專題突破卷07 閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文（教師版） 2025年高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點(diǎn)通關(guān)卷（新高考用）

專題突破卷07閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文最新高考真題1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇閱讀理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標(biāo)本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了斯坦福大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)字生物多樣性記錄存在偏見，建議應(yīng)用程序引導(dǎo)公民科學(xué)家獲取更好的數(shù)據(jù)?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.(今天，大多數(shù)生物多樣性記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式出現(xiàn)。)”可知，現(xiàn)在收集的物種記錄大多是以電子形式存在的。故選B?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標(biāo)本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?(這些觀察結(jié)果現(xiàn)在超過(guò)了來(lái)自物理標(biāo)本的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而且由于我們?cè)絹?lái)越多地使用觀察數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)研究物種如何應(yīng)對(duì)全球變化，我想知道：它們有用嗎?)”和第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru說(shuō)“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學(xué)家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草?！?”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于觀察數(shù)據(jù)，即人們通過(guò)移動(dòng)應(yīng)用記錄的物種觀察數(shù)據(jù)。故選C?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段““Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.(Daru說(shuō)“我們特別感興趣的是探索取樣容易產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)偏差的方面，比如公民科學(xué)家更有可能拍攝開花植物的照片，而不是它旁邊的草?！?”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.(這是有道理的，因?yàn)樵谝苿?dòng)設(shè)備上獲得觀察生物多樣性數(shù)據(jù)的人通常是公民科學(xué)家，他們記錄了他們?cè)诟浇貐^(qū)與物種的接觸。)”可知，導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的原因是采樣方式的不當(dāng)。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.(生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序可以使用我們的研究結(jié)果來(lái)告知用戶樣本過(guò)多的地區(qū)，并將他們引導(dǎo)到樣本不足的地方，甚至是物種。為了提高觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量，生物多樣性應(yīng)用程序還可以鼓勵(lì)用戶讓專家確認(rèn)他們上傳的圖像的身份。)”可知，Daru建議生物多樣性應(yīng)用應(yīng)該給公民科學(xué)家提供指導(dǎo)。故選D。2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇閱讀理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】8.C9.B10.D11.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢(shì)，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過(guò)云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”可知，巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)（BMF）進(jìn)一步縮短了從農(nóng)場(chǎng)到餐桌的距離。故選C?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，還有一個(gè)便捷的應(yīng)用程序，可以實(shí)時(shí)提供增長(zhǎng)數(shù)據(jù))”可知，這個(gè)便捷的應(yīng)用程序提供了植物生長(zhǎng)的實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。故選B?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過(guò)限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來(lái)鼓勵(lì)回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，BMF員工具有強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)保意識(shí)。故選D?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場(chǎng)（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通過(guò)云連接，對(duì)BMF進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。此外，還有一個(gè)方便的應(yīng)用程序可以實(shí)時(shí)提供不斷增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動(dòng)化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是為每株植物提供合適的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過(guò)限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來(lái)鼓勵(lì)回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場(chǎng)（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢(shì)，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過(guò)云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇閱讀理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated. B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent. D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes. B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions. D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.【答案】12.C13.B14.C15.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書。該書作為應(yīng)對(duì)AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)?！?2題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(這樣一本書可能會(huì)像驅(qū)動(dòng)人工智能的計(jì)算機(jī)代碼一樣復(fù)雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾撰寫的這本書是通俗易懂的，如果別人寫這本書的話可能就不是這樣了，推測(cè)劃線短語(yǔ)表示“如果是由能力較差的人寫的”。故選C項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.(值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾有20多年的專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可以將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容。她從商業(yè)人士的實(shí)際角度而不是學(xué)者的角度出發(fā)，撰寫了一本非常通俗易懂、內(nèi)容豐富的指南，讀完后會(huì)讓你覺得自己幾乎和人工智能一樣聰明)”可知，坎貝爾在書中將令人興奮的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化為可理解的內(nèi)容，這本書的特點(diǎn)是通俗易懂，推測(cè)它采用了接地氣的寫作風(fēng)格。故選B項(xiàng)。【14題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.(她說(shuō)，我們必須保持對(duì)人工智能的控制，否則就有被邊緣化甚至更糟的風(fēng)險(xiǎn))”和文章最后一段“WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Such

structuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.(我們需要考慮我們希望人工智能的未來(lái)如何發(fā)展。這種結(jié)構(gòu)化的思維，加上全球監(jiān)管，將使我們走向偉大，而不是走向衰敗)”可知，坎貝爾敦促人們保持對(duì)人工智能的控制，考慮人工智能的未來(lái)應(yīng)如何發(fā)展，所以關(guān)于人工智能的發(fā)展，坎貝爾敦促人們共同努力將其控制住。故選C項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence

comesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapractical

roadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

(考慮到人工智能改變我們生活的驚人潛力，我們都需要采取行動(dòng)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)人工智能驅(qū)動(dòng)的未來(lái)，這正是AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence的用武之地?？ㄌ乩飱W娜·坎貝爾撰寫的這本引人入勝的新書是一本實(shí)用的路線圖，旨在應(yīng)對(duì)即將到來(lái)的人工智能革命帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn))”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.(人工智能將影響我們所有人，如果你只讀一本關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的書，那就是這本書)”可知，本文主要介紹了CatrionaCampbell所著AIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一書，該書作為應(yīng)對(duì)AI革命挑戰(zhàn)的實(shí)用指南，以商業(yè)視角闡述AI發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景，強(qiáng)調(diào)控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界協(xié)同確保人工智能安全發(fā)展，以防潛在危機(jī)，所以作者寫這篇文章的目的是推薦一本關(guān)于人工智能的書。故選A項(xiàng)。2024年高考模擬真題（2024·新疆烏魯木齊·三模）Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora(極光)?Theycanhappen,thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenbyamateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationofaurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallightshow.AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthisattention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,"saysDyer.Atfirstglance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.Thefruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere'snoagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasoftheatmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles(粒子)around,likeinproton(質(zhì)子)rain.Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,saysToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.AfterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththeimagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagneticfield.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothgetpoweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddishcolor.Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthatwhat'sgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzonesforradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.1．Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A．Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.B．Ablogaboutskyphenomena.C．Areviewofauroraresearch.D．Abrochureofauroratours.2．Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?A．Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.B．TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.C．TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.D．Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.3．Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?A．Thepathittravelsalong. B．Theenergyparticlescarry.C．Thewavelengthofrays. D．Thesourceofsolarwind.4．WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?A．Photographydrivesscientificresearch.B．ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.C．Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.D．Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道，主要介紹了雙重極光的現(xiàn)象，特別是紅色和綠色極光的形成原因，以及公民科學(xué)家如何通過(guò)拍攝圖片幫助科學(xué)家研究這一現(xiàn)象。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（極光)?Theycanhappen,thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenbyamateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.”（雙彩虹是一回事，但雙極光呢？這種情況可能會(huì)發(fā)生，盡管有些類型很少見。一種特殊的紅綠極光尤其令人困惑。現(xiàn)在，由業(yè)余天文學(xué)家拍攝的圖像可能有助于揭示它的秘密。）主要介紹了雙重極光的現(xiàn)象，特別是紅色和綠色極光的形成原因，以及公民科學(xué)家如何通過(guò)拍攝圖片幫助科學(xué)家研究這一現(xiàn)象。所以這是一篇關(guān)于天文發(fā)現(xiàn)的新聞報(bào)道。故選A項(xiàng)。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasoftheatmosphere.”（一種觀點(diǎn)是地球的磁場(chǎng)可以加熱大氣的某些區(qū)域。）可推知，紅色極光與地球的磁場(chǎng)有關(guān)。故選C。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddishcolor.”（但是電子攜帶的能量比質(zhì)子少，所以它們產(chǎn)生更紅的顏色。）可知，粒子攜帶的能量影響極光的顏色。故選B。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.”（Nishimura說(shuō)，拍攝這些照片的公民科學(xué)家是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵部分。）可推知，作者提到艾倫·戴爾的例子是想說(shuō)明公民科學(xué)家通過(guò)拍攝圖片幫助解釋雙重極光。故選D。（2024·湖北襄陽(yáng)·三模）Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsectstobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself-medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsandotherconditions.BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BernardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudyingtheisland’sorangutans(猩猩)andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseenmedicinalway.Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bernardandhercolleagueswatched10orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant(whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet)intoafoamylather(泡沫)andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupperarmsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusingatopicalpainkiller.LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-totreatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bernard’sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts(提出物)fromtheplanttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,animmunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation(炎癥)anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedtheproductionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberinScientificReports.Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscouldhelpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillarsinfectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimalsmaylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatitalsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Becausethistypeof-self-medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bernardsays,itwasprobablylearnedlocally.5．WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?A．Itcanserveasapainkiller. B．Itisorangutansnormaldiet.C．Itisaplantwithafoamylather. D．Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.6．HowdidMorrogh-Bernard’steamprovetheplant’shealingproperties?A．Bystudyingtheplant’schemistry. B．Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.C．Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant. D．Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.7．Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?A．Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.B．Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.C．Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.D．Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.8．Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?A．Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention. B．Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.C．Humansandanimalshavealotincommon. D．Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.【答案】5．A6．A7．D8．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，藥物并不是人類的獨(dú)家發(fā)明，研究人員通過(guò)觀察猩猩用一種植物進(jìn)行自我治療，發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多其他動(dòng)物都會(huì)用植物和礦物質(zhì)來(lái)自我治療感染和其他疾病。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-totreatachesandpains.(當(dāng)?shù)厝擞猛瑯拥闹参顳racaenacantleyi（一種長(zhǎng)著莖狀葉子的普通植物）來(lái)治療疼痛)”可知，Dracaenacantleyi可以用來(lái)止疼，故選A。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Morrogh-Bernard’sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.(Morrogh-Bernard的合著者研究了它的化學(xué)成分)”可知，Morrogh-Bernard團(tuán)隊(duì)是通過(guò)研究這種植物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)證明了它的藥物療效，故選A。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Suchfindingscouldhelpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.(這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助識(shí)別可能對(duì)人類藥物有用的植物和化學(xué)物質(zhì))”可知，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)的意義是制藥公司可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)新的藥物材料。故選D。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate(在昆蟲等生物中，自我治療的能力幾乎肯定是天生的)”以及“Butmorecomplexanimalsmaylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.(但更復(fù)雜的動(dòng)物可能會(huì)在群體中的一個(gè)成員最初發(fā)現(xiàn)后學(xué)會(huì)這些技巧)”可知，一些昆蟲的自我治療能力是天生的，而更多的動(dòng)物是后天學(xué)習(xí)而得，故選D。（2024·江西上饒·二模）Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazingnumbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate(不識(shí)字的).Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeencomplainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday’scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReadingManifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractionstoreadinashallowandscattered(碎片化的)manner—orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangershigher-levelreading.”Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidetheexperience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld’scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfofUCLA,weare“skimming,scanning,scrolling”.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneisashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:heabsorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmoremisinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced(微妙的)ideas.InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsofdigitalreading:“Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slowreading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.”Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentofstudentsagreedthat“IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyanelite(精英的)“readingclass”consumeslongtexts—despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbooksalesremainingrobust.Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.That’shorrible,because“higher-levelreading”hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenment,andaninternationalriseinsympathyforpeoplewhoaren’tlikeus.9．Whatistheadvantageofthedigitalreading?A．Itmakesmorepeoplestarttoreadwidely.B．Itmakesmorepeoplebegintothinkdeeper.C．IthelpstheyoungtomakeuseoftheInternet.D．Ithelpspeopletakeadvantageoftheirsparetime.10．WhatisMaryanneWolf’sattitudetowardsdigitalreading?A．Supportive. B．Opposed. C．Objective. D．Unconcerned.11．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheteensnowaccordingtoparagraph3?A．Teensshouldchangethecriticalandconsciousreading.B．Nearlyhalfoftheteensneverreadatall.C．Theydon’tbelievewhattheexpertsindicate.D．Thetrendofreadingbooksisincreasinglydeclining.12．Whichstatementisfitfortheunderlinedwordinparagraph4?A．Moreandmorebooksarepurchased.B．It’sunnecessaryforpeopletobuybooks.C．Moreandmorepeopleliketovisitthebookstores.D．Thesalesofbookskeepstillforareallylongtime.【答案】9．A10．B11．D12．A【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了數(shù)字閱讀對(duì)深度閱讀習(xí)慣的破壞性影響，以及深度閱讀在文明和人類發(fā)展中的重要性。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeencomplainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday’scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReadingManifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractionstoreadinashallowandscattered(碎片化的)manner—orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangershigher-levelreading.”(誠(chéng)然，自1492年以來(lái)，有些人一直在抱怨新媒體，但今天的抱怨是有根據(jù)的，《盧布爾雅那閱讀宣言》說(shuō)，“數(shù)字領(lǐng)域可能會(huì)帶來(lái)比歷史上任何時(shí)候都多的閱讀，但它也提供了許多吸引人的膚淺和分散的閱讀方式——甚至根本不閱讀。這越來(lái)越危及更高水平的閱讀。”)”可知，數(shù)字領(lǐng)域可能會(huì)帶來(lái)比歷史上任何時(shí)候都多的閱讀，即數(shù)字閱讀讓人們開始廣泛閱讀。故答案為A。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidetheexperience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld’scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfofUCLA,weare“skimming,scanning,scrolling”.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneisashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.(當(dāng)你閱讀一本紙質(zhì)書時(shí)