專題12 閱讀理解說明文-【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語真題分類匯編

【好題匯編】五年（2020-2024）高考英語真題分類匯編（全國通用）解析版專題12閱讀理解說明文考點五年考情（2020-2024）命題趨勢考點1人與自我類說明文（5年5考）2022新課標II卷—體育鍛煉有利于心臟;2020全國I卷—孩子玩智力玩具的研究;2020全國I卷—重新閱讀的體會;2020全國I卷—競走運動利與弊；2020全國III卷—人類進化適應海洋生活。1.說明文選材通常是科技領域的最新科研成果(介紹最新科技、重大成就、新產品、新工藝等)；人們比較關心的社會問題和令人好奇的自然現(xiàn)象；以及人文地理、風土人情等等。2.題型涉及到：細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測題。其中以細節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主。3.結構上看，說明文總體結構通常分為三個部分：說明對象、說明過程和歸納總結；從段落組織方式上分五種結構：總分式結構；并列式結構；對照式結構；遞進式結構；連貫式結構。4.說明文常見的說明方法有：定義與詮釋、舉例與引用、分類與圖表、比較與比喻和分析與綜合等。了解說明文的寫作手法、說明方法，理清文章結構是解題的關鍵之一。5.如果文章有標題那首先就要抓住文章的標題明確說明對象或是關注文章主題句、各段首末句明確說明對象；其次可抓住文章的結構歸納說明對象。一般說明文往往都會圍繞一個主要問題或內容進行說明，而有的說明文則需要我們把小說明點歸納起來，構成全文的說明對象。6.破解長難句：學會運用括號法分析長難句，把影響考生理解的各種從句、非謂語動詞短語以及復雜介詞短語括起來，從而達到“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進而準確理解句子含義?？键c2人與社會類說明文（5年13考）2024新課標II卷—人工智能安全發(fā)展;2024全國甲卷—醫(yī)療列車巡回服務;2024浙江1月卷—棉花糖測試的背后;2023新課標I卷—極簡生活方式;2023新課標I卷—群體智慧效應;2023新課標II卷—紙質書籍和閱讀;2023新課標II卷—保護城市野生生態(tài);2023全國甲卷—書評；2023全國乙卷—電視烹飪節(jié)目影響；2022新課標I卷—改善老年人孤獨項目；2022新課標I卷—飲食影響語言發(fā)展；2022新課標II卷—軟件應對司機分神；2020新課標卷—影響食物攝入量因素.考點3人與自然類說明文（5年9考）2024新課標I卷—科學記錄生物多樣性；2024新課標I卷—巴比倫微農場2024全國甲卷—對貓的行為研究；2024浙江1月卷—農民擔心冰雹計劃；2023全國甲卷—保護灰熊新問題；2023浙江1月卷—太陽能農場；2022全國甲卷—鳳頭鸚鵡會識別形狀；2020全國I卷—綠植能代替點燈嗎2020全國II卷—妙用海貍鼠；考點1人與自我類說明文【2022新課標II卷】Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(無氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.34.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要講的是鍛煉對于心臟的好處。32.D。推理判斷題。根據第二段的““Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.(“想想橡皮筋。一開始，它是靈活的，但把它放在抽屜里20年，它就會變得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克薩斯大學的心臟專家本·萊文博士說。這就是心臟的變化。)”可知，萊文想通過提到橡皮筋來解釋心臟的老化過程，故選D。33.C。推理判斷題。根據第三段的“Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobicexercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.(第一組每周參加三次非有氧運動——平衡訓練和重量訓練。第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。)”可知，兩組在研究設計上的不同在于運動類型的不同，故選C。34.A。細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段的“Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.(第二組在教練的指導下每周進行4天或更多的高強度有氧運動。兩年后，第二組的心臟健康狀況有了顯著改善。)”和第四段的““Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.(萊文說:“我們把這些50歲的心臟的時鐘撥回30或35歲的心臟?！?”可知，萊文的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了通過有氧運動，中年人的心臟會變得更年輕，故選A。35.C。推理判斷題。根據最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但這項研究的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復進行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會產生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進行進一步的研究。故選C?！?020全國I卷】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?A.Parents’age.B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education.D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist.D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24-27BCDB【導讀】本文是說明文。是關于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結果。24.B。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。25.C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段(Levine說，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個重要的認知預測)可知Levine在設計這個試驗時考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數。26.D。細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復雜的謎題，即他們可能會玩難度更大的謎題。27.B。主旨大意題。本文是關于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結果。所以是關于科學研究的。【2020全國I卷】Returningtoabookyou’vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There’sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth,andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It’strue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading,it’sallaboutthepresent.It’saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow,becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspringisErnestHemingway’sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人陶醉的),anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard’sHolytheFirm,herpoetic1975ramble(隨筆)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortazar’sSaveTwilight:SelectedPoems,becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortazar.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeasgifs,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it’syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.24.Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?A.Itevaluatesthewriter-readerrelationship.B.It’sawindowtoawholenewworld.C.It’sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D.Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A.It’sabriefaccountofatrip.B.It’saboutHemingway’slifeasayoungman.C.It’sarecordofahistoricevent.D.It’saboutHemingway’sfriendsinParis.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inparagraph4referto?A.Debt. B.Reward. C.Allowance. D.Facevalue.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A.Helovespoetry..He’saneditor. C.He’sveryambitious. D.Heteachesreading.【答案】24-27DBBA【導讀】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了重新閱讀的意義和益處并向讀者介紹了作者每年重讀的三本書。作者鼓勵讀者去重新閱讀書籍。24.D。推理判斷題。根據第一段最后兩句“Butbooksdon’tchange,peopledo.Andthat’swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.”和第二段“Thebeautyofrereadingliesinthatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentregister.Itistrue,theolderIget,themoreIfeeltimehaswings.”可推知，作者喜歡重新閱讀是因為重新閱讀可以擴展對自己的理解。故選D項。25.B。推理判斷題。根據倒數第二段“Publishedin1964,it’shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.”及“anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime”可知，這本書出版于1964年，這是他關于20世紀20年代在巴黎的經典回憶錄，是他老年時對那些野心勃勃卻更簡單的日子的回顧。由此可判斷出AMovableFeast是關于海明威年輕時的生活。故選B項。26.B。詞義猜測題。根據最后一段中“whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,(雖然金錢確實是美妙而必要的)”可知，前后句為轉折關系，根據上下文的語境可推知，“rereadinganauthor’sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.”意為“但是但重新閱讀作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高回報”，由此判斷出劃線詞的意思是“回報”。27.A。推理判斷題。根據倒數第二段“ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar’sSaveTwilight:selectedpoems,becausepoetry.(第三本書是胡里奧?科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城:詩歌精選》，因為詩歌)”可知，作者是由于喜歡詩歌而喜歡這本書。【2020全國I卷】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.【答案】28-31CDAB【導讀】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運動要謹慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。28.C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但這項運動的規(guī)則要求競走者的膝蓋在擺動腿的大部分時間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競走運動員是需要具備某些條件的運動員是因為運動員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。29.D。細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段“Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中并不常見。由此可知，競走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢是不太可能導致膝蓋受傷。30.A。細節(jié)理解題。根據最后一段Dr.Norberg說的話“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique(事實上，任何想嘗試競走的人都應該首先咨詢教練或有經驗的競走運動員，學習適當的技巧。)”可知，Dr.Norberg建議想嘗試競走的人征詢專家的建議。31.B。推理判斷題。根據第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。【2020全國III卷】Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,"saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish."Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,"Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea."In201,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,"saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers. B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.33.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys. B.Nearrivers. C.Onthebeach. D.Offthecoast.34.WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A.Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B.Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB.Highlanders'SurvivalSkillsC.BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D.TheWorld'sBestDivers32-35BDCA 【導讀】這是一篇說明文。最近一項對人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進化不僅僅發(fā)生在數十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因為靠海為生，他們的身體已經進化成更能適應海洋生活。32.B。推理判斷題。根據第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.(我們是進化的產物，而且不僅僅是數十億年前的產物。當科學家更深入的研究我們的基因時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過去幾千年進化的例子)可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關于人類進化的一個新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進化。B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.(人類進化的新知識)符合以上說法。33.D。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinhundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstiltsincoastalwaters.(這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來西亞和菲律賓有數十萬人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D.Offthecoast.(沿海)符合以上說法。34.C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders.(我們很驚訝，他們在水下待的時間比我們當地的島民要長的多)可知，讓Jubilado感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長的時間。C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.(他們能在水下待很長時間)符合以上說法。35.A。主旨大意題。根據文章的主要內容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.(周四，在《細胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報道了一種新的適應——不是空氣也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進化，即長期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式，讓Bajau人的身體進化成更適應海洋生活。A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身體為適應海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標題?？键c2人與社會類說明文【2024新課標II卷】GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.33.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.34.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.35.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.【答案】32.C33.B34.C35.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書。該書作為應對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強調控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機。32.詞句猜測題。根據文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(這樣一本書可能會像驅動人工智能的計算機代碼一樣復雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經驗，可以將令人興奮的內容轉化為可理解的內容。她從商業(yè)人士的實際角度而不是學者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內容豐富的指南，讀完后會讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測劃線短語表示“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項。33.推理判斷題。根據文章第二段“thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經驗，可以將令人興奮的內容轉化為可理解的內容。她從商業(yè)人士的實際角度而不是學者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內容豐富的指南，讀完后會讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾在書中將令人興奮的內容轉化為可理解的內容，這本書的特點是通俗易懂，推測它采用了接地氣的寫作風格。故選B項。34.細節(jié)理解題。根據文章倒數第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她說，我們必須保持對人工智能的控制，否則就有被邊緣化甚至更糟的風險)”和文章最后一段“WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Such

structuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.(我們需要考慮我們希望人工智能的未來如何發(fā)展。這種結構化的思維，加上全球監(jiān)管，將使我們走向偉大，而不是走向衰敗)”可知，坎貝爾敦促人們保持對人工智能的控制，考慮人工智能的未來應如何發(fā)展，所以關于人工智能的發(fā)展，坎貝爾敦促人們共同努力將其控制住。故選C項。35.推理判斷題。根據文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence

comesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapractical

roadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

(考慮到人工智能改變我們生活的驚人潛力，我們都需要采取行動來應對人工智能驅動的未來，這正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence的用武之地。卡特里奧娜·坎貝爾撰寫的這本引人入勝的新書是一本實用的路線圖，旨在應對即將到來的人工智能革命帶來的挑戰(zhàn))”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.(人工智能將影響我們所有人，如果你只讀一本關于這個主題的書，那就是這本書)”可知，本文主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書，該書作為應對AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強調控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機，所以作者寫這篇文章的目的是推薦一本關于人工智能的書。故選A項。【2024全國甲卷】TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(鄉(xiāng)村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions.“Peoplestartedqueuingtomakeanappointmentearlyinthemorning,”saysEmileDucke,aGermanphotographerwhotraveledwiththestaffoftheSaintLukasforatwo-weektripinNovemberthroughthevastregions(區(qū)域)ofKrasnoyarskandKhakassia.Russia’spublichealthcareservicehasbeeninseriousneedofmodernization.Thegovernmenthasstruggledtocomeupwithmeasurestoaddresstheproblem,particularlyinthepoorer,ruralareaseastoftheVolgaRiver,includingarrangingdoctor’sappointmentsbyvideochatandexpandingfinancialaidprogramstomotivatedoctorstopracticemedicineinremotepartsofthecountrylikeKrasnoyarsk.TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear,thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks,beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(補給).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”28.HowistheSaintLukasdifferentfromothertrains?A.Itrunsacrosscountries. B.Itreservesseatsfortheseniors.C.Itfunctionsasahospital. D.Ittravelsalongariver.29.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph3aboutKrasnoyarsk?A.Itisheavilypopulated. B.Itofferstrainingfordoctors.C.Itisamoderncity. D.Itneedsmedicalaid.30.HowlongcantheSaintLukasworkwithonesupply?A.Aboutayear. B.Abouttenmonths.C.Abouttwomonths. D.Abouttwoweeks.31.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.【答案】28.C29.D30.D31.A【解析】【導語】本文是說明文。文章主要講述政府贊助了五輛名為圣盧卡斯的醫(yī)療列車為俄羅斯中部和東部偏遠地區(qū)每年提供為期10個月的巡回醫(yī)療服務，為鄉(xiāng)村居民提供基本醫(yī)療檢查和治療，改善當地醫(yī)療條件。28.細節(jié)理解題，根據文章第一段“TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.