專業(yè)英語文獻閱讀學習通超星期末考試答案章節(jié)答案2024年

專業(yè)英語文獻閱讀學習通超星期末考試章節(jié)答案2024年Thereactionsofbiotechnologicalprocessescanbecatabolic,inwhichcomplexcompoundsarebrokendowntosimplerones,(glucosetoethanol),oranabolicorbiosynthetic,wherebysimplemoleculesarebuiltupintomorecomplexones(antibioticsynthesis).

答案:生物工藝過程中的反應可以是分解過程的，在這一過程中復雜化合物被分解成簡單的物質(例如葡萄糖降解成乙醇)；也可以是合成代謝或者生物合成的，在這一過程中簡單的分子組合成更加復雜的分子(例如抗生素的合成)。However,itmustalsobeappreciatedthatmanyimportantnewbio-productswillstillbesynthesizedchemicallyfrommodelsderivedfromexistingbiologicalmolecules,e.g.,newdrugsbasedontheinterferons(干擾素).

答案:然而，必須意識到許多重要的新生化產品仍舊根據已存在的生物分子結構通過化學方法合成得到(例如基于干擾素的新藥研發(fā))。Ahighproportionofthetechniquesusedinbiotechnologytendtobemoreeconomic,lessenergydemandingandsaferthancurrenttraditionalindustrialprocessesandformostprocessestheresiduesarebiodegradableandnon-toxic.

答案:廢物Thusbypriorsterilizationofthe

medium

andthebioreactorandwithengineeringprovisionfortheexclusionofincomingcontaminantsonlythechosenbiocatalystwaspresentinthereactor.

答案:培養(yǎng)基Thelattermaybefurthersubdividedinto:(1)formationofadesiredendproduct(e.g.酶[填空1],

antibiotics[填空2],

organicacids[填空3],steroids).

答案:enzymes;抗生素;有機酸New

recombinant

[填空1]DNAtechniquesinvolvebreakinglivingcellsgently,the

extraction

[填空2]ofDNA,its

purification

[填空3]andsubsequentselectivefragmentationbyhighly

specific

[填空4]enzymes。

答案:重組;提取；抽出；提取，抽出;凈化；提純；純化；凈化，提純;專一的；專一性的Biotechnologyutilizes

bacteria[填空1]

,yeasts[填空2],fungi[填空3],algae,plantcellsorculturedmammaliancellsasconstituents

[填空4]

ofindustrialprocesses.

答案:細菌;酵母;真菌類；真菌;成分；組成部分；組成成分；組件，成分；成分，組成部分Biotechnologyincludes發(fā)酵(n.)[填空1]processes(rangingfrombeersandwinestobread,cheese,antibioticsandvaccines

[填空2]),waterandwastetreatments,partsoffoodtechnology,andanincreasingrangeofnovel

[填空3]

applicationsrangingfrombiomedicaltometalrecoveryfromlowgradeores.

答案:fermentation;疫苗；牛痘苗;新穎的；新型的；新奇的；新的；新穎的，異常的Allproteins,whetherfromthemostancientlinesofbacteriaorfromthemostcomplexformsoflife,areconstructedfromthesameubiquitoussetof20aminoacids,covalently(共價的)linkedincharacteristiclinearsequences.

答案:所有的蛋白質，無論是最古老的細菌株還是最復雜的生命形式，其結構都由(自然界)普遍存在的20種氨基酸通過共價連接的線性序列組成。Enzymereactionsarecarriedoutundermildconditions,theyarehighlyspecific,involveveryfastreactionrates,andarecarriedoutbynumerousenzymeswithdifferentroles.

答案:酶反應是在溫和的條件下進行的，專一性強，反應速率快，需要不同功能的許多酶來參與。Highchemicalandenergyconsumptionaswellasharmfulby-productshavea

negative

impactontheenvironment.

答案:負面的Developmentsingeneticandproteinengineeringhaveledtoimprovementsinthestability,economy,specificity

andoverallapplicationpotential

ofindustrialenzymes.

答案:穩(wěn)定性Amongtheseproteinproducts,theenzymesarethemostvariedandspecialized.

答案:專一的Manipulationofthegenomeofindustriallyimportantorganismsbysexualrecombinationandbymutationhaslongbeenpartoftheinnovativerepertoireoftheindustrialgeneticist.

答案:突變Proteinsalsooccuringreatvariety;thousandsofdifferentkinds,ranginginsizefromrelativelysmall多肽（n.復數）

[填空1]tohugepolymers[填空2]withmolecularweightsinthemillions,maybefoundinasinglecell.

答案:peptides;聚合物/star3/origin/3675a75fe6de11f182cd240a77e2a17c.jpg

答案:B；b;A；a;E；e;D；d;C；cWhatismostremarkableisthatcellscanproduceproteinswithstrikingly

differentpropertiesandactivitiesbyjoiningthesame20aminoacids

[填空1]inmanydifferentcombinations[填空2]andsequences.

答案:氨基酸;組合；結合，組合；組合，結合Harsh

and

hazardous

processesinvolvinghightemperatures,pressures,

acidity

[填空1]

or

alkalinity

[填空2]

needhighcapitalinvestment,andspeciallydesignedequipmentandcontrolsystems.

答案:酸性；酸度；酸性，酸度；酸度，酸性;堿性；堿度；堿性，堿度；堿度，堿性Parallelingthisdevelopmentofproductformationwastherecognitionoftherolemicroorganismscouldplayinremovingunpleasantwastesandthishasresultedinmassiveworld-wideserviceindustriesinvolvedinwaterpurification,

effluenttreatment(廢水處理)and

wastemanagement(廢物管理).

答案:（人們）對微生物在消除討厭的垃圾方面作用的認識與（發(fā)酵）產品的形成發(fā)展是同時的，并因此形成了包括水的凈化、廢水處理與廢物管理在內的大批世界性的服務行業(yè)。Theoriginsof發(fā)酵technologywerelargelywiththeuseofmicroorganismsfortheproductionoffoodsandbeveragessuchascheeses,yoghurts,alcoholicbeverages,fermentedpicklesandtheproductsofmanyotherOriental發(fā)酵.

答案:fermentationTo

overproduce

[填空1]

specific

essential

primarymetabolitessuchas

glycerol

[填空2],aceticacid,lacticacid,acetone,

butylalcohol,

butanediol,organicacids,aminoacids,vitamins,

polysaccharides

[填空3]

andxanthans.

答案:高產;甘油；丙三醇；甘油，丙三醇；丙三醇，甘油;多糖；多聚糖；多糖，多聚糖；多聚糖，多糖Sterilization[填空1]

isaprocesswhichensuresthecompleteeradication[填空2]

ofalllivingcellsandviruseswhereasdisinfection[填空3]

isavaguertermnormallyusedtoindicatetheremoval

ofpotentiallyharmful

microorganismsbutnotnecessarilyallothermicrobes.

答案:殺菌；滅菌；滅菌，殺菌；殺菌，滅菌;消滅；根除；根除，消滅；消滅，根除;消毒Itisthereforeessential[填空1]

thatthemethodsusedensurethatthereisnoorminimalcontactbetweentheworker,andothersinthelaboratory,withthemicrobe,eitherdirectlyorasaerosols[填空2].

答案:至關重要的；必要的；必不可少的;氣溶膠Toproduceenzymesasthedesiredindustrial