn’tpermityoutogowithus.

你父母不允許你和我們一起去，這很遺憾。3）Itis/was+過去分詞（said，believed，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，confirmed，etc.）+that從句.ItisreportedthataviolentearthquakeandtsunamihappenedinJapan.

據(jù)報(bào)道，日本發(fā)生了強(qiáng)震和海嘯。（4）It+不及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）（matter，happen，comeabout，etc.）+that從句.Ithappenedthathewasoutthatday.

碰巧他那天不在家。（5）It+使令性及物動(dòng)詞（worry，shock，surprise，satisfy，upset，etc.）+sb.+that從句.Itupsethimalotthathewasnotpermittedtojoinintheholidaycelebrations.不允許他參加假日慶?；顒?dòng)，這讓他很生氣。Itsurprisedmethatthewomanbroughtupthreechildrenonherown.讓我吃驚的是，這個(gè)女人獨(dú)自撫養(yǎng)了三個(gè)孩子?！菊`區(qū)警示】過去分詞如果是suggested，ordered，required，advised，requested，insisted等表示建議、要求、命令等的詞，主語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)用“（should+）動(dòng)詞原形”。Itissuggestedthatpeopleshouldnotgoonapicnicbecausetherewillbeaviolentstormtoday.有人建議不要去野餐，因?yàn)榻裉鞂?huì)有暴風(fēng)雨。四使用主語(yǔ)從句的注意事項(xiàng)（1）主語(yǔ)從句是用陳述語(yǔ)序Whetherhewillbeintimeforthemeetingisdoubtful.他能否趕上會(huì)議還不確定呢。（2）時(shí)態(tài)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)①如果主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，那么從句一般也要用相應(yīng)的過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatthemaninragswasamillionaire.最讓我驚訝的是，那個(gè)衣衫襤褸的人居然是百萬(wàn)富翁。②主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)，但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，what在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，且表語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要根據(jù)后面表語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)而確定。Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetinghasnotbeendecided.

我們何時(shí)開運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)還沒定下來。Whatastronautsneedinthespaceshipisoxygen.宇航員在宇宙飛船中需要的是氧氣。Whatthechildrenstarveforintheareaarebooks.這個(gè)地區(qū)的孩子渴望得到的是書。③用and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的連接詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。Whentheywillsetoffandwheretheywillgohavenotbeendecidedyet.他們何時(shí)動(dòng)身，要去哪里，還沒定下來。Whenandwherethemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeendecidedyet.

何時(shí)何地舉行會(huì)議還沒定下來。（3）whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，如果用了形式主語(yǔ)it，引導(dǎo)詞whether可以換成if。如果whether從句在句首或后面直接跟ornot，則不能換成if。Whetherhewillcutdownhisnovelhasnotbeendecidedyet.（whether不可用if替換）Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhetherhewillcutdownhisnovel.（whether可以用if替換）他還沒決定是否刪減他的小說?！就卣埂縲hether與if的區(qū)別（1）當(dāng)與ornot直接連用時(shí)，用whether。Idon’tknowwhetherornotmysoncanearnhisliving.

我不清楚我兒子是否能自力更生。（2）whether可用在介詞之后或帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式之前，if則不能。Wehaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherwe’llinvitetheastronomer.

我們還沒有解決是否邀請(qǐng)這位天文學(xué)家的問題。WehadnoideawhethertogowithoutJaneorwaitforherforawhile.

我們不知道是不等簡(jiǎn)就走，還是等她一會(huì)兒。（3）whether可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，if則不能。Theproblemiswhethershewilltakeachance.問題在于她是否會(huì)冒險(xiǎn)一試。ThereissomedoubtwhetherJohnwillgainpopularsupport.

約翰是否會(huì)獲得廣泛支持，還有些疑問。（4）在強(qiáng)調(diào)任意選擇時(shí)，用whether...or，此時(shí)不用if替換whether。HeaskedmewhetherIwantedtohavesomepineappledessertoracupofcoffee.

他問我想吃一些菠蘿甜點(diǎn)還是想喝杯咖啡。單元語(yǔ)法集訓(xùn)Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空1.Itisapity

wemightmisstheopeningscene.2.Theylosttheirwayintheforestand

mademattersworsewas

thenightbegantofall.3.Thereisnodoubt，inmyopinion，that

mattersisnotthequantity，butthequalityoftheproducts.4.Itdoesn’tinterestme

yousucceedornot.5.

theastronautatehisfoodinspaceis

wewanttoknow.6.

theywillhavethesportsmeetingisstillaquestion，fortheyhavesomanythingstodo.that

what

that

what

whether

How

what

When

7.

wearepermittedtousethelibraryisnotknown.8.

theauthorreferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreaders.9.

colorsinfluenceourmoodshasbeenproved.10.

willbeourEnglishteacherinthenewtermhasn’tbeendecidedyet.11.

youcansucceedornotdependsonhowhardyouworkatit.12.—Itremainstobeseen

theplancanbeputintopractice.—Itdependsonyourdetermination.13.

moreandmorestudentsshowlittleinterestinherclassesmakesherpuzzled.14.Itremainstobeseen

theyarewronginthematter.15.Inmyopinion，

mattersarenotone’slooks，butone’sinnerthoughts.WhetherWhatThat

WhoWhether

whether/if

Why

whether

what

Ⅱ.單句寫作1.

（據(jù)報(bào)道）themurdererwasshottodeathonthescene.2.

（她生了一個(gè)健康的嬰兒）madethefamilyveryhappy.3.

（父母是否給他買一臺(tái)新的電腦）dependsonhisexamresults.4.

（那是誰(shuí)的包）wasnotknownatthattime.5.Itremainsamystery

（為什么恐龍突然消失了）.Itisreportedthat

Thatshegavebirthtoahealthybaby

Whetherhisparentswillbuyhimanewcomputer

Whosebagthatwas/Who（m）thebagbelongedto

whydinosaurssuddenlydisappearedⅢ.語(yǔ)法填空

EveryoneknewthatAnnwas1

famouswriter，butnooneknew2

shecamefromand3

shewasbornin1961wasstillamystery.Whattheydidknowwasthatshewaslovedbypoorpeoplebecauseshealwayshelpedwhoeverwas4

needofmoney.Annwasgenerousand5

（help），butsomepeoplethoughtshewasseeking6

（famous）.Annsaidshedidn’tunderstand7

theyweresonarrow-minded，butitdidn’tmatter8

otherpeoplethoughtofher.Shejustwantedtodo9

shethoughtwasright.Ithinkthatis10

themeaningoflifelies.a

where

whether

in

helpful

fame

whywhat

what

where

Languagepoints1...itallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.……它（哈勃太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡）使科學(xué)家了解了更多關(guān)于宇宙的信息。universen.（theuniverse）宇宙，天地萬(wàn)物Scientistsdisagreeabouthowtheuniversewascreated.科學(xué)家對(duì)宇宙是怎樣形成的有分歧?！就卣埂浚?）universaladj.普遍的；全世界的；共同的；普遍存在的Thedesiretolookattractiveisuniversal.愛美之心，人皆有之。（2）universallyadv.全體地；一致地；到處Thetheorydoesnotapplyuniversally.這個(gè)理論并非放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)?！驹~塊背誦】universalfeatures普遍特征

universaleducation普及教育universallanguage通用語(yǔ)言

universalfacts普遍事實(shí)單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）Smilingisapparentlya

（universe）signoffriendlinessandapproval.（2）It’shopedthatthetelescopewillenablescientiststoseedeeperinto

universethaneverbefore.（3）Itis

（universal）acknowledgedthatairandwaterareveryimportanttoman.universal

the

universally

2Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.哈勃（太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡）的觀測(cè)在發(fā)現(xiàn)神秘的暗能量方面發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用。crucialadj.至關(guān)重要的，關(guān)鍵性的（近義詞：critical，essential，vital）搭配

becrucialto...對(duì)……很重要Itiscrucialtodosth.做某事很重要Itiscrucialthat...（should）do...至關(guān)重要的是……

Thesuccessofthisexperimentiscrucialtothefutureofourfirm.這次試驗(yàn)的成功對(duì)我們公司的前途至關(guān)重要。Itiscrucialthatallstudentsdevelopthesebasicskills.所有學(xué)生都要培養(yǎng)這些基本技能，這是極其重要的。單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）Theconferencedeliveredaclearmessage：itiscrucial

（focus）onbothtreatmentandprevention.（2）Regularexerciseiscrucial

people’sphysicalandmentalhealth.tofocus

to

3Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.開普勒的科學(xué)目標(biāo)是尋找地球大小的圍繞其他恒星運(yùn)行的行星。orbitvt.&vi.圍繞……運(yùn)動(dòng)；沿軌道運(yùn)行n.（天體等運(yùn)行的）軌道搭配

orbitaround...繞……運(yùn)行inorbit在軌道上 TheEarthtakesayeartoorbitthesun.地球繞太陽(yáng)一周要一年的時(shí)間。AnewsatellitehasbeenputintoorbitaroundtheEarth.一顆新的衛(wèi)星被送入環(huán)繞地球的軌道。單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）In1957theSovietUnionlaunchedthefirstsatellite

（orbit）theearth.（2）Thetwospacecraftwilllinkup

orbit.toorbit

in

4Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.我們將從這些望遠(yuǎn)鏡中學(xué)習(xí)到多少，這僅僅受限于我們的想象力。merelyadv.僅僅，只不過Hemerelywantstoknowwhenhecangetbacktowork.他只不過想知道他什么時(shí)候能回去工作?！就卣埂縨ereadj.僅僅的Ittookheramerehourtowin.她只花一小時(shí)就贏了。單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）Hesaidnothing，

（mere）smiledandwatchedher.（2）Thebrainaccountsfor

（mere）threepercentofbodyweight.merely

merely

5...China’sspaceagency，itcomprisesthreestages...中國(guó)的航天機(jī)構(gòu)，它由三個(gè)階段組成……agencyn.機(jī)構(gòu)；代理處Iamatourguide，andIworkforatravelagencyindowntownQingdao.我是一名導(dǎo)游，我在青島市中心的旅行社工作。【拓展】agentn.代理人；經(jīng)紀(jì)人OuragentinNewYorkdealswithallUSsales.我們?cè)诩~約的代理商經(jīng)辦在整個(gè)美國(guó)的銷售。【詞塊背誦】aticketagency售票代理處

atravel/touristagency旅行社單句語(yǔ)法填空（1）BythetimeIwastwenty-five，I’dalreadyfinishedtwonovelsandhadan_____（agency）.（2）Havingstruggledtofindajobformonths，Maryfinallytookapositionatalocaladvertising_________（agent）.agent

agency

comprise

vt.包括，包含；組成，構(gòu)成Thecollectioncomprises327paintings.這部畫冊(cè)收有327幅畫。Theserulescomprisethegrammarofalanguage.