World Data Centers Handling Ocean Data 處理海洋數(shù)據(jù)的世界數(shù)據(jù)中心

WorldDataCentersHandlingOceanData

AbouttheWorldDataCenterSystem

Scientificdatagatheringhasalonghistory.Chineseandotherpeopleschronicledinformationaboutsolarandauroralactivityinpastmillennia.IntheWesternworld,systematicgeophysicalmeasurementsextendbackforcenturies.Thefirstlarge-scaleinternationalscientificenterprisesweretheInternationalPolarYearsof1882-1883and1932-1933,whicheventuallyledtotheInternationalGeophysicalYearof1957-1958(IGY).TheInternationalCouncilofScientificUnions(nowInternationalCouncilforScience)establishedtheWorldDataCentersystemtoservetheIGY,anddevelopeddatamanagementplansforeachIGYscientificdiscipline.MultipleCenterswereestablishedtoguardagainstcatastrophiclossofdata,andfortheconvenienceofdataprovidersandusers.TheIGYplannerswereremarkablyprescient:the1955recommendationmentionedthatDataCentersshouldbepreparedtohandledatainmachine-readableform,whichatthattimemeantpunchedcardsandpunchedtape.

SincetheIGY,technologicaladvanceshavetransformedthegatheringandexchangeofdata.Scientific,technical,andeconomicfactorshaveledtotheconsolidationofsomeWDCs--particularlyinsolarterrestrialscience--andthecreationofnewones--particularlyinearthandenvironmentalscience.AsofDecember2003,52WDCsareoperatinginEurope,Russia,Japan,India,China,Australia,andtheUnitedStates.Dataareavailableatthecostofreproduction,andfeesmaybewaivedifanexchangecanbearranged.Dataareacceptedinmanyformats,providedthattheyhaveadequatedocumentation.PleasecontacttheappropriateWDCformoreinformationoncontributingandexchangingdata.

TodaytheWDCsystemishealthyandviable.MostCentersaremaintainingtheirfunding,thoughnotwithoutstruggle.Dataacquisition,storage,anddistributionareexpensive.WDCscostmoney,buttheyarecost-effectiveintransferringdatatousers,andtheiroperationalcostsrepresentatinyfractionofworldwidescientificactivityandtheon-goingpotentialfordiscoveryfromproperlyprepared,preserved,andavailabledata.

From

/wdc/about.shtml

ThesubsetofWorldDataCenterslistedonthefollowingpageshandle(orpotentiallycouldhandle)oceansciencedata.

WORLDDATACENTERFORATMOSPHERICTRACEGASES

Mr.ThomasBoden,Director

Tel:/p>

WDCforAtmosphericTraceGases

Fax:/p>

CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter

E-mail:

tab@

OakRidgeNationalLaboratory

HomePage:/cdiac

P.O.Box2008

OAKRIDGETN37831-6335

U.S.A.

Maintainedby:OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,managedbyLockheedMartinEnergySystemsInc.fortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.TheWDCforAtmosphericTraceGases,Oakridgeisoperatedby,andcollocatedwith,theCarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter(CDIAC),sponsoredbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy'sEnvironmentalSciencesDivision.

SummaryofDataHeld:Varieddataonemissionsofradiativelyactivetracegasesandtheirconcentrationsintheatmosphere,oceans,andthebiosphere,including:

Timeseriesofconcentrationsofcarbondioxide(CO2),ozone,methane,nitrousoxide,chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),CFCreplacementspecies,andHCFCsfromicecoresandmonitoringstationsaroundtheworld.

Global,regionalandnationalemissionsofcarbondioxidefromfossilfuelcombustionandcementmanufacturing,1950-1993;decadalcarbondioxideemissionsona1degreex1degreelat/longglobalgrid,1950-1990.

Carbonstorageinecosystems,ona1/2x1/2degreelat/longglobalgrid.

Oceanic14C,partialpressureofCO2,totalCO2,andtotalalkalinitymeasurements.

Organicsoilcarbonandnitrogenprofiles.

Atmosphericandoceaniccarbonisotopemeasurements.

Historicland-usechangesandcorrespondingcarbonemissions.

Troposphericandstratosphericopticaldepthmeasurements.

ComputerprojectionsoffossilfuelCO2emissionsbasedondemographicandenergyparametersfor1975-2100.

UserServices:Opentovisitorsduringnormalworkinghours;advancenotificationrecommended(requiredfornon-UScitizens).

WORLDDATACENTERFORCLIMATE

Dr.MichaelLautenschlager,Director

Tel:+494041173297

WDCforClimate

Fax:+494041173400

ModelleundDaten/Max-Planck-InstitutfurMeteorologie

E-mail:

lautenschlager@dkrz.de

Bundesstrasse55

HomePage:

http://wdc-climate.de

D-20146HAMBURG

Germany

Maintainedby:ModelandData(M&D)hostedattheMax-Planck-InstituteforMeteorology.TheWDCisrealisedincooperationwiththeGermanClimateComputingCenter(DKRZ).

SummaryofDataHeld:TheWDCforClimateisaimedatcollecting,scrutinizing,anddisseminatingdatarelatedtoclimatechangeonalltimescales.Emphasisisondataproductsfromclimatemodellingandrelatedobservationaldata.TheWDCfocusesongeo-referenceddatausingtheoperationalCERAdataandinformationsystem.Inputisacceptedinelectronicform,specificshavetobediscussedwiththeWDCstaff.

UserServices:TheWDCforClimateislocatedintheMax-Planck-InstituteforMeteorology(addressseeabove).Avisitingscientistprogramexists.Dataprocessing,copyingandanalysisfacilitiesareavailable.DataareavailableonmostmediaincludingCD-ROM,viaInternet,andothermediaonrequest.On-lineaccessviaWorldwideWeb(URLaddressabove),FTPaccesspossibleonrequest.

Publications:TerraFlops

SpecialProjects:RunningtheclimatemodelpartoftheIPCCDDC:TheDataDistributionCenter(DDC)oftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)facilitatesthetimelydistributionofaconsistentsetofup-to-datescenariosofchangesinclimateandrelatedenvironmentalandsocio-economicfactors.

WorldDataCenterforMarineEnvironmentalSciences

Prof.Dr.GeroldWefer,Director

Tel:+49421218-3389

WDCforMarineEnvironmentalSciences

Fax:+49421218-3116

UniversitaetBremen

E-mail:

gwefer@uni-bremen.de

Fachbereich5-Geowissenschaften

mdiependbroek@awi-bremerhaven.de

Postfach330440

HomePage:http://www.pangaea.de/info

D-28359Bremen

GERMANY

Maintainedby:TheCenterforMarineEnvironmentalSciences(MARUM)atBremenUniversityandFoundationAlfredWegenerInstituteforPolarandMarineResearch(AWI).

SummaryofDataHeld:TheWDCisaimedatcollecting,scrutinizing,anddisseminatingdatarelatedtoglobalchangeinthefieldsofenvironmentaloceanography,marinegeology,paleoceanography,andmarinebiology.ItfocusesongeoreferenceddatausingtheinformationsystemPANGAEA.TheWDCstoresandhandlesnumeric,string,andimagedata.UserscanretrievedatathroughtheInternetviadifferentgateways.Dataareacceptedinanyformat.

UserServices:TheWDCforMarineEnvironmentalSciencesoffersdatamanagementservices,inparticularprojectdatamanagementanddatapublication.Itmaintainesaninventoryofsiteandsamplinglocationsforallrelatedfields.Itprovideshostingandmirroringofelectronicjournalsandservessoftwareproductsforanalyzing,visualization,andtransformationofdata.Visitorsarewelcome.

WORLDDATACENTERFORMARINEGEOLOGYANDGEOPHYSICS,BOULDER

Dr.GeorgeSharman,Director

Tel:/p>

WDCforMarineGeologyandGeophysics

Fax:/p>

NOAA/NGDCCodeE/GC3

E-mail:

george.f.sharman@

325Broadway

HomePage:

/mgg/aboutmgg/aboutwdcmgg.html

Boulder,CO80305-3328

USA

Maintainedby:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).TheWDCforMarineGeologyandGeophysics,Boulderisoperatedby,andcollocatedwith,theNationalGeophysicalDataCenter(NGDC).

SummaryofDataHeld:WDCforMGG,Bouldermanagesalltypesofdatafromtheoceanfloorincludingdescriptionsandanalysesofseafloorsamples,deepdrillingdata,underwaygeophysicalmeasurements,andderivedgriddeddatasetsincludingtotalsedimentthicknessoftheworldoceans.Otherdatatypesincludecoastlinesandplateboundaries.

Geophysicaldataincludebathymetry,gravity,andmagnetics,andsingle-channelandmulti-channelsub-bottomprofilescollectedonmorethan4,000oceanographicsurveyscoveringmillionsofkmfromtheworld'soceans.Bathymetricdataincludei)underwaybathymetricmeasurements(includingmultibeamdata);ii)griddedbathymetricdatafortheworld'soceansbasedoncompilationsbytheU.S.NavalOceanographicOfficeand;iii)hydrographicsoundinginU.S.waters.WDCforMGGalsooffersgriddedtotalsedimentthicknessdatafromoceanbasinsandsidescansonarimagedata.

Geologicdataareavailableforoveronehundredthousandcores,grabs,dredges,anddrillsamplescoveringmostoftheworld'soceans.Dataincludei)faunalcounts;ii)geochemicalmeasurementssuchascarbonandisotopedata,tracemetalanalysesofsediment,andmajor-elementanalysesofrocks;iii)physicalpropertiesofsediment,includingparticlesizeandgeotechnicalpropertiessuchasvaneshearanddensity;iv)visualdescriptions;v)paleomagnetics;vi)downholeloggingdataand;vii)marinemineralsdata.

Dataarecontributedbysourcesfromaroundtheworldandwereoriginallycollectedforavarietyofpurposes,includingacademicresearch,internationalandinterdisciplinaryscientificprojects,commercialmineralresourceevaluations,defense,andgovernmentenvironmentalbaselinestudies.

UserServices:TheWDCforMGGislocatedintheDavidSkaggsBuildingat325Broadway,Boulder,Colorado.Visitorsarewelcomeduringnormalworkinghours;advancenoticeisrecommended.Avisitingscientistprogramexists.Dataprocessing,copyingandanalysisfacilitiesareavailable.DataareavailableonmostmediaincludingCD-ROM,viaInternet,andothermediaonrequest.On-lineaccessviaWorldwideWeb(URLaddressabove),Gopher()andanonymousFTP().LoginforFTPaccessisuserid:anonymous,andpassword:yourfulle-mailaddress.WDCforMGGinventoriesarefullysearchableviatheWWWandmanyCD-ROMandotherdatabasesareavailableforon-linesearchinganddatadownload.

Publications:WDCforMGGpublicationseriescolorimages,datareports,andscientificreportsofinteresttotheMGGcommunity.

SpecialProjects:WDCforMGGparticipatesintheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)technicalcommitteeonInternationalOceanographicDataandInformationExchange(IODE),theGeneralBathymetricChartoftheOceans(GEBCO),regionalIOCmappingprojects,andcooperatesextensivelywiththeInternationalOceanDrillingProgram(ODP),forwhichitoperatesaparalleldataarchive.

WORLDDATACENTERFORMARINEGEOLOGYANDGEOPHYSICS,MOSCOW

ValeriS.Shcherbakov,Director

Tel:+70951928018

WDCforMarineGeologyandGeophysics

Fax:+70951929698

GlavNIVCMNRRF

E-mail:

vshcher@gbdgi.ru

32A,MarshalTukhachevskiStreet

HomePage:

http://www.rfimnr.ru/projects/wdcmgg.html

Moscow,123585

RUSSIA

Maintainedby:UNESCOIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission,GovernmentofRussianFederation(StatePropertyCommittee),RussianFederationCommitteeonGeologyandUseofMineralResources,MinistryofScienceandTechnologicalPolicy,GeophysicalCommitteeofRussianAcademyofScience,InternationalInformatizationAcademy(UN).TheWDC-RussiaiscollocatedwiththeNationalMarineGeologicalandGeophysicalDataCenter.

SummaryofDataHeld:

MetadataBase(5files,179parameters,2265cruises).

Geology(27files,915parameters,320cruises).

Geologicalstations(3files,72parameters,1026cruises,63700geologicalsamplingstations).

DeepSeaDrillingProject(33files,433parameters,96cruises,1112holes).

Bathymetry(4files,3parameters,64Mb).

OceanDrillingProgram(20files,462parameters,29cruises,409holes).

GEOphysicalDAtaSystem(2files,81parameters,4158cruises).

ShoreLine(6files,6scalesto1:50,000,79Mb).

Collections(20collectionsofgeologicalsamples,thinsections,bottomphotos,TVsurvey,microfilmsofseismic,sidescansonarandseismoacousticprofiles,seismicprimaryrecordsonmagneticmedia).

GISdataandmaps(scales1:2,500,000-1:100,000)forgeology,geotechnicalproperties,hydrogeologyandecologyofBlackSearegion.

UserServices:Preparinganddisseminatingdatabulletins,information,collectionsanddatasources;dataofdatabases;specimensofsediments,rocksandcopiesofnondigitaldatacollectionsandsourcesofdata;scientificproducts.Regulartrainingformarinegeologicalandgeophysicaldatacollectionandmanagement.

Publications:BulletinsofMGGdata,information,collectionsanddatasources.Tracklinesofgeophysicalprofilesandpositionsofgeological/geochemicaldataonworldwidecharts.Instructionsandstandardsfordatacollection,processingandholding.TrainingCoursesprogramsandreports.Digitalmaps.Monographs,scientificpapersandreports.

WORLDDATACENTERFOROCEANOGRAPHY,SILVERSPRING

Mr.SydneyLevitus,Director

Tel:/p>

WDCforOceanography

Fax:/p>

NOAA/NODCE/OC5

E-mail:

sydney.levitus@

1315East-WestHighway

HomePage:

/General/NODC-dataexch/NODC-wdca.html

SilverSpring,MD20910-3282

USA

Maintainedby:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).TheWDCforOceanography,SilverSpringsisoperatedby,andcollocatedwith,theNationalOceanographicDataCenter(NODC).

SummaryofDataHeld:Avarietyofoceanographicsets,collectedduringinternationalprojectsandroutineobservationalprograms.Examplesare:

InternationalGeophysicalYear:IGYandIGCoceanographicdata1957-1959.

Internationalprojects:

DatafromtheTropicalAtlantic(ICITA),IndianOcean(IIOE)Programs,andthefirstGARPGlobalExperiment(FGGE).DatasetsfromClimateResearchPrograms(TOGA,WOCE,andJGOFS).

Routineobservations:

Datafromfixedstationsandshipcruisessince1900;Nansencastandsalinity/temperature/depth(STD/CTD)data,bathythermo-graphdata,biologicaldata,currentmeasurements.

UserServices:Opentovisitorsduringnormalworkinghours.Advancenoticeisrecommended.NODCdataprocessingfacilitiesanddatamanagementservicesareavailabletousersoftheWDC-USA.

DataPublications:AnnualreportsofOceanographicDataExchangedatacatalogto1975,withChangeNoticesfrom1975onward;AccessionedPublications,1957-1967withbiennialsupplements;datareportsandspecialcatalogsforinternationaloceanographicprograms.

DataProducts:TimeSeriesDataSetsfortheWorld'sOceans.ResponsibleNationalOceanographicDataCenter(RNODC)datasetsforIntegratedGlobalOceanServicesSystem(IGOSS),FGGEoperationalyear,DriftingBuoyData,SouthernOceansWOCEUpperOceanThermalDataSet,WorldOceanAtlas1994(atlasesandCDs),AtlasofSurfaceMarineData1994(atlasesandCDs).

WORLDDATACENTERFOROCEANOGRAPHY,OBNINSK

Dr.VyacheslavI.Smirnov,Director

Tel:+70843925925

WDCforOceanography

Fax:+70952552225

All-RussianResearchInstituteofHydrometeorologicalInformation

Email:

wdcb@meteo.ru

6KorolevSt.

HomePage:

http://www.meteo.ru/nodc

Obninsk

KalugaRegion,249020

RUSSIA

Maintainedby:FederalServiceofRussiaforHydrometeorologyandMonitoringoftheEnvironment.

SummaryofDataHeld:Datafrom15,771researchvesselcruisesfrom64countries(includingformerSovietRepublics).Thesecontaindatafromover1,090,000oceanographicstations,565,000bathythermographprofiles,25,000CTDprofiles,and4,000deepseaandsurfacecurrentmetersfor1890-1994.

Thedataareintheformofmagnetictapes,diskettes,CDROMs,andhardcopies.Datacanbetransferredinstandardformatstodiskettesandmagnetictapes.Longtermdataseriesandqualitycontrolledglobalandregionaldatasetsareavailable.

UserServices:TheWDC-Russiaprovidescopiesofdataandinformationproducts,informationonincomingdata;useoflibrary,e-mail,faxandpost.

Publications:Catalogsofdataandinformation,annualreportsofWDC-Russiaactivitiesandprospects.

WORLDDATACENTERFOROCEANOGRAPHY,TIANJIN

Prof.LinShaohua,Director

Tel:+862224010803

WDCforOceanography

Fax:+862224010926

NationalMarineDataandInformationService

E-mail:

shlin@

StateOceanicAdministration

HomePage:

93LiouweiRoad,HedongDistrict

Tianjin,300171

CHINA

Maintainedby:StateOceanographicAdministration,collocatedwithNationalOceanographicDataandInformationCenter.

SummaryofDataHeld:Datafromdomesticandinternationalmarineresearchprojects,shipsofopportunity,marineresearchvesselsandoffshoreplatforms:

Oceanographicstationdata

Oceancurrentdata

Wavedatafromcoastalstations

TandSdata

CruiseanddatareportofChina-U.S.A.JointAir-SeaInteraction:studiesintheWesternTropicalPacificOcean

Oceanographicobservationsatcoastalstations,1960-1982

Marinegeophysicaldata

Sideanalysingmarinesedimentsdata

Marinegeochemicaldata

Marinemeteorologicaldatafromcoastalstations

Marineicedata

Oceanicmanganesenoduledata

Marinebiologicaldata

Marinepollutiondata

UserServices:Computerreadabledataandproductsonmagnetictapeand/ordisksareavailable.

Publications:PacificOceanographicAtlas,AtlanticOceanographicAtlas,IndianOceanOceanographicAtlas,China-JapanJointResearchProgramontheKuroshioOceanographicAtlas,CruiseandDataReportonChina-U.S.A.JointAir-SeaInteraction,StudiesintheWesternTropicalPacificOcean,OceanographicObservationsatCoastStation1960-1978,Oceanographicobservations1954-1978,OceanographicStandardProfiles1960-1982,TidalCurrentTableinChinaSea,WorldandChinaTideTables,OceanographicandMeteorologicalObservationsatChinaCoastStations1960-1969.

WORLDDATACENTERFORPALEOCLIMATOLOGY

Dr.DavidAnderson,Director

Tel:/p>

WDCforPaleoclimatology

Fax:/p>

NOAA/NGDCCodeE/CC23

E-mail:

david.m.anderson@

325Broadway

HomePage:

/paleo/datalist.html

Boulder,CO80305-3328

USA

Maintainedby:U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).TheWDCforPaleoclimatology,BoulderisoperatedbytheNationalClimaticDataCenterandcollocatedwiththeNationalGeophysicalDataCenterinBoulder,CO.

SummaryofDataHeld:Estimatesofpastenvironmentsderivedfromtreerings,icecores,marineandlakesediments,etc.MostdataarefortheQuaternary(thepast700,000years),someforearlierclimates.Archivesincludetherawdatausedtoreconstructclimatevariables.Examplesinclude:

TreeringsTimeseriesofring-widthandwooddensity.Globaldistribution,primarilymid-tohigh-latitudes,spanningupto10,000yearsBP.

OceanSediments:Geochemicalmeasurements(Cd/Ca,14C,CandOisotopes),countsoffossilplankton,andestimatesoftemperature,salinity,oceancirculation.Globaldistribution,spanning500,000yrBP.

LakeandMireSediments:Sedimentaccumulation,geochemicalmeasure-ments,pollenandplankton,reconstructions