中考英語語法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)及習(xí)題檢測含例題解析及復(fù)習(xí)資料

中考英語語法學(xué)問難點(diǎn)及習(xí)題檢測〔含例題解析及答案〕〔一〕形容詞和副詞I．要點(diǎn)A．形容詞1、形容詞的用法形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語。如：Heishonestandhardworking.

Ifoundthebookinteresting.

某些形容詞及定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時(shí)，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.

TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.

多個(gè)形容詞作定語修飾名詞的依次：冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)〔描繪性〕+形態(tài)大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如：thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.2、形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式〔1〕規(guī)則形式一般說來，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er;--est來構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatest

busy-busier-busiest

important-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant

〔2〕不規(guī)則形式good(well)-better-best

bad(ill)-worse-worst

many(much)-more-most

little-less-least

〔3〕形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than.如：Heisclevererthantheotherboys.

Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.

②表示兩者以上的比較，用"the+形容詞最高級(jí)〔+名詞〕+of(in)…"如：Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.

③表示兩者是同等程度，用"as+形容詞原級(jí)+as".如：HeisastallasI.

Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.

④越…越…

例如：ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.

⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越當(dāng)心越好又如：Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.

你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過分。⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.

那一天是最令我擔(dān)憂的一天。Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.

這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。⑦M(jìn)yEnglishisnobetterthanyours.我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。B．副詞1、副詞的種類〔1〕時(shí)間副詞如：ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等〔2〕地點(diǎn)副詞如：here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。〔3〕方式副詞如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。〔4〕程度副詞如：almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法其用法及形容詞相像，只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如：Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.

Wemustworkharder.

3、某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)分〔1〕already,yet,still

already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于確定句；yet表示期盼某事發(fā)生，主要用于否認(rèn)句和疑問句；still表示某事還在進(jìn)展，主要用于確定句和疑問句，有時(shí)也可用于否認(rèn)句。如：We'vealreadywatchedthatfilm.

Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.

Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.

〔2〕too,aswell,also,either

too,aswell和also用于確定句和疑問句，too和aswell多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中及動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否認(rèn)句和否認(rèn)的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：Hewenttheretoo.

Hedidn'tgothereeither.

Ilikeyouaswell.

Ialsowentthere.

(3)hard,hardly

hardly意為"幾乎"及hard在詞義上完全不同。如：Iworkhardeveryday.

Icanhardlyrememberthat.

(4)late,lately

lately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：Henevercomeslate.

HaveyoubeentothemuseumlatelyII．例題例1Tom'sfatherthinksheisalready____

AhighenoughBtallenough

CenoughhighCenoughtall

解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。例2____theworseIseemtobe.

AWhenItakemoremedicine

BThemoremedicineItake

CTakingmoreofthemedicine

DMoremedicinetaken

解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…,the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。例3"Ihaven'tbeentoLondonyet".

"Ihaven'tbeenthere____".

AtooBalsoCeitherDneither

解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于確定句中。D-neither本身意為否認(rèn)"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否認(rèn)句中，意為"也"。例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.

AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply

解析：該題正確答案為B。A.deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾詳細(xì)的深，如digdeep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色調(diào)的詞，如該題為deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾?！捕辰樵~I．要點(diǎn)1、介詞和種類〔1〕簡潔介詞，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等?！?〕復(fù)合介詞，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系〔1〕和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。〔2〕和形容詞的搭配，如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat

〔3〕和名詞的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.

3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：Hecamerightafterdinner.

Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.

4、某些介詞的意義及用法舉例〔1〕at,on,in〔表時(shí)間〕表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如atfouro'clock,atmidnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。指長于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。〔2〕between,among〔表位置〕between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個(gè)之間的互相關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between,如I'msittingbetweenTomandAlice.

Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.

among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：Heisthebestamongthestudents.

〔3〕beside,besides

beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：Hesatbesideme.

Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis

〔4〕inthetree,onthetree

inthetree指動(dòng)物或人在樹上，而onthetree指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上〔5〕ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthisway

ontheway指在路上intheway指擋道bytheway指順便問一句inthisway用這樣的方法〔6〕inthecorner,atthecorner

inthecorner指在拐角內(nèi)atthecorner指在拐角外〔7〕inthemorning,onthemorning

inthemorning是一般說法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨〔8〕bybus,onthebus

bybus是一般說法onthebus特指乘某一輛車II．例題例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English

AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides

解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides,意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.

AonBatCinDduring

解析：我們均知道，atnight這一短語，但假如night前有修飾詞，表詳細(xì)的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。例3I'mlookingforward____yourletter.

AtoBinCatDon

解析：該題正確答案為A。lookforwardto為固定搭配，意為"期望、渴望"?！踩尺B詞I．要點(diǎn)1、連詞的種類〔1〕并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等?！?〕附屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。除了附屬連詞〔引導(dǎo)狀語從句〕外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞〔引導(dǎo)名詞性從句〕，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞〔引導(dǎo)定語從句〕。2、常用連詞舉例(1)and和，并且Theydrankandsangallnight.

(2)both…and和，既…也…

BothmyparentsandIwentthere.

(3)but但是，而I'msad,butheishappy.

(4)either…or或…或…，要么…要么…

Eitheryou'rewrong,orIam.

(5)for因?yàn)镮askedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而，可是Affirst,hedidn'twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.

(7)neither…nor既不…也不Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.

(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…

Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.

(9)or或者，否則Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.

Areyouaworkeroradoctor

(10)so因此，所以It'sgettinglate,soImustgo.

(11)although雖然Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.

(12)assoonas一…就I'lltellhimassoonasIseehim.

(13)because因?yàn)镠edidn'tgotoschool,becausehewasill.

〔14〕unless除非，假如不Iwon'tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.

〔15〕until直到…

Hedidn'tleaveuntileleven.(瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not…until構(gòu)造)

Hestayedthereuntileleven.

〔16〕while當(dāng)…時(shí)候，而(表示比照)

WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不行用瞬間動(dòng)詞)

Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.

〔17〕for因?yàn)镠ewasill,forhedidn'tcome.(結(jié)論是推斷出來的)

〔18〕since自從…

Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.

〔19〕hardly…when一…就Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.

〔20〕asfaras就…來說AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.

Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(始終走到湖那里)II．例題例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.

AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas

解析：該題意為：John踢足球假如不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。和…一樣好為aswellas.故該題正確答案為B。例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.

AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile

解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，應(yīng)選D。例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway

A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise

解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C?！菜摹硠?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)I．要點(diǎn)1、一般如今時(shí)〔1〕表示常常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或如今存在的狀態(tài)，常及sometimes,always,often,everyday等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.

〔2〕表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.

2、如今進(jìn)展時(shí)(1)表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)展的動(dòng)作，常及now,atpresent等時(shí)間狀語連用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow

(2)和always,continually等連用，表一種常常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.

3、如今完成時(shí)主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)如今仍有影響，或動(dòng)作始終持續(xù)到如今，或可能還要接著下去，常及just,already,sofar,once,never等詞連用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing

4、一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常及tomorrow,nextyear等連用。如：I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.

We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.

5、一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常及yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等詞連用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.

6、過去進(jìn)展時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday

7、過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.

８、一般過去將來時(shí)表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.

９、被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以give為例。時(shí)／式一般進(jìn)展完成如今am

is

given

aream

is

being

arehas

beengiven

have

過去was

given

werewas

beinggivenwere

hadbeengiven將來shall

begiven

will

shall

havebeengiven

will過去將來should

begiven

would

should

havebeengiven

wouldII．例題例１Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.

AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead

解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語in1950,所以不用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。例２Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.

AislookedBhaslookedfor

CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析：該題正確答案為Ｃ。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語，而不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中?！参濉硠?dòng)詞虛擬語氣I．要點(diǎn)表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不行能發(fā)生的狀況，而是一種愿望、建議或及事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。１、虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成情景條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞主句的謂語動(dòng)詞及如今事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過去式〔be要用were〕should

+動(dòng)詞原形

would及過去事實(shí)相反had+過去分詞should

+have+過去分詞

would及將來事實(shí)相反１、動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)

２、should+動(dòng)詞原形

３、wereto+動(dòng)詞原形should

＋動(dòng)詞原形

would注：假如條件從句謂語動(dòng)詞包含有were或had,should,could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如：Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.

２、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用〔１〕在主語從句中用來表示驚異、可惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省)＋動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…

句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…

句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…

如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.

Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.

Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.

〔２〕在賓語從句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的吩咐和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.

〔３〕在表語從句中，表示間接的吩咐，要求、懇求、建議、確定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.

〔４〕在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：

Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.

〔５〕在Itistimethat…句型中，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過去式"或"should＋動(dòng)詞原形",should不行省。如：It'stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II．例題例１Wehadhopedthathe____longer.

AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay

解析：該題正確答案為Ｄ。hadhoped表示"本渴望"，同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語氣例２"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".

"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."

AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome

解析：該題正確答案為Ｂ。wouldrather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)表示。例３Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.

AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo

解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故該題正確答案為Ｂ?！擦扯陶Z動(dòng)詞I．要點(diǎn)英語中有很多短語動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語短語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：〔１〕動(dòng)詞＋介詞常見的有l(wèi)ookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：Don'tlaughatothers.

Ididn'tcareaboutit.

〔２〕動(dòng)詞＋副詞常見的有g(shù)iveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語假如是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語假如是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.

Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.

〔３〕動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞常見的有l(wèi)ookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.

Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.

〔４〕動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞常見的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.

Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.

〔５〕動(dòng)詞＋形容詞常見的有l(wèi)eaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。這類短語動(dòng)詞的賓語假如是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語假如是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必需放在形容詞前邊。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.

Hecutitopen.

〔６〕動(dòng)詞＋名詞常見的有takeplace,makefriends等。這類短語動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.

Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.

〔7〕辨析giveaway(讓給，暴露)和giveup〔放棄，停頓〕putaway〔放起，收起〕和putout〔撲滅〕turnup〔出席，放大〕和turnon〔翻開〕keepout〔阻擋〕和keepoff〔不讓靠近〕makeup〔編造，補(bǔ)上〕和makeout〔識(shí)別〕takeoff〔脫，起飛〕和takeout〔拿出〕II．例題例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.

AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup

解析：該題正確答案為Ａ。意為"存"；keepup意為"接著"；giveaway意為"分發(fā)"；layup"貯藏"。例２Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.

AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship

解析：該題正確答案為A.keepintouch為短語動(dòng)詞，意為"保持聯(lián)絡(luò)"。例３____!There'satraincoming.

ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon

解析：該題選A.lookout意為"當(dāng)心"。〔七〕動(dòng)詞不定式I．要點(diǎn)１、不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。式｜語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten進(jìn)展式tobewriting

完成進(jìn)展式tohavebeenwriting

２、不定式的句法功能〔１〕作主語Tohearfromyouisnice.

Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.

不定式作主語時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動(dòng)詞后。如：It'snicetohearfromyou.

It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.

〔２〕作賓語通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.

Pleaseremembertowritetome.

〔３〕作表語Myjobistopickupletters.

Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.

〔４〕作定語不定式作定語時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.

Ihavealotofworktodo.

〔５〕作賓補(bǔ)通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等詞后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.

Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.

〔６〕作狀語Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.

Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.

〔７〕作獨(dú)立成分Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.

〔８〕"疑問詞＋不定式"構(gòu)造。如：Idon'tknowhowtochoosethem.

Icannotdecidewheretogo.

〔9〕不定式的否認(rèn)式。如：Idecidednottogo.

〔10〕不定式的完成式。如：HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.

Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.〔11〕too…to構(gòu)造。如：Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.

Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太歡樂了，樂意去)

〔12〕主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：Thebookiseasytoread.

Ihaveabooktoread.II．例題例１Ihaven'tgotachair____.

AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting

解析：該題選C。不定式tositon在句中作定語，修飾名詞chair.因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必需是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處on不能省略。例2Hewasmade____.AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo

解析：該題選D。makesb.dosth.假如是被動(dòng)形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.

AtobebuiltBbuilt

CtobuildDtobuilding

解析：該題選A。istobebuilt意為"將要被建"?！舶恕硠?dòng)名詞I．要點(diǎn)動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具出名詞的句法功能。１、動(dòng)名詞的形式，以write為例。式|語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否認(rèn)式not+動(dòng)名詞２、動(dòng)名詞的用法〔１〕作主語Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.

Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.

作主語的動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)造困難且長時(shí)，可用it作形式主語。如：Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.

〔２〕作賓語IenjoyplayingPCgame.

Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.

〔３〕作表語Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.

Seeingisbelieving.

動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句?！玻础匙鞫ㄕZThere'sadiningroominmyschool.

Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.

〔５〕動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合構(gòu)造"物主代詞〔或名詞的全部格〕+動(dòng)名詞"。如：Tom'sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.

Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow

不過，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下狀況時(shí)，必需用名詞的一般格〔或人稱代詞的賓格〕。①無生命名詞Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.

Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.

②有生命名詞，但表泛指。Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking

③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday3．后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,

keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,

beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,

can'thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,

lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,

devotetodoing,leadtodoingII．例題例１Shesaysshedoesn'tfeellike____outwithyou.

AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent

解析：該題正確答案為A。feellike=want,此處like為介詞，后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語例２Thegardenneeds____.

AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered

解析：該題正確答案為B。need=want=require.假如物作主語，此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或tobedone這一構(gòu)造作賓語。例３Excuseme____you.

AinterruptingBtointerrupt

CinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted

解析：該題正確答案為A。excuse后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語〔常用于口語中〕?！簿拧撤衷~I．要點(diǎn)分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為如今分詞和過去分詞兩類。如今分詞和過去分詞的主要差異在于如今分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式。如今分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展，表主動(dòng)。過去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表被動(dòng)。過去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，表主動(dòng)。過去分詞的句法功能：１、作定語IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.

Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.

２、作表語WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.

I'minterestedinthisbook.

３、作賓語補(bǔ)足語I'mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.

WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.

4、作狀語Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.

Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.如今分詞的句法功能。1、作狀語Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.

Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.

2、作賓語Ihatebeingspokenillof.

HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.

3、作表語Seeingisbelieving.

Thebookisinteresting.

4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.

Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.

5、作定語Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter

Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分詞運(yùn)用中的幾個(gè)問題1、如今分詞的完成式Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.

2、如今分詞的否認(rèn)式Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.

3、如今分詞及過去分詞的不同如今分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成Ifoundthemankilledthere.

Ifoundthemanstandingthere.

4、have構(gòu)造Wehavethecarrepaired.

Wehaverepairedthecar.

WehaveTomrepairthecar.

WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.

5、分詞作表語Wewereexcitedatthenews.

Thefootballgameisexciting.

6、獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II．例題例1、Time_______，I'llgoonapicnicwithyou.

A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting

解析：該題答案為D。Timepermitting…是獨(dú)立主格構(gòu)造，意為"假如時(shí)間允許的話…"

例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.

A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking

解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。〔十〕情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及助動(dòng)詞I．要點(diǎn)助動(dòng)詞本身無意義，在句中扶植主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成確定的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)、語氣，或是扶植構(gòu)成否認(rèn)句和疑問句，常用的助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表確定的詞義，本身并不表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，而僅僅表達(dá)說話人的看法，它在句中須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語，主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.

1、can能，可以，表說話人同意，答應(yīng)還可表客觀條件答應(yīng)，如:Youcangonow.

提建議或懇求時(shí)可用canI,canyou表客氣，如CanIbuyyouadrink

can和beableto表實(shí)力時(shí)的區(qū)分。can表一般具有的實(shí)力，beableto表在特定條件下的實(shí)力，如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.

2、may

〔1〕、可以，表說話人同意，答應(yīng)或懇求對(duì)方答應(yīng)。Youmaygo.

〔2〕、〔如今和將來〕可能，或許，只用于確定句和否認(rèn)句中，如Hemaynotberight.

3、must,haveto

must表主觀上的必需，haveto表客觀上的必需，如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.

(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)

4、need,dare這二詞有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩種詞性，如用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式todo，如用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。NeedIgonow--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)

5、shall用于第一人稱疑問句中表說話人征求對(duì)方的意見或向?qū)Ψ綉┣螅?，Shallwebeginourlesson

用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說話人吩咐、警告、承諾、威逼等口吻，如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.

6、should表應(yīng)當(dāng)，意為有責(zé)任，有義務(wù)。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.

7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、準(zhǔn)備，如"Willyoulendmeyourbook""Yes,Iwill."，8、shouldhavedone表應(yīng)當(dāng)做而未做musthavedone表對(duì)過去事實(shí)的確定推想couldhavedone表本可以做某事9、推斷句：確定句用must,否認(rèn)句用can't,不太確定用may,might

Hemustbeintheofficenow.

Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.

Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.

Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.

Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.

Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II．例題例1，They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.

A.didn'tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot

解析，該題答案為A，此空需選一動(dòng)詞作謂語，因?yàn)楹竺媸莟owalk,didn'tdare是行為動(dòng)詞dare過去時(shí)態(tài)的否認(rèn)形式。例2，Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______

sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.

A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used

解析，該題答案為A,would此處表過去的傾向性，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，意為"總是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.〔十一〕句子種類I．要點(diǎn)句子按運(yùn)用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感慨句；按構(gòu)造又分為簡潔句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1、陳述句的否認(rèn)〔1〕在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等，且主句主語是第一人稱時(shí)，賓語從句謂語的否認(rèn)習(xí)慣上要移到主句謂語上，如:Idon'tthinkheisright.

〔2〕含有否認(rèn)意義的副詞never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子應(yīng)視為否認(rèn)句，如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.

2、反意疑問句〔1〕need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，又可作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，在反問部分須加以區(qū)分，如Weneedn'tleave,needweWedon'tneedtoleave,dowe

〔2〕陳述部分出現(xiàn)否認(rèn)意義的副詞或代詞如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等時(shí)，反問部分須用確定形式如：Heseldomcomes,doeshe

〔3〕陳述部分用不定代詞作主語時(shí)，反問部分的主語用it，如：Nothingcanstopme,canit

陳述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone，等作主語時(shí)，反問部分常用it，有時(shí)也用they，如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey

〔4〕陳述部分包括usedto時(shí)，反問部分可有兩種形式，如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you

〔5〕陳述部分是"there+be"構(gòu)造時(shí)，反問部分用there，如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere

〔6〕陳述部分是含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，反問部分的主語和謂語應(yīng)和主句保持一樣，如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe

但，假如是Ithink,Ibelieve等+賓語從句時(shí)，反問部分須和從句的動(dòng)詞保持一樣，如，Idon'tthinkheisright,isheIdon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe

3、感慨句用what或how,

Whatabeautifulparkitis.

Howbeautifulaparkitis.

Howbeautifultheparkis.

Howweworked!

4、祈使句Takecare!

Don'tstandthere.

Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II．例題例1，Don'tforgettoposttheletter,_______

A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou

解析：該題答案為A，在否認(rèn)句、祈使句后只用"willyou"，但確定的祈使句后可用如，Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you例2，Let'sgooutforawalk,_______

A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe

解析：該題答案為C，let's…后加上shallwe來表語氣宛轉(zhuǎn)、客氣，而在letus后加上willyou。例3，Hehardlywritestoyou,_______

A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe

解析：該題答案為B，hardly否認(rèn)副詞，反問部分要用確定形式?！彩掣鞣N從句I．要點(diǎn)依據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。1、名詞性從句〔1〕主語從句Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.

Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.

注：主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)?！?〕賓語從句Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.

Doyouknowwherehelives

〔3〕表語從句Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.

ThisiswhyIcamehere.

〔4〕同位語從句Ihavenoideawherehewent.

Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.

同位語從句用that引導(dǎo)，常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。2、定語從句在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫做定語從句，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why?！?〕that指物時(shí)一般可及which互換，但在以下狀況下，要用that而不用which。a.先行詞有all,everything等不定代詞時(shí)，如，Everything(that)hedidiswrong.

b.先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時(shí)，如，I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.

c.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.

d.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí)，如Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.

e.只用which的狀況在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.

Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.

f.where和when作關(guān)系副詞ThisistheroomwhereIworked.

ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.

Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.

IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.

g.as和which

as可以放于句首，而which不行以Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.

threeofthem和threeofwhich

Ihavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.

IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、狀語從句在復(fù)合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、緣由狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。II．例題例1、_______

Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.

A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen

解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不行以，此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。例2、Theway_______

thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.

A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich

解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語從句中用that或inwhich來引導(dǎo)或不填。例3，____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.

A．ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe

解析：該題答案為B，Itis+時(shí)間數(shù)+since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型，意為"從…時(shí)候以來過了多久了。"〔十三〕主謂一樣I．要點(diǎn)謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一樣，這叫做主謂一樣，主謂一樣包括語法一樣、意義上一樣和就近一樣。1、語法上一樣〔1〕、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.

〔2〕、用and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，BothheandIareright.

但并列主語假如指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.

〔3〕、主語是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)，如，Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.

〔4〕、某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyonehasabook.

〔5〕、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people,cattle,clothes等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.

2、意義上一樣〔1〕、表時(shí)間、間隔、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)，如，Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.

〔2〕、表示總稱意義的名詞public,police,cattle,clothes等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.

〔3〕、有些集合名詞，如family,team等作主語，如作為一個(gè)整體對(duì)待，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Myfamilyisabigone.

MyfamilyarewatchingTV.

3、鄰近一樣用連詞or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等連接的并列主語，假如一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞按就近一樣原則，及最靠近它的主語一樣，如，EitheryouorIammad.II．例題例1、Thechemicalworks_______

wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.

A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt

解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意思上是單數(shù)，因此謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，類似的還有news,maths,politics,physics.

例2、Theyeach_______

acopyofthenewphysics.

A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets

解析：該題答案為A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof這個(gè)詞組作主語謂語用單數(shù)如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework，而theyeach作主語，謂語要隨each前面的詞來改變。〔十四〕倒裝

I．要點(diǎn)按"主語+謂語"這種依次排列的句子是陳述語序，假如變?yōu)?謂語〔或謂語的一部分〕+主語"，就是倒裝語序。1、全部倒裝〔1〕therebe句型Thereisgoingtobeameeting.

Thereisabookonthetable.

〔2〕here,there,now,then,in,out等副詞置于句首時(shí)，主謂倒裝，但假如主語是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語和謂語語序不倒裝，如，Herecomesthebus.

Herehecomes.

〔3〕干脆引語的部分或全部位于句首時(shí)，有時(shí)也用倒裝，如，"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.

〔4〕為保持句子平衡，強(qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語，使上下文嚴(yán)密連接時(shí)須完全倒裝，如，Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒裝〔1〕so,neither,nor置于句首說明及前者狀況一樣時(shí)，如，Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.

〔2〕only+狀語放在句首，如，Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.

Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.

〔3〕含有否認(rèn)意義的詞置于句首，如，Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等，如，NeverhadIheardthat.

LittledidIknowaboutthis.

〔4〕以often,so+形容詞或副詞開頭的句子，如，Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.

〔5〕用于省略if的虛擬條件句中，將had,were,should提早，如，WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.

Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.

〔6〕用于某些表示祝福的句中，如，Mayyoubehappyforever.II．例題例1、Notonly____thismachinebut____it.

A.canherun……canherepair

B.canherun……h(huán)ecanrepair

C.hecanrun……h(huán)ecanrepair

D.hecanrun……canherepair

解析：該題答案為B，在notonly……but(also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語序。例2、____,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser〔激光〕.

A.Hardalthoughthediamond

B.Hardasthediamondis

C.Asthediamondishard

D.Hashardisthediamond

解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語從句中，附屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語序。例3、Onlyinthisway____toimprovethesituationthere.

A.canyouhopeB.youcanhopeC.hopecanD.youhope

解析：該題答案為A，only和它所修飾的狀語一起置于句首時(shí)，須用倒裝。〔十五〕it及therebe的用法I．要點(diǎn)1、it的用法〔1〕用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的無生命的事物，動(dòng)植物、嬰兒及指示代詞this,that，如，Ihaveanewpen.Itisbeautiful.

TheBrownshaveanewbaby.It'scute.

〔2〕用來表示時(shí)間、天氣、間隔等，如，It'stwelveo'clocknow.

It'sfinetoday.

〔3〕用作引導(dǎo)詞，代替由不定式，ing形式或從句表示的真正的主語或賓語，如，It'snogoodtellinghimthat.

It'snecessaryforyoutodoso.

〔4〕用在強(qiáng)調(diào)構(gòu)造中，構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句式：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who/whom+句子其余部分，可強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語以外的句子其他成分，如，ItwasthismorningthatI