10年高考英語真題匯編-信息還原（七選五）

北京卷（2015—2024）01-2024北京Ifyouwanttodevelopmaximumcredibility(可信性),isitbettertobeahedgehog(刺猬)orafox?AccordingtoIsaiahBerlin,thehedgehogknowsonethingverywell,andthefoxknowsalotofthings.Isthereaclearadvantageofonestyleovertheother?Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.1Andtheyareusuallyverycredibleindoingso.AccordingtoJimHart,the“hedgehogconcept”isoneofthefactorsthatleadcompaniestogreatness.Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.2Thehedgehogconceptmakesperfectsenseforcompanies.3PhilipTatehasstudiedthetrackrecordsofthosefolksontheSundaytalkshowswhomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillhappen.Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.4Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.Theyalsohaveaclearerestimationofwhattheyknowanddon’tknow.So,whichisbetter?Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.5Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.Themosteffectivewaytogothroughlifeistotrytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog.A.Inotherwords,thereareclearadvantagesforeach.B.Theyaremorelikelytorememberpeople’smistakes.C.Hence,theyhavetheadvantageofclarityandconfidence.D.Buttherecanbeadownsidetoconcentrationononebigthing.E.However,hedgehogsremainopentoothers’reactionsandinputs.F.Whensomethingiscontradictorytotheirview,theydon’ttreatitasexceptional.G.Theycomedownsquarelyononesideortheotherandfullysupporttheirposition.答案[語篇解讀]本文是說明文（總—分—總結構）。作者分別介紹了刺猬式思維和狐貍式思維的特點，并在最后提出要成為“貌似狐貍的刺猬”。1.G前一句說擁有刺猬式思維的人往往回答“是”，后一句說并且他們這樣做通常是非常可信的。后一句中的And表示遞進關系，so指代設空處內(nèi)容。再結合后面的“Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.”可知，擁有刺猬式思維的人專注于一件事，而且做得很好。瀏覽選項可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，G項（他們明確地站在一邊或另一邊，并全力支持自己的立場）與之相符，故選G。2.C前文說擁有刺猬式思維的人專注于一件事，而且做得很好，他們清楚自己擅長的東西。C項中的clarityandconfidence是對他們的特點的總結概括，這與選項中的Hence（因此）所表示的因果關系呼應，故選C。3.D設空處位于段首，考慮段落主旨句。根據(jù)后文中的“hedgehogsare...wrongmoreoftenthanfoxes”以及“l(fā)esslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrong”可知，擁有刺猬式思維的人比擁有狐貍式思維的人更容易出錯，而且他們不太可能意識到或承認自己錯了。由此可知，本段主要講的是擁有刺猬式思維的人的缺點，因此D項（但專注于一件大事可能會有負面影響）符合語境。故選D。4.F前文說擁有狐貍式思維的人更有可能從更廣泛的來源中找到新信息，并更善于應對不確定性和新信息。后一句說他們試圖將其納入自己的觀點，而不是將其排除在自己的思維之外。后一句中的it指代的內(nèi)容在設空處中。瀏覽選項可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，F(xiàn)項（當某件事情與他們的觀點相悖時，他們不會將其視為特例）與之相符，故選F。5.A最后一段是總結段。首句問擁有刺猬式思維的人和擁有狐貍式思維的人哪個更好。后文說選擇成為擁有刺猬式思維的人或是擁有狐貍式思維的人是一種錯誤的權衡，最有效的方式是成為兼?zhèn)浜偤痛题卣鞯娜恕Ｔ俳Y合前面幾段內(nèi)容可知，A項（換句話說，兩者都有其明顯的優(yōu)勢）符合語境，且與trytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog呼應，故選A。02-2023北京It'sajoyfulandstressfultimeofyearintheUnitedStatesforstudentsandtheirfamiliesastheymakedecisionsaboutwheretoattendcollege.Familiesoftenturntorankingssystemstohelpmakeadecision.1.WhenItalktofamiliesasascholarofhighereducation,they'reoftensurprisedthatteachingexcellenceisnotcountedinrankings.2.Emergingresearchsuggeststhatcoursesinlower-rankeduniversities,onaverage,scoredhigheronteachingthancoursesinhigher-rankeduniversities.3.Theabsenceofteachingexcellencefromtherankingsissurprisinggiventhelinkbetweenhigh-qualityteachingandstudentsuccess.Qualityteachingisoneofthemostimportantpredictorsofawiderangeofcollegeoutcomes.Rankings,however,areonlyonereasonwhyalowvalueisplacedonteachinginhighereducation.Administratorsoftendon'tviewteachingexcellenceasawaytoincreaseenrolment(注冊)orfunding.4.Researchshowsthatthemoretimeinstructorsspendonteaching,thelowertheirsalary.Whatistheresult?Manyinstructorscontinuetoteachusingtraditionallectures,whichleadtolowersuccessrates.5.Nevertheless,notmuchwillchangeuntilschoolswithhigh-qualityteachingarerewardedwithmoreresources,higherrankingsandincreasedenrolments.Inthelongterm,universities,organisationsthatrankschools,andothersshouldworktomaketeachingavalued,corepartofthemission.Whatshouldstudentsandtheirfamiliesdo?Theyshouldgivestrongconsiderationtouniversitieswherehigh-qualityteachingisvalued,eventhoughtheschoolsmayberankedlower.A.Highereducationhasachieveditstruepotential.B.Therefore,it'snothighlyvaluedinhiringorpromotion.C.Qualityteachinghasbeenanimportantreputation-buildingfactor.D.However,therankingsignoreacriticalfactor:thequalityofteaching.E.Effortstoimproveteachingattheuniversitylevelhaverecentlyemerged.F.They'reevenmoresurprisedathowteachingisundervaluedbyuniversities.G.Infact,universitiesoftenshiftemphasisfromteachingtootherrankingfactors.答案[語篇解讀]本文是議論文，主要針對當下教學水平較高的學校排名卻并不靠前這一現(xiàn)象展開討論。作者希望學生和家長在選擇大學時，應該重點關注教學質量高的學校。1.D前文指出排名系統(tǒng)（rankingssystems）對于美國學生選擇大學有重要的參考價值。第二段指出，優(yōu)秀的教學水平并沒有被納入排名考慮。瀏覽選項可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，D選項（然而，排名忽略了一個關鍵因素：教學質量）與前文構成轉折關系，并起到引出下文的作用。2.F設空處前一句話指出，一些家庭常常驚訝于優(yōu)秀的教學水平并沒有被納入排名考慮。F選項（更讓他們驚訝的是，大學竟然如此輕視教學）中的evenmoresurprised與前文中的surprised構成遞進關系。F項中的They指代families，且大學輕視教學這一現(xiàn)象在第四段中也有所體現(xiàn)。3.G設空處前一句指出，最新的研究表明，排名較低的大學的課程在教學方面的平均得分高于排名較高的大學的課程。G選項（事實上，大學經(jīng)常把重點從教學轉移到其他排名因素上）是對前文進行解釋說明。4.B設空處前一句指出，管理人員通常不把優(yōu)秀的教學視為增加入學率或增加資金的途徑。B選項（因此，它在招聘和晉升中不受重視）與之構成因果關系，B選項中的it指代前文提到的teachingexcellence。5.E設空處后一句話說的是，然而，只有擁有高質量教學的學校獲得更多的資源、更高的排名和更多的入學人數(shù)，情況才會發(fā)生較大變化?；趯@句話的理解，答案應滿足以下兩個條件：首先，設空處需要與后句構成轉折關系；其次，該句想表達的核心意思是情況并不會發(fā)生太大的變化，因此設空處也應體現(xiàn)一種情況。E選項（最近出現(xiàn)了大學努力提高教學水平這一現(xiàn)象）滿足上述條件。03-2022北京Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.1.Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.2.Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.Healthisthestateofourbodyatagiventime.Wemaynothaveanydiseasebutstillhaveaweakbody,whichisreadytobetargetedbyviruses.3.Thisdoesnotdefinitelymeanthatwearenothealthy.Itmeansthefitnesslevelisnotinaccordancewithourageandtheclimaticconditionswelivein.Itisimportantforeveryonetodevotesometimetohealthandfitness.4.Forinstance,wemustexercisedailyregardlessofourageandworkingstyle.Therearedifferentlevelsofexercisesfordifferentagegroupsandwemustdothemaccordingtoourownhealthandage.Additionally,itisimportanttorelaxourbody.Weshouldhaveatleastsixtoeighthoursofsleepeveryday.Ithelpsinimprovingourimmune(免疫)systemandprotectsusagainstdiseases.5.This,inturn,givesusnewgoalsofhealthandfitness.A.Fitnesslevelsdecidethequalityoflife.B.Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.C.Italsohelpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind.D.Forinstance,wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily.E.Ifwekeepourbodyfit,wecanenjoylifeinabettermanner.F.Therearesomeactivitieswhicheveryoneshoulddoinourlife.G.Thismakesourbodysufferandwecatchlifestyleandotherdiseases.答案[語篇解讀]本文是說明文。文章介紹了身體健康能讓我們擁有幸福且健康的生活，以及保持健康的方法。1.G根據(jù)空前一句中的“wetendtoignoreourhealth”可推知，忽視身體健康會導致的結果就是“makesourbodysuffer”；根據(jù)空后一句中的“helpsusfightthesediseases”可推知，設空處應該提到“diseases”。綜合這些信息可知，G選項能起到承上啟下的作用。2.B空后兩句“Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody...thefitnessofourbody.”介紹了health和fitness兩者之間的關系，而B選項說明了它們之間是相互關聯(lián)的，起到了主旨句的作用，符合語境。3.D空前一句中的“betargetedbyviruses”與D選項中的“wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily”緊密銜接，且空后一句中的“This”指代的就是D選項中的“haveatendencytocatchacoldeasily”。4.F空前一句中的“todevotesometimetohealthandfitness”和空后一句中的“mustexercisedaily”都與F選項中的“activitieswhicheveryoneshoulddo”相呼應，也就是我們要花時間鍛煉，保持身體健康。5.C根據(jù)本段第一句可知，本段介紹放松身體的重要性。C選項中的“helpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind”與本段主旨相匹配，且C選項中的alsohelps與空前一句中的helps相呼應。04-2021北京Musichaslongbeenconsideredtobeanenjoyablepastimeformanypeople.1Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan’tbeargued.Musiccouldalsobehelpingyouwithmanyotherhealthproblemsbehindthescenes.

2However,forthesamereason,musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain.Bydistracting(分心)themindfromthepain,music,peoplesay,canlowerstressandanxietylevels.This,ofcourse,canleadtolesspain.

Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed.3Whilethevalidityoftheideaisstillbeingassessed,theloweredstresscanevenbetiedbacktobloodpressure.Similarly,accordingtoresearchers,listeningtojust30minutesofsoftmusiceverydaymayhelpwithhealthybloodsugarlevels,throughtheloweringofstressandanxiety.

Whenitcomestohearthealth,thereisspeculation(推測)thatit’snotthestyleofmusic,butratherthetempothatmakesitsogoodforyourhearthealth.InoneEuropeanstudy,participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure.4Ontheotherhand,whenthemusicslowed,theparticipants’stressandanxietylevelsbecamelowerandtheeffectsonheartratesappearedtofollowsuit.

5Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor,whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable.

A.Thisfeelingcanalsoresultinmanyotherhealthproblems.B.Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud.C.Thisideaisalittleoff-the-wallbutstillhasscientificbacking.D.Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep.E.Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive.F.Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety.G.Interestingly,themorecheerfulthemusicwas,thefastertheirheartrateswere.答案[語篇解讀]本文是說明文。文章介紹了音樂對于健康的益處。1.F空前說“音樂對很多人來說一直是一種令人愉快的消遣方式”，空后說“Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan’tbeargued.（音樂對心理健康的益處是毋庸置疑的）”，由此可推斷設空處應說明音樂對人的精神健康的作用。這與F項中的“alsohighlypopular”和“theindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety”相呼應。2.B空后說“However,forthesamereason,musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain.（然而，出于同樣的原因，如果一個人處于痛苦之中，音樂是非常有益的）”，However表轉折，因此設空處為對音樂的負面評價，這與B項中的“musiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud”相呼應。3.D空前說“Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed.”，這與D項中的“calmingthebrainenoughtosleep”相呼應。4.G空后說“Ontheotherhand,whenthemusicslowed，theparticipants’stressandanxietylevelsbecamelower...”，根據(jù)Ontheotherhand以及后面的內(nèi)容可推斷設空處內(nèi)容應與歡快的音樂和心率加快有關，這與G項中的“themorecheerfulthemusicwas,thefastertheirheartrateswere”相呼應。5.E空后說“Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor,whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable.”，因此本段講的是音樂對身體總的好處，這與E項（音樂對整體健康的影響令人印象深刻）相吻合。05-2020北京Manypeoplethinkthatpositivethinkingismostlyaboutkeepingone'sheadinthesandandignoringdailyproblems,tryingtolookoptimistic.Inrealityithasmoretodowiththewayanindividualtalkstohimself.Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.1.Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.Peoplewhoregularlypractisepositivethinkingtendtosolveproblemsmoreeffectively.Theyarelessexposedtostresscausedbyexternalfactors.Theytendtobelieveinthemselvesandinwhattheydo.2.Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans(壽命),lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.3.Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbuffer(緩沖作用)againstdepressionandanxiety.Resilient(適應性強的)peoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.4.Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.5.Thinkinginapositive,self-encouragingwaybringsaboutmanybenefitstoone'sphysicalandmentalhealth.A.Itdoesn'tcauseanysevereemotionaldiscomfort,either.B.Negativeself-talkdamagesself-confidenceanddecreasesself-respect.C.Ithelpsonetoremainclear-headedandconfidentindifficultsituations.D.Positivethinkinghasseveralbeneficialeffectsonthebodyandthemind.E.Asthinkingchanges,anindividual'sbehaviourandhabitschangeaswell.F.Theyoftenofferarealalternativetothecommonandregularwayofthinking.G.Theyoftenfeeldiscouragedlongbeforetryingtosolvetheproblem,evenifsmall.答案[語篇解讀]本文是說明文。文章介紹了積極思考對人的好處。1.B由設空處前提到的“Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.（自我對話是一個人持續(xù)不斷的思緒，往往他對一些事件、現(xiàn)象、人，甚至是他自己都不了解和不確定）”和后一句“Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.（同時，積極思考有助于停止消極的自我對話，并開始對一個問題形成積極的看法）”可知B項（消極的自我對話會損害自信，降低自尊）正確。2.D設空處位于段首，設空處后的句子提到積極思考可以延長壽命，降低一些疾病的發(fā)生率，并且可以幫助提高處理問題的能力。由此可知本段旨在說明積極思考給人的身心帶來的有益影響。D項與此對應。3.C由設空處前提到的“Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone’sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.（積極思考也有助于提高一個人處理問題和困難的能力）”及設空處后的具體事例（研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在一場伴隨著強烈的情緒的危機中，如自然災害，積極思考可以提供一種緩沖作用來對抗抑郁和焦慮）可知C項中的difficultsituations與前文中的problemsandhardships和后文中的crisis相呼應，故選C項（它有助于一個人在困難的情況下保持頭腦清醒和自信）。4.G由設空處前提到的“Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.（相反，悲觀主義者傾向于把問題看作額外壓力的來源）”可知本句在說明悲觀主義者面對問題時的態(tài)度，G項（他們常常在試圖解決問題之前很久就感到氣餒，即使問題很小）是對前句中additionalstress的進一步解釋說明。5.A本段為總結段，由本段第一句可知，積極思考是處理困難和提高生活質量的強大、有效的工具。由設空處前提到的“Itdoesn’thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.（當一個人拒絕留意問題時，這與無知的樂觀主義沒有任何關系）”可知，A項（它也不會引起任何嚴重的情緒不適）是和前句共同對本段首句中的positivethinking進行的解釋說明。06-2019北京Muchoftheworkintoday'sworldisaccomplished（完成）inteams.Mostpeoplebelievethebestwaytobuildagreatteamistogatheragroupofthemosttalentedindividuals.1.Companiesspendmillionshiringtopbusinesspeople.Istheirmoneywellspent?2.Theyfocusedonfootball,basketballandbaseball.Theresultsaremixed.Forfootballandbasketball,addingtalentedplayerstoateamprovesagoodmethod,butonlyuptothepointwhere70%oftheplayersaretoptalent;abovethatlevel,theteam'sperformancebeginstodecline.Interestingly,thistrendisn'tevidentinbaseball,whereadditionalindividualtalentkeepsimprovingtheteam'sperformance.Toexplainthisphenomenon,theresearchersexploredthedegreetowhichagoodperformancebyateamrequiresitsmemberstocoordinate(協(xié)調)theiractions.3.Inbaseball,theperformanceofindividualplayersislessdependentonteammates.Theyconcludethatwhentaskinterdependenceishigh,teamperformancewillsufferwhenthereistoomuchtalent,whileindividualtalentwillhavepositiveeffectsonteamperformancewhentaskinterdependenceislower.Ifabasketballstaris,forexample,tryingtogainahighpersonalpointtotal,hemaytakeashothimselfwhenitwouldbebettertopasstheballtoateammate,affectingtheteam'sperformance.Youngchildrenlearningtoplayteamsportsareoftentold,“ThereisnoIinTEAM.”4.Anotherpossibilityisthatwhenthereisalotoftalentonateam,someplayersmaymakelesseffort.Justasinagameoftug-of-war(拔河比賽)，wheneverapersonisadded,everyoneelsepullstheropewithlessforce.5.AnA-teammayrequireabalance—notjustAplayers,butafewgenerousBplayersaswell.A.It'snotasimplemattertodeterminethenatureoftalent.B.Sportsteamownersspendmillionsofdollarsattractingtoptalent.C.Thegroupinteractionanditseffectdrewtheresearchers'attention.D.Starsapparentlydonotfollowthisbasicprincipleofsportsmanship.E.Severalrecentstudiesexaminedtheroleoftalentinthesportsworld.F.Buildingupadreamteamismorecomplexthansimplyhiringthebesttalent.G.Thistaskinterdependencedistinguishesbaseballfromfootballandbasketball.答案[語篇解讀]本文為論說文。本文主要討論了一個優(yōu)秀的團隊中是否需要很多有天賦的個人加入。1.B設空處后的“Companiesspendmillionshiringtopbusinesspeople.”與B項內(nèi)容呼應，為并列關系，故答案為B項（體育團隊的老板們花數(shù)百萬美元吸引頂尖人才）。2.E根據(jù)下文尤其是“Theyfocusedonfootball,basketballandbaseball.”以及“Theresults”可知，答案為E項（最近的幾項研究調查了人才在體育界中的作用）。3.G本段主要說明了任務互依性在不同運動項目中的作用以及對團隊表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生的影響，與G項中的“taskinterdependence”相對應，且G項中的“distinguishesbaseballfromfootballandbasketball”與下文Inbaseball相呼應，故答案為G項。4.D根據(jù)設空處前的“Ifabasketballstaris,forexample...Youngchildrenlearningtoplayteamsportsareoftentold,‘ThereisnoIinTEAM.’”可知這兩句主要在講basketballstars與youngchildren在團隊中不同的態(tài)度，所以答案為D項（明星們顯然不愿遵循這個體育精神的基本原則)。5.F根據(jù)設空處后的“AnA-teammayrequireabalance—notjustAplayers...”可知答案為F項（建立一個理想的團隊比僅僅雇用最好的人才更復雜）。07-2018北京WhyDoWeGetAngry?Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering(觸發(fā))events,personalitytraits(特征),andourassessmentofsituations.1.Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.2.Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoftenduetoone’spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.3.Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratemporarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.4.Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Sometimesignoranceandnegative(消極的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.5.However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeelings.A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelangry.E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselveswithacriticaleye.G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文。文章從三個方面向讀者介紹了引起憤怒的原因，以幫助減少憤怒的出現(xiàn)。1.F設空處位于段尾，作者在該空之前先給出引起人們發(fā)怒的三個主要原因：triggeringevents（觸發(fā)事件）、personalitytraits（個人性格特征）、assessmentofsituations（對形勢的評估），然后通過F項引出下文。2.G空前作者先列舉出幾個生活中的事件，通常人們在遇到這些事之后的反應都是發(fā)怒；空后作者介紹“因為個人經(jīng)歷和心理特點的不同，所以面對某些事時，有人發(fā)怒但也有人不生氣”。所以該空應與前后句話題一致，說的是“人們對這些事件的反應是不盡相同的”，與G項一致。3.E第三段主要的關鍵詞是“personalitytraits（個人性格特征）”?？涨耙痪湓捥岬綘帍姾脛俚娜思叭棠投鹊偷娜烁菀装l(fā)怒；空后介紹pre-anger（生氣前兆）的特點，與E項中的thesepersonalitytraits和pre-anger形成原詞復現(xiàn)，故選E項。4.A通讀本段內(nèi)容可知本段主要圍繞“ourassessmentofsituations”展開?？蘸蟮诙湓捴械摹皁utlooksonsituations”的意思是“對局勢的判斷”，與A項中的“Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituations”意思相近，故選A項。5.D由銜接詞However可知，設空處內(nèi)容與后文描述“發(fā)怒很容易變成暴力”的內(nèi)容相反，故D項（發(fā)怒是一種特別強烈的情感，或許人們認為憤怒是情有可原的）放在此處最合適。08-2017北京Everyanimalsleeps,butthereasonforthishasremainedfoggy.Whenlabratsarenotallowedtosleep,theydiewithinamonth.1

Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing(加強)connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememoryprocessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.

Supportisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons(神經(jīng)元)inthebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenextday.3

Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4Thesynapsesinthemicetakenattheendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingthattheconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.

IfTononi'stheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanight'ssleep,wefinditharderthenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformation—ourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornewexperiences.Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthesynapsesbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedandstayedthesamesize.5“Youkeepwhatmatters,”Tononisays.

A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.B.It'sasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.C.Similarly,whenpeoplegoforafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.D.Theprocessestakeplacetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.E.That'swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.F.“Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,”saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.G.Tononi'steammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文。研究表明，睡眠期間腦細胞之間的關聯(lián)會減弱，從而使大腦為新的記憶騰出空間，但是對于重要的記憶，大腦則會對其加以保護。1.C上句指出，當不允許實驗室的老鼠睡覺時，它們在一個月之內(nèi)就死去了。本句是上句的延伸，由動物延伸到了人類。C項符合語境，意為“同樣，當人幾天不睡覺時就會生病”。2.E上句指出睡眠有助于加強新的記憶，下文對此進行了解釋。本句應該是對這個觀點的回應，E項（那也就是為什么學生在學習之后如果有機會睡覺的話，他們就會考得更好）符合語境。3.F下段首句指出現(xiàn)在我們有最直接的證據(jù)證明他是正確的，由此可知本句應指出某人的觀點。結合本段提出的睡覺期間神經(jīng)元之間的關聯(lián)減弱，從而為第二天要形成的新記憶騰出空間可以判斷F項符合語境。4.G下句中的synapses以及themice為關鍵線索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一覺后和睡覺前synapses的不同，所以本句應該指出本次實驗的內(nèi)容，故G項符合語境。5.B上句指出，研究團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)某些神經(jīng)突觸似乎得到了保護，并未發(fā)生變化，這正是對某些重要記憶的保護，故B項正確。09-2016北京TheScienceofRisk-SeekingSometimeswedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweightheriskandthereward,theriskseemsworthtaking.1.Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwouldsurpriseandscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk-takerswerebetterathunting,fighting,orexploring.2.Asthequalityofrisk-takingwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatoleranceforrisk.Sowhyaren'twealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuchrisk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-in-the-cavetypes.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybeyoulovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit.3.Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.4.Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyourhungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraisesyourtoleranceforriskaswell.5.Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherestofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,we'llcontinuetohitthemountains,thewavesortheshallowendofthepool.A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.B.Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F.However,wearenotallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G.Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.答案[語篇解讀]