閱讀理解-主旨大意

ReadingComprehensionHowtogetthemainideaofaparagraphorapassage?

閱讀理解-主旨大意

Amothermousewasoutforawalkwithherbabieswhenshefoundacatbehindabush.Shewatchedthecat,andthecatwatchedthemice.Mothermousebarkedfiercely,"Woof,woof,woof!"Thecatwassofrightenedthatitranforitslife.Mothermouseturnedtoherbabiesandsaid,"Now,doyouunderstandthevalueofasecondlanguage?”Part1Lead-inWhatisthestorymainlyabout?Woof！Itisimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.Part2

考綱解讀：根據(jù)最新高考全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷英語(yǔ)考試說明高考閱讀理解旨在考查考生語(yǔ)言的綜合運(yùn)用能力,要求考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志等中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等,并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息,具體要求做到:(1)理解文章主旨要義;(2)理解文中具體信息;(3)根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞詞義;(4)做出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理,理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);(5)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。

主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題以及判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題,能夠拉開考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距,所以將此類題設(shè)為高考試題具有很好的選拔作用。研究近幾年課標(biāo)地區(qū)的高考閱讀理解題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),主旨大意題幾乎年年都有,而且在大部分地區(qū)的閱讀理解題中會(huì)有1~3道考查此類題。Part3

近三年全國(guó)卷主旨大意題的考查縱觀近幾年的高考，閱讀理解中每年都有考查主旨要義的題目，雖然所占比重不太大，但是難度較大，是考生較容易失分的體型，應(yīng)給予足夠的重視，預(yù)計(jì)未來高考閱讀理解考查主旨大意的題目比例將保持穩(wěn)定，考查方式從原來簡(jiǎn)單的主旨概括向綜合性歸納轉(zhuǎn)變。考點(diǎn)202320222021歸納段落大意2道2道2道理解全文宗旨0道1道1道選定最佳標(biāo)題1道3道4道1)歸納段落大意◆Whatisthefirst/second/…paragraphmainlyabout?◆

WhatdoesParagraph1/2…mainlytalkabout?◆

WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph1/2…?

Part4命題形式2)理解全文主旨◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆What’sthemainideaofthetext?

◆Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?

3)選定最佳標(biāo)題◆Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

◆Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?◆Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?一、段落大意類題型段落的中心思想常用主題句表達(dá)。所謂主題句就是概括說明某一段落中心思想的句子。閱讀的主要目的就是讀懂文章段落的中心大意,辨別文章段落的中心思想自然就成了一個(gè)很重要的閱讀技巧,這一技巧同樣在提高閱讀能力和閱讀速度中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。解題方法如下:①概括段落大意。要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意,就要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織,即首句做總的說明,其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首;如果按分總順序組織,主題句就在段尾;如果按分總分的順序組織,則主題句就在這段話的中間;如果對(duì)比各事物,那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。②揣摩段落大意。有時(shí)候作者不會(huì)直接寫出主題句,而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。如：散文

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.

范例132.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.真題再現(xiàn)1234DPopularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.(Para2)

33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.A牛刀小試真題練習(xí)2二、理解全文主旨文章的中心大意往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn),往往采用“總—分—總”的模式,即第一段提出論點(diǎn),然后是論據(jù)部分,最后一段得出結(jié)論(論點(diǎn)的重申),所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段;說明文則是說明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過程,主題句一般在首段;而新聞報(bào)道卻是報(bào)道一個(gè)人物事跡或重大事件等,主題句常出現(xiàn)在首段首句;記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句,需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意,但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子,則這個(gè)句子很可能為主題句。用瀏覽法,即快速閱讀文首、文尾或每段的首句和尾句,搜索主題線索和主題信息的方法可以快速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門:①含有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infact,actually,等)的句子很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí),對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn),通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion,等。

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.范例真題再現(xiàn)“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.BWiththeyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.FouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathreestoreyVictorianhouseinBristol-oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.

牛刀小試真題練習(xí)Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse.saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:"WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparentsmanymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.

Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.解析：主旨大意題。本文以Rita三代人同住一起為例，介紹了在英國(guó)多代人同住一起這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,根據(jù)已發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告和數(shù)據(jù)可知這種現(xiàn)象呈上升的趨勢(shì)。故選D項(xiàng)。D主旨大意題干擾選項(xiàng)特征(1)過于籠統(tǒng),不知所云。所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大,超出文章所述內(nèi)容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分。所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容,或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容,或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。(3)移花接木,偷換概念。所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上,若不留神,極易選錯(cuò)答案。(4)無(wú)中生有,生搬硬套。所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中談到了,但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。三、選定最佳標(biāo)題標(biāo)題具有醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性的特點(diǎn)。醒目是為了吸引讀者的注意力,喚起讀者閱讀文章的興趣;概括性,就是指標(biāo)題要覆蓋文章的主要內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)文章的主題;針對(duì)性是標(biāo)題要直接指向文章的主要特點(diǎn)。標(biāo)題歸納題與中心大意題具有共同之處,當(dāng)文章主旨是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一句簡(jiǎn)潔的話時(shí),我們可把它看作標(biāo)題;但是文章主旨往往是作者寫作目的或?qū)懽鲀?nèi)容的歸納,一般不作為文章標(biāo)題。解答標(biāo)題歸納題掌握以下三種方法:①正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨;②反面否定法:撇開原文,拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文對(duì)照,一一排除不符選項(xiàng);③研讀備選項(xiàng)本身:研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。范例1SomeoftheworldsmostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(聯(lián)合)voiceacrosscultures.Despitethecelebrations,though,intheUSthejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.真題再現(xiàn)It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.

AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.“Jazzseemslikeit’snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio’sreporterNealConan.“WhatI’mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackandwhiteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller’smusicforadanceparty,“justtokindofputitbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,”saysMoran.“Forme,it’stherecontextualization.

Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion(情感)lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight(感悟)onhowtotalkaboutourselvesandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkerrecordgetsusintoadialogueaboutouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,”saysMoran,“soIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ExploringtheFutureofJazz

B.TheRiseandFallofJazzC.TheStoryofaJazzMusician

D.CelebratingtheJazzDayA

Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(間隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.

牛刀小試真題練習(xí)1

ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.

Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetween