牛津高中英語(yǔ)高一語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)

牛津高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)（模塊1-4）語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：定語(yǔ)從句（一）定義1)在復(fù)合句中（一個(gè)句子的某一成分由句子承當(dāng)），修飾某一名詞或代詞從句叫定語(yǔ)從句或形容詞從句；在句中起定語(yǔ)的作用.2)被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞antecedent1)Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語(yǔ)從句2)YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語(yǔ)從句(二)：關(guān)系代詞的作用;1.連接主句和從句。2.代表被修飾的先行詞。3.在定語(yǔ)從句做一個(gè)句子成分。eg.ThisistheroomwhichIlivedinlastyear.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語(yǔ)從句(三)：定語(yǔ)從句中有關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that,as.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。（四）：用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞起代詞的作用，關(guān)系副詞起副詞的作用，因此同樣的先行詞，選用什么樣的關(guān)系詞，要由它在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任的邏輯作用來(lái)決定。關(guān)系代詞詞性先行詞充當(dāng)成分who人主、賓、表Whom人賓That人&物主、賓、表Which物主、賓、表As物主、賓Whose=ofwhom\ofwhich人&物定語(yǔ)關(guān)系副詞When=at\in\on\duringwhich時(shí)間狀Where=at\in\towhich地點(diǎn)狀Why=forwhich原因狀that在口語(yǔ)中可以代替關(guān)系副詞以上三者狀Thisistheplacewherewework.（vi.）(關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是由從句中的動(dòng)詞來(lái)決定的)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt.)

種類先行詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句說(shuō)明定

語(yǔ)

從

句（人）在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)

物在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)

who

which

Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slife.這就是救了孩子生命的醫(yī)生。SheisthenewstudentwhomIwanttointroducetoyou.她就是我要介紹給你的新學(xué)生Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.請(qǐng)遞給我擺在桌上的那本書。ThenovelwhichTomboughtisveryinteresting.湯姆買的小說(shuō)很有意思。Canyoulendmethemagazineaboutwhichyoutalkedyesterday?你能把昨天談到的那本雜志借給我嗎？who在從句中做主語(yǔ)whom在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，口語(yǔ)中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用whom

which在從句中做主語(yǔ)。which充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去。

which做介詞賓語(yǔ)不可省

定語(yǔ)從句

人或物的whoseTheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女兒教你英語(yǔ)。Theprofessor,thedaughterofwhomteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams.Thebikewhosebrakewasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.那輛壞了閘的自行車現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。=Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired

whose在從句中做定語(yǔ)指某人的也可以用…ofwhom代替whose

指物時(shí)也可以用…ofwhich代替whose

人

或thatThewomanthatisplayingthepianoisMissZhang.正在彈鋼琴的那位婦女是張小姐。I’dliketoseethefilmsthatarejustonshow.我想看那些剛上映的電影。that指人做主語(yǔ)

that指物做主語(yǔ)種類先行詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞例

句說(shuō)

明

物

all,little

much和some,anyevery,no構(gòu)成的合成代詞

人或物

that

that

Theytalkedforaboutanhourofthingsand

personsthattheyrememberintheschool.他們談起他們所記得起的學(xué)校里的人和事，談了大約有半個(gè)小時(shí)。I’lltellyouall(that)Iknowaboutit.我要告訴你我所知道這件事的一切情況。Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?有什么我可以幫助做的事嗎？I’vebroughteverything(that)youneed.我把你需要的東西都拿來(lái)了。

ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.這是我看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。Thefirstplacethatwe’llvisitisBeijingLibrary.我們要參觀的第一個(gè)地方是北京圖書館先行詞分別表示人和物，關(guān)系代詞要用that，不用who或which先行詞表示物，關(guān)系代詞用that不用which,在從句中做賓語(yǔ)可省去。如果先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不受制約，用that或who(whom)均可

先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。

定

語(yǔ)

從

句

人

或

物thatHeistheonlypersonthatisbelievable.他是唯一可靠的人。Johnistheverypersonthatshewantstosee.約翰正是她要見(jiàn)的人。WhoisthemanthatistalkingwithTom?正在和湯姆談話的人是誰(shuí)？Whichofthebooksthatyouboughtiseasytoread?你買的那些書中哪一本容易讀。先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame等修飾時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞that.

當(dāng)主句以who、which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句要用that

時(shí)

間whenHecameatatimewhenweneededhimmost.他在我們最需要的時(shí)候來(lái)了。We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記中華人民共和國(guó)成立的那一天。在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

注：先行詞是time,minute,moment,nexttime很少用關(guān)系副詞when,可用that但通常省去。

地點(diǎn)whereThisistheroomwhereheputupforthenight.這就是他渡過(guò)夜晚的那房子。在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)原因理由whyIknowthereasonwhyshestudiessowell.我知道她學(xué)習(xí)好的原因。在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)Thisistheplacewherewework.（vi.）(關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是有從句中的動(dòng)詞來(lái)決定的)Thisistheplacewhichwevisited.(vt.)（五）：限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句從句與先行詞的關(guān)系從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果省去，主句的意思就會(huì)不完整或不明確。從句只是對(duì)先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整標(biāo)

點(diǎn)從句和主句之間不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)從句和主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)關(guān)系代詞指人who(that)whom指物which(that)人和物whose關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去指人who（作主語(yǔ)）whom（做賓語(yǔ)）指物which人和物的whose關(guān)系代詞一般不可省修飾從句只修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞可以修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞也可修飾整個(gè)主句翻譯定語(yǔ)從句譯在被修飾詞的前面定語(yǔ)從句通常被譯成另一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子限制性非限制性形式上無(wú)逗號(hào)有逗號(hào)內(nèi)容上先行詞不是唯一的先行詞是唯一的，定語(yǔ)從句可有可無(wú)。關(guān)系詞可用that,why.作賓語(yǔ)可以省略不可用that,why。關(guān)系詞一律不省。先行詞名詞或代詞名詞或代詞，也可以使整個(gè)句子漢語(yǔ)翻譯譯作定語(yǔ)譯成并列句

1．二者差異比較限制定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一般不加逗號(hào)，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞．關(guān)系副詞或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅作補(bǔ)充或說(shuō)明，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個(gè)主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。Hehasabrotherwhoisaphysicist.Hehasabrother,whoisaphysicist.(只有一個(gè))HereturnedallthebookswhicharewritteninEnglish.Hereturnedallthebooks,whicharewritteninEnglish.Iwillwearnoclotheswhichwillbeoutofordinary.Iwillwearnoclothes,whichwillbeoutofordinary.Themanwholivesnextdoorisadoctor.Mysister,wholivesnextdoor,isadoctor.I’msureIknowthepersonwhoservedme.Tom,whoservedus,istheowneroftherestaurant.Astudentwhostudieshardwillmakegoodprogress.Thestudent,wholivesfarfromschool,istheleaderoftheirfootballmatch.（六）關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別<1>．只能用that的情況(1)如果先行詞是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none，few.等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.Everythingthatwesawwasinteresting.I’minterestedineverythingthatIdon’tknow.Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.(2)如果先等詞被all,littlenoneany,only,few,much,no,some,very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which.例如：Ireadallthebooksthatyougavetome.ThisistheonlymoneythatIhaveinmypocket.AllthemoneythatwascollectedwasgiventotheHopeProject.(3)如果先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾或者先行詞是最高級(jí)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which。ThisisthefirstbookthatwaswritteninEnglish.ThisisthelastfactorythatIvisited.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefunniestthingthatIeverheard.(4)如果先等詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which.ThisistheonlybookthatIreallylike.Hewastheonlypersonintheofficethatwasinvitedtotheball.(5)先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。而不用who,which.例如：Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.(6)who,which開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句中，關(guān)系代詞用that.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingthere?WhichofusthatknowsEnglishdoesn’tknowthis?whichofthenoveldoyoulikebest?(7)關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that.Ittookusmanyyearstomakethecitythatitistoday.Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.Chinaisn’tthecountryitusedtobe.(8)先行詞是基數(shù)詞或是序數(shù)詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that.YesterdayIcaughttwofish.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillaliveinthebasinofwater.(9)當(dāng)主句“therebe“開(kāi)頭時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾該句型的主語(yǔ)。Therearefourdesksinthemiddleoftheofficethatareusedfortheteachers.(10)當(dāng)先行詞是“tobe“后面的表語(yǔ)時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that.Thisisthedictionarythatwasboughtinthebookstoreyesterday.<2>．只能用which的情況1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。如：Thereareaboutsevenmillionpeopletakingpartintheelection,mostofwhom、arewelleducated.Beijing,whichischina’scapital,isrichinculture.2)those/that+名詞后的定語(yǔ)從句用which引導(dǎo)。不能用關(guān)系代詞that。Thatpenwhichhetookismine.Ashopshouldkeepthosegoodswhichsellswell.3)介詞后只用whichThisistheroominwhichhelived.Idon’tknowthemantowhomyoutalked.Thechaironwhichheissittingismadeofwood.(4)which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，不用that..例如：Hesucceededinthecompetition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.(5)先行詞是that時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用which.What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?(6)關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，宜用關(guān)系代詞which.HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish.<3>．只用who,whom.而不用that的情況(1)如果先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,those,ones等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用who或whom，不用that。例如：Isthereanyoneherewhowillgowithyou?Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.（2）當(dāng)先行詞是指人的集合名詞時(shí)，如果作這個(gè)名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員，則用who。Mr.Smithcametovisitmyfamily,whowerewatchingTVthen.Ourclass,whichisaverygoodone,waspraisedagainatthemeeting.(3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)或者在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中，宜用關(guān)系代詞whoPro.WangiscomingsoonwhowillgiveusatalkonhowtolearnEnglish.(4)當(dāng)先行詞用-body或-one構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用whoWe’dbetternotbelieveinanyonewhowedon’tknow.(5)當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)限定性的表示人的特定名詞時(shí)，常用whoTheaunt/unclewhocametoseeuslastweekismybrother’ssister.（七）．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句?！敖樵~＋關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或which,不可用that。其中whom代表人，which代表物Whoisthecomradewithwhomyoushookhands?Heworksinafactory,infrontofwhichthereisariverGivemethebookthecoverofwhichisred(thecoverofwhich=whosecover)Heisthemanwhosefatherisateacher.=Heisthemanthefatherofwhomisateacher.ThisistheneighborhoodfromwhomIborrowedthebicycle.(2)fromwhere為“介詞＋關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句（不常用）。例如：Westoodatthetopofthehill,fromwherewecanseethetown.（3）***關(guān)系代詞前的介詞如何確定？A.依據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配Mr.Smithboughtanewhouseonwhichhespentallhismoney.B.依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配確定Therewasnowayinwhichitcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.(inthisway)C.根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思確定Thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.Thegaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.(4)***注意關(guān)系代詞的位置介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用which和whom不能用that代替，也不可省略；介詞在句尾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可which,that,whom,who,都行，而且還可以省略。ThisisthedrawerinwhichIputmyletters.=Thisisthedrawer(which/that)Iputmylettersin.HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotelettersthismorning?=Haveyouseenthepen(which/that)Iwroteletterswiththismorning?所以一個(gè)句子有時(shí)有多種用法如：那就是他工作的大學(xué)Thisisthecollegeatwhichheworks.Thisisthecollegethat/whichheworksat.Thisisthecollegewhereheworks.但像listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof,lookfor等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)。例如：Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.Thisisthebookwhich/thatIamlookingfor.ThisisthegirlIhavebeenlookingforthewholeafternoon.（八）whose引導(dǎo)從句的意義1）指人=ofwhom表示所修飾的“某（些）人的用做所修飾的先行詞的所有格。Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.2)指物=ofwhich表所修飾的“某物的“Iliveintheroomwhosewindowfacessouth.Iliveintheroom,thewindowofwhichfacessouth./____________________________________________.(whose+從句可以用“ofwhich+從句”代替)（九）As與which是有區(qū)別的A)相同之處：都可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代前面的主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。which可做賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)Hefailedoncemoreinthematch,whichwasagreatpity.Hesucceededinthecomposition,whichmadehisparentsveryhappy.B)區(qū)別：1）as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面．中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如：1)Asweallknow,Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjectsisright.=Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjects,asweallknow,isright=Galileo’stheoryoffallingobjectsisright,asweallknow.2)Hewasthrownintoprison,whichgotroundthroughoutourvillage3)Asisexpected,theEnglandteamwonthefootballmatch.4)Theearthrunsaroundthesun,asisknownbyeveryone.5)Hewaslateagain,whichmademeunhappy6)Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.2.）as有“如”、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含義，which沒(méi)有。后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是see,know,expect,say,mention,report等。Bobdidanexcellentjob,aswehadexpected.Ourteamwonthegame,whichmadeushappy.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanispartofChina.Wearefacingthesameproblemsaswedidyearsago.Wearefacingtheproblemswhichwefacedyearsago.Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.Wehopetogetthetoolwhichheisusing.3.)as在引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句多與such或thesame連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。thesame…assuch….asThisisthesamestoryashetoldme.Ihopetogetsuchabookasheisusing4).as也可單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。可代表一個(gè)句子。例如：Theelephant’snoseislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.5).as做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后必跟系動(dòng)詞，而which無(wú)此限制Themeetingwasputoff,aswaswhatwewanted.

Hewasmurdered,asseemedtrue.6)as引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，從句語(yǔ)義必須和主句一致Shewasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpectedShewasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.7）thesame…as與thesame..that的區(qū)別：前者修飾的是原物同樣的而后者修飾的就是先行詞ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.這和我丟的那一只手表是一樣的。ThisisthedamewatchthatIlost.著就是我丟的那一只手表。（十）什么時(shí)候that可以省略？1)引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句不能省略，且不做成分。Thename“whitewater”comesfromthefactthatthewaterinthesestreamsandriverslookswhitewhenitmovesquickly.It’sknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.(that置后可一省略)Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.(有時(shí)可省，一般不省)2）賓語(yǔ)從句中可以省略Idon’tthink(that)youareright.3）that只有在定語(yǔ)從句中做成分，可做主、賓、表語(yǔ)。（十一）關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞而不是關(guān)系代詞。Iwanttoseethefilmthatisonshow.Thestudentswhodon’tstudyhardwillnotpastheexam.(十二)oneofthe…與theoneofthe…做先行詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)不一致。LiBaiisoneofthegreatestpoetsthathavelivedinChina.LiBaiistheoneofthegreatestpoetsthathaslivedinChina.ThisisoneofthebooksthatIhavebeenwritteninChinese.ThisistheonlyoneofthebooksthathasbeenwritteninChinese.Heisoneoftheboyswhoarewillingtodoit.Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswhoiswillingtodoit.（十三）．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句1．關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間．地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。1)when表示時(shí)間,充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when=on/in/of/at…+whichIstillrememberthedaywhenIjointhepartyIwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.但注意：1.當(dāng)先行詞是表地點(diǎn)：place,room,mountain,airport等時(shí)間：time,day,year,month,week,等原因：reason等名詞時(shí),并且分別在句中做地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用where,when,why引導(dǎo)。但是如果如果表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因的名詞不做狀語(yǔ)，而是做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，或者表語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞that/which來(lái)引導(dǎo)而不是用where等。Istillrememberthedaythatwespenttogether。May1isthedaythatIwillneverforget。TheYangtzeGorgesisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallovertheworldlookforwardtovisiting.長(zhǎng)江三峽是個(gè)美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來(lái)參觀。Themoment(that/which)Iturnedaround,shehadleftanddisappearedinthecrowd.Isthisthereasonthathegaveusforbeinglate?ThisisthefactorythatwevisitedThatisthehousethathelivedin..Theplacethatwehadbeentowasfar.Theshopthat/whichwesawisbeautiful.2.當(dāng)先行詞為bythetime,anytime,theway,everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不用when而用that.或省略ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.ThefirsttimeIsawhimwasin1980Bythetimehewas14hehadlearnedadvancedmathematics但如果time前無(wú)修飾語(yǔ),關(guān)系詞用thatwhen均可Iwillneverforgotthetimewhen(that)wemetforthefirsttime.3.當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用inwhich,that,或省略.Thisisthewaythat/inwhich/不加hesmiles.但注意：4.why表示原因（現(xiàn)行詞只有一個(gè)reason），做原因狀語(yǔ)。Why=forwhichThatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.（十四）學(xué)生容易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。在定語(yǔ)從句中多加了賓語(yǔ)，如：SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.SomeoftheboysIinviteddidn’tcome.Isthisthehorseyoudrewityesterday?Isthisthehorseyoudrewyesterday?把定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)弄錯(cuò)。Thosewhohasfinishedmayleavetheclassroomnow.Theykeyopenstheroomismissing.Thosewhohavefinishedmayleavetheclassroomnow.ThisisoneoftheriversinChinawhichflowsnorthward.ThisisoneoftheriversinChinawhichflowsnorthward.省略了定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞。Childreneatalotofsugaroftengetbadteeth.Childrenwhoeatalotofsugaroftengetbadteeth.Theykeyopenstheroomismissing.Theykeywhich/thatopenstheroomismissing.定語(yǔ)從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞。Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.Thehousewherehelivesneedsrepairing.Thehousewhich/thathelivesinneedsrepairing.Thisisthetimeatwhenhe’smorelikelytobein.Thisisthetimewhenhe’smorelikelytobein.Thisisthetimeatwhichhe’smorelikelytobein.（十五）代有插入語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句who與whom的選用。擔(dān)主語(yǔ)成分時(shí)用who,擔(dān)賓格成分時(shí)用whom方法：要區(qū)分是定語(yǔ)從句中的插入語(yǔ)還是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Jasonisamanwho(Ibelieved)ishonest.(去掉仍成立)JasonisamanwhomIbelievetobehonest.做賓語(yǔ)Thegirlwhowesupposedwasdrownedcameback.Thegirlwhowesupposedtobedrownedcameback.（十六）什么時(shí)候宜用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞時(shí)，通常用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，它本身就具有特殊性，無(wú)需在加限定。Shenzhen,whichisinSouthChina,isdevelopingrapidly.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotagarden.Mr.Smithboughtanewhouseonwhichhespentallhismoney.2)當(dāng)先行詞是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一個(gè)，但跟非限制從句時(shí)則表示唯一的一個(gè)，compare:Herroomhasawindowwhichfacessouth.Herroomhasawindow,whichfacessouth.IhaveabrotherwhoisworkinginBeijing.Ihaveabrother,whoisworkinginBeijing.3.當(dāng)先行詞表示類屬意義，即表示某類動(dòng)物，事物或人時(shí)，其后所跟的定語(yǔ)從句一般是非限制性的。Asleepisausefulanimal,whosewoolhasmanyuses.Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isnowplayedallovertheworld.語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典練習(xí)：1.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______

hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.

A.these

B.those

C.that

D.which2.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,______

cameasasurprise.

A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he

3.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that

4.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson

_____

shecouldturnforhelp.

A.that

B.who

C.fromwhom

D.towhom

5.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkhard,but______didn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it6.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.

A.what

B.whichC.that

D.it7.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltownhegrewupasachild.A.which B.whereC.that D.when8.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,______personallyIdoubtverymuch.

A.it

B.that

C.when

D.which

9.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,______wehadn’texpected.

A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what10.Itwasanexcitingmomentforthesefootballfansthisyear,______forthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheWorldCup.A.thatB.whileC.whichD.when11.Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowprice_______peopleexpected.

A.like

B.as

C.that

D.which12.RecentlyIboughtanancientvase,___wasveryreasonable.

A.whichprice

B.thepriceofwhich

C.itsprice

D.thepriceofthose13.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.

A．whoB．whichC．thisD．what14.Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_______wastrue.

A．he

B．this

C．which

D．who15.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_____Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.until B.that C.when D.where16.Thefamousbasketballstar,_______triedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.

A.where

B.when

C.which

D.Who

17.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,______Iwillalwaystreasure.

Athat

Bone

Cit

Dwhat

18.Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museumsandsomeotherplaces,_____othervisitorsseldomgo.

Awhat

Bwhich

Cwhere

Dwhen

19.Alecaskedthepoliceman_____heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.

Awithhim

Bwho

Cwithwhom

Dwhom

20.Wearelivinginanage______manythingsaredoneoncomputers.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when

21.______hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamsnextmonth.A.ThatB.AsC.ItD.What

22.York,______lastyear,isaniceoldcity.

A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisitedC.whereIvisitedD.inchichIvisited23.Luckly,we’dbroughtaroadmapwithout______wewouldhavelostourway.A.itB.thatC.thisD.which24.Afastfoodrestaurantistheplace______,justasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.A.whichB.whereC.thereD.what25.GeogeOrwell,______wasEricArthur,writemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameChisrealnameD.whoserealname.26._____isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.what 27.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone ______theycantalkfrequently.A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom.28.TheEnglishplay______mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich29.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that30.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths，______thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhich.B.duringwhichC.fromwhichDforwhich31.Therewas_____time______Ihatedtogotoschool.A.a,thatB.a,whenC.the,thatD.the,when32.therearetwobuildings,______standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich33.______isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As34.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%______aresoldabroad.A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat35.Anyway,thatevening,______I’lltellyoumoreaboutlater,IendedupstayingattheRache’splace.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which36..Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheother,______,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.A.whoB.thatC.whatD.which37.Itiseasytodotherepair.______youneedisahammerandsomenails.A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything38..Iworkinabusiness______almosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.howB.whichC.whereD.that39.Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from____effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.（A.that B.whose C.those D.what40.Ifashophaschairs____womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.that B.which C.when D.where41.Frank’sdreamwastohavehisownshop____toproducetheworkingsofhisownhands.A.that B.inwhich C.bywhich D.how 42.Markwasastudentatthisuniversityfrom1999to2003,___________hestudiedveryhardandwasmadechairmanoftheStudents’Union.A.duringwhichtimeB.forwhichtimeC.duringwhosetimeD.bythattime43.Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,shewantedtobe.A．who B．that C．whatD．which44.Theplace_______thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe________thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviestA.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich45.Iwalkedinourgarden,_______TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees. A．which B．when C．where D．that46.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.A．ofthem B．fromwhich C．whoof D．ofwhom47.—Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?—Right,justtheoneyouknowIusedtoworkforyears.A．that B．which C．whereD．what48.Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_____hewentontoCambridge.A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis49.Haveyouseenthefilm"Titanic",__________leadingactorisworldfamous?

A．its

B．it's

C．whose

D．which

50.ThedoctoradvisedVerastronglythatsheshouldtakeaholiday,but_______didn’thelp. A．it B．she C．which D．heKeys:1-5DCBDD6-10BBDCD11-15BBBCC16-20DBCCD21-25BBDBD26-30BDCAA31-35BDDAD36-40DBCBD41-45BADCC46-50DCCCA語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)二：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday

Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.

2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。

Theearthmovesaroundthesun.

ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.

3)表示格言或警句中。

Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)　?/p>

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..

4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。

Idon'twantsomuch.

AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.

比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.

Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法

1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。

Wheredidyougojustnow?

2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.

WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.

3）句型：

Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……時(shí)間了""該……了"

Itistimesb.didsth."時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"

Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺(jué)了。

Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。

would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'

I'dratheryoucametomorrow.

4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。

Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。

比較：

一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。

Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.

(含義：她已不在人間。)

Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.

(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)

Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.

(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.

(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)

注意：用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。

1）動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。

Didyouwantanythingelse?

Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.

2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would.

Couldyoulendmeyourbike?3usedto/beusedto

usedto+do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。

Motherusednottobesoforgetful.

Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(過(guò)去常常散步)

beusedto+doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.

Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)

典型例題

----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.

----It's69568442.

A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't

答案A.本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。4一般將來(lái)時(shí)

1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。

will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。

WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.

Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?

2)begoingto+不定式，表示將來(lái)。

a.主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。

Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。

Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。

c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事

Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.

3)be+不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。

WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.

4)beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上做某事。

HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.

注意：beaboutto不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。5begoingto/will

用于條件句時(shí)，begoingto表將來(lái)

will表意愿

Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.

Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.

6beto和begoingto

beto表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。

begoingto表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。

Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客觀安排)

I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主觀安排)7一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)

1）下列動(dòng)詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.

Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.

2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如