自考英語(二)重點句型總結(jié)

Ⅲ、ReadingComprehension（30points，2pointsforeachitem）從下列每篇短文的問題后所給的四個選擇項中選出一個最佳答案。PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Spaceisadangerousplace，notonlybecauseofmeteors（流星）butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough，andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodwhichweeat.Heat，too，makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace，butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft，iftheyareinside，dopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”。Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged；thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage——apersonmayfeelperfectlywell，butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged，andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed（畸形的）childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighamountofrems.Sofar，nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported，buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere，workinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation，butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph，theatmosphereisessentialtomaninthat.A.itprotectshimagainsttheharmfulraysfromspaceB.itprovidessufficientlightforplantgrowthC.itsuppliestheheatnecessaryforhumansurvivalD.itscreensoffthefallingmeteors「」22.Weknowfromthepassagethat.A.exposuretoeventinyamountsofradiationisfatalB.theeffectofexposuretoradiationisslowincomingC.radiationisavoidableinspaceexplorationD.astronautsinspacesuitsneedn'tworryaboutradiationdamage「」23.TheharmradiationhasdonetotheApollocrewmembers.A.isinsignificantB.seemsoverestimatedC.isenormousD.remainsunknown「」24.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.A.theApollomissionwasverysuccessfulB.protectionfromspaceradiationisnoeasyjobC.astronautswillhavedeformedchildrenorgrandchildrenD.radiationisnotathreattowell-protectedspaceexplorers「」25.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.A.TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironmentB.ResearchonRadiationC.EffectsofSpaceRadiationD.ImportanceofProtectionAgainstRadiation「」PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”；andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards，atleastintheearlystages，hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological（生理的）“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords，ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort，nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements，suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult，forinstance，twoleftortworight，oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem，itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem，inmasteringtheskill，andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.26.Accordingtotheauthor，babieslearntodothingswhich.A.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB.willmeettheirphysicalneedsC.willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD.willsatisfytheircuriosity「」27.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiethatababy.A.wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkD.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink「」28.InPapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto.A.havethelightsturnedonB.pleasetheirparentsC.berewardedwithmilkD.bepraised「」29.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause.A.thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”B.thesightofthelightswasinterestingC.theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD.theysucceededin“switchingon”thelights「」30.AccordingtoPapousek，thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof.A.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldB.thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedsC.theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemsD.afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills「」PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards，fromwarmpraisetocoldcash，affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists，whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences，arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitive（認知學派的）researchers，whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife，maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters，especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetary（金錢的）rewardssparkscreativityingradeschoolchildren，suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducements（刺激）indeedaidinventiveness，accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.“Ifkidsknowthey'reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask，theyshowthemostcreativity，”saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNeward.“Butit'seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents，Eisenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint，henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailinggrades.Inearliergrades，theuseofso—calledtokeneconomies，inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceive—basedpointstowardvaluedrewards，showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity，theDelawarepsychologistclaims.31.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward.A.thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewardsB.theamountofmonetaryrewardsforstudentcreativityC.thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsandtheirconsequencesD.theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudentsperformance「」32.Whatistheresponseofmanyeducatorstoexternalrewardsfortheirstudents？A.Theyhavenodoubtsaboutthem.B.Theyhavedoubtsaboutthem.C.Theyapproveofthem.D.Theyavoidtalkingab