鐵道概論 課件 1-緒論

授課內(nèi)容（英文）：緒論第一章現(xiàn)代化交通運(yùn)輸?shù)谝还?jié)現(xiàn)代化交通運(yùn)輸?shù)姆N類及特征Chapter1ModernTransportation1.1Modesandcharacteristicsofmoderntransportation運(yùn)輸?shù)闹匾赃\(yùn)輸業(yè)的重要性-衣、食、住、行四大文明古國(guó)：古埃及（尼羅河），古巴比倫（底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河）、古印度（恒河）、古中國(guó)（黃河）-三角地帶土地肥沃、適合農(nóng)耕；更重要的是運(yùn)輸便利。古代:兵馬未動(dòng)，糧草先行。（曹操擅長(zhǎng)截糧道）二戰(zhàn)期間：爭(zhēng)奪制空權(quán)、封鎖海上通道、珍珠港等制定運(yùn)價(jià)的權(quán)利是使荒野變城市和城市變成荒野的權(quán)利-《運(yùn)輸經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》TheImportanceofTransportImportanceoftransport-clothing,food,shelterandtransportationFourancientcivilizations:ancientEgypt(Nile),ancientBabylon(TigrisandEuphrates),ancientIndia(Ganges),ancientChina(Yellowriver)-Trianglelandfertile,suitableforfarming;moreimportantly,convenienttransportation.Ancient:Anarmymarchesonitsstomach(CaoCaoisgoodatcuttingpathfortransportingfood)DuringWorldWarII:competitionforairsupremacy,blockadeofsealanes,PearlHarborTherighttosettariffsistherighttoturnwildernessintocitiesandviceversa-TransportationEconomics運(yùn)輸業(yè)的產(chǎn)品人和貨物的位移特點(diǎn)：1、既不能儲(chǔ)存和積累2、隨時(shí)生產(chǎn)隨時(shí)消費(fèi)單位：人公里噸公里TransportproductsThedisplacementofpeopleandgoodsFeatures:1cannotbestoredandaccumulated2ProduceatanytimeandconsumeatanytimeUnit:km/personton/kmAdvantagesanddisadvantagesoffivemaintransportationmodesRailway:largevolume(20thousandtons)五種現(xiàn)代化運(yùn)輸方式及各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)鐵路：運(yùn)量大(2萬(wàn)噸）FastLowcost,lessaffectedbyclimate,longtransportdistance鐵路事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)Railwayaccidentscene鐵路造價(jià)從宜昌至萬(wàn)州全長(zhǎng)３７８公里，共有隧道１１４座、橋梁１８３座；宜萬(wàn)鐵路，東起宜昌花艷，向西經(jīng)宜都、長(zhǎng)陽(yáng)、巴東、建始、恩施、利川至重慶市所轄萬(wàn)州區(qū)，全長(zhǎng)３７８公里，總投資約１７０億元。宜萬(wàn)鐵路還將創(chuàng)中國(guó)鐵路平均造價(jià)之最，平均每公里需耗資４５００萬(wàn)元左右。而工程環(huán)境極為艱難的青藏鐵路，平均每公里造價(jià)在１０００萬(wàn)元左右?！?/p>

RailwaycostYichang–Wanzhou(Yiwanrailway):itstotallengthis378km;thereare114tunnelsand183bridges.ItseastendisHuayan,

passingwestthroughYidu,Changyang,Badong,Jianshi,Enshi,LichuantoWanzhou,Chongqing;thetotalinvestmentisabout17billionyuan.

YiWanrailwayalsocreatesthehighestaveragecostofChineseRailways,theaveragecostis45millionyuanperkilometer.TheengineeringenvironmentoftheQinghaiTibetrailwayisextremelydifficult,itsaveragecostisabout10millionyuanperkilometer."公路HighwayHighwaycost高速公路是使用周期長(zhǎng)、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高和投資巨大的基礎(chǔ)性設(shè)施，為保證行車速度和行車安全，高速公路的路線線形和建筑材料都有嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求，在高速公路的造價(jià)中，僅材料費(fèi)用就占到40~50%，高速公路征地拆遷費(fèi)用、通訊監(jiān)控等交通設(shè)施費(fèi)用在造價(jià)中也占有很大比重。在我國(guó)一般平原微丘區(qū)，高速公路平均每公里造價(jià)為3000萬(wàn)元左右，在山區(qū)，高速公路平均每公里造價(jià)接近4000萬(wàn)元。HighwaycostThehighwayisthebasicfacilitiesfortheuseoflongcycle,hightechnicalstandardandhugeinvestment;inordertoensuretrafficspeedandtrafficsafety,highwayalignmentandbuildingmaterialshavestringentstandardsandrequirements;asforthecostofhighwayconstruction,materialcostsaccountsfor40to50%;highwaylandacquisitionanddemolitioncosts,communicationmonitoringandothertransportfacilitiesintheconstructioncostsalsoaccountforalargeproportion.InChina'sgeneralplainhillyarea,theaveragecostperkilometerofhighwayisabout30millionyuan;inthemountains,thehighwaycostperkilometerisnearly40millionyuan.水運(yùn)waterway澳大利亞4萬(wàn)噸巨輪（擱淺）Australiaship40thousandtons(grounding)內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸：赤灣港Inlandwaterwaytransport：ChiwanPortTheYangtzeRiverYellowRiver冰封的河面

Frozenriver

AviationBoeing777空中客車Airbus管道運(yùn)輸Pipelinetransportation現(xiàn)代化交通運(yùn)輸方式有：鐵路公路水路航空管道ModeofTransportation：RailwayHighwayWaterwayAviationPipelinetransportation方式鐵路公路水運(yùn)航空管道運(yùn)量較大小最大小大運(yùn)速較快較快最慢最快較差運(yùn)費(fèi)較低較高最低最高較低靈活性較差最強(qiáng)較差較差最差連續(xù)性較好一般差差

最強(qiáng)受自然影響較小較小大大最小投資高較高最低高高交通運(yùn)輸?shù)奈宸N方式比較ModesrailwayhighwaywaterwayaviationpipelinevolumeLargerSmallLargestSmalllargeTransportspeedfasterfasterSlowestFastestslowertransportationexpensesLowerHigherLowestHighestlowerflexibilityWorseBestWorseWorseworstcontinuityBetterCommonBadBadbestInfluencedbynatureSmallerSmallerBigBigsmallestinvestmentHighHigherLowestHighHighComparisonoffivemaintransportationmodes:交通運(yùn)輸方式的合理選擇四大評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)：經(jīng)濟(jì)性、迅速性、安全性和通達(dá)性選擇的一般原則：ReasonableChoiceofModeofTransportation

各種運(yùn)輸方式各有個(gè)的優(yōu)劣之處

應(yīng)該協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展鐵路為骨干，公路為基礎(chǔ)，充分發(fā)揮水運(yùn)，包括內(nèi)河，沿海和遠(yuǎn)洋航運(yùn)的作用，積極發(fā)展航空運(yùn)輸，適當(dāng)發(fā)展管道運(yùn)輸，建設(shè)統(tǒng)一的綜合交通運(yùn)輸體系。Allkindsoftransportmodeshavetheirownadvantagesanddisadvantages,theyshouldbedevelopedcoordinately.Therailwayshouldbethebackboneoftransportation;highroadisthebasis;weshouldmakefulluseofwatertransport,includinginland,coastalandoceanshipping;activelydevelopairtransport,anddeveloppipelinetransportationappropriately.Soastoconstructaunifiedintegratedtransportsystem.第二章鐵路發(fā)展概況第一節(jié)鐵路發(fā)展史世界鐵路概況1.2IntroductiontoRailwayDevelopmentHistoryofRailwayDevelopmentWorldRailwayOverview世界上第一條鐵路的誕生世界上第一條鐵路是英國(guó)在

1825

年修建的斯托克頓——達(dá)林頓鐵路。斯托克頓和達(dá)林頓相距約

21

公里

，由于地處產(chǎn)煤地區(qū)，資本家早就擬定了修建鐵路的計(jì)劃，但是遭到封建貴族的阻撓和反對(duì)。他們認(rèn)為，修鐵路有違圣經(jīng)的教義，是對(duì)上帝的背叛。說什么火車冒出的黑煙不僅損害田禾，使五谷不生，而且會(huì)毒化草地，連乳牛也不能出奶了。因此，幾次申請(qǐng)計(jì)劃都沒有得到國(guó)會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)。然而，歷史的車輪是不斷前進(jìn)的，新生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展迫使貴族們不得不讓步。經(jīng)過幾次波折之后，終于批準(zhǔn)了這條鐵路的修建。由于斯蒂芬遜的才能被資本家看中，雇用他來(lái)督修這條鐵路和制造蒸汽機(jī)車。

1822

年

5

月

23

日在斯托克頓開工，用了三年多的時(shí)間修建成功。線路的設(shè)備和當(dāng)今現(xiàn)代化鐵路當(dāng)然無(wú)法比擬。鐵軌是魚肚形的熟鐵軌，每碼重

28

磅

（合每米

13.9

公斤

）。機(jī)車只有兩臺(tái)（其中一臺(tái)就是“旅行號(hào)”），大小不及現(xiàn)代普通機(jī)車的

1/20

，有一對(duì)直立的汽缸和一對(duì)直徑

48

英寸

（約合

122

厘米

）的動(dòng)輪，后加一個(gè)煤水車，總重量只有九噸，行速每小時(shí)八英里（約合

13

公里

）。

Thebirthoftheworld'sfirstrailroadTheworld'sfirstrailwayisStockton-DarlingtonrailwayofBritishwhichwasbuiltin1825.StocktonandDarlingtonareabout21kilometers;becauseit’slocatedinthecoal-producingareas,thecapitalistshavelongdrawnupplanstobuildtherailway;however,theplansmetthefeudalaristocracy’sobstructionandopposition.Intheirview,theconstructionoftherailwaywasagainsttheteachingsoftheBibleandabetrayaltoGod.Theysaidthatthesmokeemittedbythetrainwouldnotonlydamagethefieldwhichwouldn'tproducefood,andwouldpoisonthegrassaswell,eventhecowscouldnotmilkout.Asaresult,severalapplicationshadnotbeenapprovedbyCongress.Thewheelsofhistory,however,wereconstantlymovingforward,andthedevelopmentofnewproductiveforcesforcedthenoblestogivein.Afterseveraltwistsandturns,andfinallytheconstructionoftherailwaywasapproved.AsStevenson'sabilitywaspreferredbycapitalists,hewashiredtoconstructtherailwayandmanufacturingsteamlocomotive.OnMay23,1822,therailroadstartedinStockton,andittookmorethanthreeyearstobuildit.Ofcoursemodernrailtheequipmentcannotmatchedwithmodernrail.Thetrackwasafish-belly-shapedtrack,28poundsperyardheavy(13.9kgpermeter).Therewereonlytwolocomotives(oneofwhichisthe"travel"),whichwerelessthanthesizeofmodernordinary