專題12 閱讀理解說(shuō)明文-【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語(yǔ)真題分類匯編

【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語(yǔ)真題分類匯編（全國(guó)通用）解析版專題12閱讀理解說(shuō)明文考點(diǎn)五年考情（2020-2024）命題趨勢(shì)考點(diǎn)1人與自我類說(shuō)明文（5年5考）2022新課標(biāo)II卷—體育鍛煉有利于心臟;2020全國(guó)I卷—孩子玩智力玩具的研究;2020全國(guó)I卷—重新閱讀的體會(huì);2020全國(guó)I卷—競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)利與弊；2020全國(guó)III卷—人類進(jìn)化適應(yīng)海洋生活。1.說(shuō)明文選材通常是科技領(lǐng)域的最新科研成果(介紹最新科技、重大成就、新產(chǎn)品、新工藝等)；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題和令人好奇的自然現(xiàn)象；以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等等。2.題型涉及到：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題。其中以細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主。3.結(jié)構(gòu)上看，說(shuō)明文總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常分為三個(gè)部分：說(shuō)明對(duì)象、說(shuō)明過(guò)程和歸納總結(jié)；從段落組織方式上分五種結(jié)構(gòu)：總分式結(jié)構(gòu)；并列式結(jié)構(gòu)；對(duì)照式結(jié)構(gòu)；遞進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)；連貫式結(jié)構(gòu)。4.說(shuō)明文常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明方法有：定義與詮釋、舉例與引用、分類與圖表、比較與比喻和分析與綜合等。了解說(shuō)明文的寫作手法、說(shuō)明方法，理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)是解題的關(guān)鍵之一。5.如果文章有標(biāo)題那首先就要抓住文章的標(biāo)題明確說(shuō)明對(duì)象或是關(guān)注文章主題句、各段首末句明確說(shuō)明對(duì)象；其次可抓住文章的結(jié)構(gòu)歸納說(shuō)明對(duì)象。一般說(shuō)明文往往都會(huì)圍繞一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題或內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，而有的說(shuō)明文則需要我們把小說(shuō)明點(diǎn)歸納起來(lái)，構(gòu)成全文的說(shuō)明對(duì)象。6.破解長(zhǎng)難句：學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用括號(hào)法分析長(zhǎng)難句，把影響考生理解的各種從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)以及復(fù)雜介詞短語(yǔ)括起來(lái)，從而達(dá)到“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進(jìn)而準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義?？键c(diǎn)2人與社會(huì)類說(shuō)明文（5年13考）2024新課標(biāo)II卷—人工智能安全發(fā)展;2024全國(guó)甲卷—醫(yī)療列車巡回服務(wù);2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖測(cè)試的背后;2023新課標(biāo)I卷—極簡(jiǎn)生活方式;2023新課標(biāo)I卷—群體智慧效應(yīng);2023新課標(biāo)II卷—紙質(zhì)書籍和閱讀;2023新課標(biāo)II卷—保護(hù)城市野生生態(tài);2023全國(guó)甲卷—書評(píng)；2023全國(guó)乙卷—電視烹飪節(jié)目影響；2022新課標(biāo)I卷—改善老年人孤獨(dú)項(xiàng)目；2022新課標(biāo)I卷—飲食影響語(yǔ)言發(fā)展；2022新課標(biāo)II卷—軟件應(yīng)對(duì)司機(jī)分神；2020新課標(biāo)卷—影響食物攝入量因素.考點(diǎn)3人與自然類說(shuō)明文（5年9考）2024新課標(biāo)I卷—科學(xué)記錄生物多樣性；2024新課標(biāo)I卷—巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)2024全國(guó)甲卷—對(duì)貓的行為研究；2024浙江1月卷—農(nóng)民擔(dān)心冰雹計(jì)劃；2023全國(guó)甲卷—保護(hù)灰熊新問(wèn)題；2023浙江1月卷—太陽(yáng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)；2022全國(guó)甲卷—鳳頭鸚鵡會(huì)識(shí)別形狀；2020全國(guó)I卷—綠植能代替點(diǎn)燈嗎2020全國(guó)II卷—妙用海貍鼠；考點(diǎn)1人與自我類說(shuō)明文【2022新課標(biāo)II卷】Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無(wú)氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.34.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，主要講的是鍛煉對(duì)于心臟的好處。32.D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一開(kāi)始，它是靈活的，但把它放在抽屜里20年，它就會(huì)變得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克薩斯大學(xué)的心臟專家本·萊文博士說(shuō)。這就是心臟的變化。)”可知，萊文想通過(guò)提到橡皮筋來(lái)解釋心臟的老化過(guò)程，故選D。33.C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一組每周參加三次非有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)——平衡訓(xùn)練和重量訓(xùn)練。第二組在教練的指導(dǎo)下每周進(jìn)行4天或更多的高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。)”可知，兩組在研究設(shè)計(jì)上的不同在于運(yùn)動(dòng)類型的不同，故選C。34.A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二組在教練的指導(dǎo)下每周進(jìn)行4天或更多的高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。兩年后，第二組的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(萊文說(shuō):“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時(shí)鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟。”)”可知，萊文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了通過(guò)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)，中年人的心臟會(huì)變得更年輕，故選A。35.C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但這項(xiàng)研究的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復(fù)進(jìn)行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會(huì)產(chǎn)生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。故選C?！?020全國(guó)I卷】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?A.Parents’age.B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education.D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24-27BCDB【導(dǎo)讀】本文是說(shuō)明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。24.B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。25.C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段(Levine說(shuō)，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測(cè))可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。26.D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。27.B。主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過(guò)程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。【2020全國(guó)I卷】Returningtoabookyou’vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There’sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It’strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it’sallaboutthepresent.It’saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisErnestHemingway’sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人陶醉的),anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.24.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.B.It’sawindowtoawholenewworld.C.It’sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A.It’sabriefaccountofatrip.B.It’saboutHemingway’slifeasayoungman.C.It’sarecordofahistoricevent.D.It’saboutHemingway’sfriendsinParis.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?A.Debt. B.Reward. C.Allowance. D.Facevalue.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry..He’saneditor. C.He’sveryambitious. D.Heteachesreading.【答案】24-27DBBA【導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹了重新閱讀的意義和益處并向讀者介紹了作者每年重讀的三本書。作者鼓勵(lì)讀者去重新閱讀書籍。24.D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.”和第二段“Thebeautyofrereadingliesinthatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentregister.Itistrue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.”可推知，作者喜歡重新閱讀是因?yàn)橹匦麻喿x可以擴(kuò)展對(duì)自己的理解。故選D項(xiàng)。25.B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.”及“anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime”可知，這本書出版于1964年，這是他關(guān)于20世紀(jì)20年代在巴黎的經(jīng)典回憶錄，是他老年時(shí)對(duì)那些野心勃勃卻更簡(jiǎn)單的日子的回顧。由此可判斷出AMovableFeast是關(guān)于海明威年輕時(shí)的生活。故選B項(xiàng)。26.B。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(雖然金錢確實(shí)是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意為“但是但重新閱讀作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高回報(bào)”，由此判斷出劃線詞的意思是“回報(bào)”。27.A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar’sSaveTwilight:selectedpoems,becausepoetry.(第三本書是胡里奧?科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城:詩(shī)歌精選》，因?yàn)樵?shī)歌)”可知，作者是由于喜歡詩(shī)歌而喜歡這本書?！?020全國(guó)I卷】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.【答案】28-31CDAB【導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。短文介紹了競(jìng)走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是之前受過(guò)傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。28.C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競(jìng)走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。29.D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競(jìng)走者中并不常見(jiàn)。由此可知，競(jìng)走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。30.A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr.Norberg說(shuō)的話“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique(事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競(jìng)走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr.Norberg建議想嘗試競(jìng)走的人征詢專家的建議。31.B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，競(jìng)走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過(guò)，它也有自己的問(wèn)題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)于競(jìng)走的態(tài)度是客觀的?！?020全國(guó)III卷】Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,"saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish."Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,"Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea."In201,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,"saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers. B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.33.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys. B.Nearrivers. C.Onthebeach. D.Offthecoast.34.WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highlanders'SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D.TheWorld'sBestDivers32-35BDCA 【導(dǎo)讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯麄兊纳眢w已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。32.B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.(我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十億年前的產(chǎn)物。當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過(guò)去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子)可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進(jìn)化。B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.(人類進(jìn)化的新知識(shí))符合以上說(shuō)法。33.D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinhundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstiltsincoastalwaters.(這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來(lái)西亞和菲律賓有數(shù)十萬(wàn)人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D.Offthecoast.(沿海)符合以上說(shuō)法。34.C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders.(我們很驚訝，他們?cè)谒麓臅r(shí)間比我們當(dāng)?shù)氐膷u民要長(zhǎng)的多)可知，讓Jubilado感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.(他們能在水下待很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)符合以上說(shuō)法。35.A。主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.(周四，在《細(xì)胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報(bào)道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進(jìn)化，即長(zhǎng)期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進(jìn)化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標(biāo)題?？键c(diǎn)2人與社會(huì)類說(shuō)明文【2024新課標(biāo)II卷】GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.33.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.34.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.35.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.【答案】32.C33.B34.C35.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書。該書作為應(yīng)對(duì)AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)。32.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(這樣一本書可能會(huì)像驅(qū)動(dòng)人工智能的計(jì)算機(jī)代碼一樣復(fù)雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺(jué)得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測(cè)劃線短語(yǔ)表示“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項(xiàng)。33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺(jué)得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾在書中將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容，這本書的特點(diǎn)是通俗易懂，推測(cè)它采用了接地氣的寫作風(fēng)格。故選B項(xiàng)。34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她說(shuō)，我們必須保持對(duì)人工智能的控制，否則就有被邊緣化甚至更糟的風(fēng)險(xiǎn))”和文章最后一段“WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Such

structuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.(我們需要考慮我們希望人工智能的未來(lái)如何發(fā)展。這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的思維，加上全球監(jiān)管，將使我們走向偉大，而不是走向衰敗)”可知，坎貝爾敦促人們保持對(duì)人工智能的控制，考慮人工智能的未來(lái)應(yīng)如何發(fā)展，所以關(guān)于人工智能的發(fā)展，坎貝爾敦促人們共同努力將其控制住。故選C項(xiàng)。35.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence

comesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapractical

roadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

(考慮到人工智能改變我們生活的驚人潛力，我們都需要采取行動(dòng)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)人工智能驅(qū)動(dòng)的未來(lái)，這正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence的用武之地。卡特里奧娜·坎貝爾撰寫的這本引人入勝的新書是一本實(shí)用的路線圖，旨在應(yīng)對(duì)即將到來(lái)的人工智能革命帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn))”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.(人工智能將影響我們所有人，如果你只讀一本關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的書，那就是這本書)”可知，本文主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書，該書作為應(yīng)對(duì)AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)，所以作者寫這篇文章的目的是推薦一本關(guān)于人工智能的書。故選A項(xiàng)?！?024全國(guó)甲卷】TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補(bǔ)給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)每年提供為期10個(gè)月的巡回醫(yī)療服務(wù)，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療條件。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.