1996年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

1996年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIICloseTest

Directions:

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked

[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1

byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthe

normalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,_41_dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthe

body.Theyareneededfor_42_foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Thereare

thirteenormoreofthem,andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes

44.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements-一usuallycarbon,

hydrogen,oxygen,and_45_nitrogen.Theyaredifferent_46_theirelementsare

arrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthe

body.

_48_enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasno

nutritionalusefor_49—vitamins.Manypeople,_50—,believeinbeingonthe

“safeside“andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwill

usuallymeetallthebody,svitaminneeds.

41.[A]either[B]so[C]nor[D]never

42.[A]shifting[B]transferring[C]altering[D]transforming

43.[A]any[B]some[C]anything[D]something

44.[A]serious[B]apparent[C]severe[D]fatal

45.[A]mostly[B]partially[C]sometimes[D]rarely

46.[A]inthat[B]sothat[C]suchthat[D]exceptthat

47.[A]undertakes[B]holds[C]plays[D]performs

48.[A]Supplying[B]Getting[C]Providing[D]Furnishing

49.[A]exceptional[B]exceeding[C]excess[D]external

50.[A]nevertheless[B]therefore[C]moreover[D]meanwhile

SectionIIIReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestion

therearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefully

andchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWER

SHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40

points)

Text1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,but

whatyouget.”

Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantand

wanttherightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintof

ahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutine

ofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,make

ashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessential

foranytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabrief

accountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhen

youknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosell

yourservices.

Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshould

includeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcan

bereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpful

inpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,youcould-beemployerisdeciding

whetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimto

employyouandyour“wares“andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyand

reasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,

youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getall

thepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetails

regardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.

Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,and

keepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“Itsnotwhatyouwantinthis

world,butwhatyouget."?

[A]You,11certainlygetwhatyouwant.

[B]It'snousedreaming.

[C]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

[D]It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassage

as.

rA-

LJIanillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

rBu

Lanindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

rcT

LJaguidelineforjobdescription

rDu

Laprincipleforjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbefore

startingtofindajobbecause.

rAT

LJthatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

rBu

Lthatistherequirementoftheemployer

rc-

LJIitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

rDu

Litforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,

youhavesomething.

rAJ

Ldefinitetooffer

rBT

LJimaginarytoprovide

rcT

LJpracticaltosupply

rDT

LJdesirabletopresent

Fext2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsia

andAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation,snewscoverage,aswellaslistento

it.

AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevision

channels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.They

arebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,

religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'sprogrammesandfilmsforanannual

licensefeeof83poundsperhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years-yettheBBC,sfuture

isnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcasting

organization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammes

arenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinion

oftheBBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewers-tosaywhatwasgoodor

badabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.The

reasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC,sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmust

decidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany-arefondofquoting

theAmericanslogan“Ifitain,tbroke,don,tfixit.”TheBBCuain,tbroke,”

theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke’,

meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditis

changing.ThecommercialTVchannels-ITVandChannel4-wererequiredbythe

ThatcherGovernmentJsBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwith

eachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalof

newsatellitechannels-fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers,

subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces_______.

rAr

L-

>theproblemofnewcoverage

rBf

L-

Cianuncertainprospect

rr

Li-inquiriesbythegeneralpublic

[D]shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedas

thekeyissue?

[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalcooperations.

[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

57.TheBBC,s"royalcharterw(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor.

[A]thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily

[B]theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

[C]acontractwiththeQueen

[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan

[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

[B]theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

[C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

[D]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

Text3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital"and"labour”were

enlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirm

wasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.

Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalarge

professionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonly

spoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafterthe

energeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towards

collectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,though

stillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlike

oldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusiness

tosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportant

consequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatly

increasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementin

nationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthe

dutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsible

managementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,

AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritish

shareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworldJsmovementtowardsindustrialization.

TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”

classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestof

thecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendinga

shareholders,meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand

“shareholding“meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelater

Victoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.

The“shareholders“assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneeds

oftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluence

ontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingfor

thecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,buteven

hehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployer

hadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassing

away.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrendered

suchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerand

organizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmen

tomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecruel

disciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother,s

strengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.

59.It'strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat.

[A]theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations

[B]theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

[C]theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies

[D]theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin_______.

[A]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

[B]theownershipofcapitalbymanagers

[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

[D]theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat.

[A]theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

[B]theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

[C]thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

[D]thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.Theauthorismostcriticalof_______.

[A]familyfilmowners

[B]landowners

[C]managers

[D]shareholders

Text4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--

breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellent

elementaryschools:alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepractice

ofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,

“spatial“thinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearly

mechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerally

literateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothis

educational-advantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853

reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboy

developsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium“system,whichpreceded

ourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originated

abroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedat

countryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothese

fairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficence

oftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworker

tookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanical

technology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksabout

objectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealt

withinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...

areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”

Thisnonverbal“spatial“thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingand

writing.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,

screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,

consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangement

transmitsanewidea.”

Whenalltheseshapingforces-schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,

ageniusforspatialthinking-一interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,

theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmere

imitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingfor

fameandexcellence.

63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearly

Americawasinalargepartdueto.

[A]elementaryschools

[B]enthusiasticworkers

[C]theattractivepremiumsystem

[D]aspecialwayofthinking

64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmerican

mechanics_______.

rAu

Lbenefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge

rBT

LJshedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement

rcu

Lwasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining

rD]

Lowedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment

65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause

[A]theyarebothwinnersofawards

[B]theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking

[C]theybothabandonverbaldescription

[D]theybothusevariousinstruments

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe

[A]InventiveMind

[B]EffectiveSchooling

[B]WaysofThinking

[D]OutpouringofInventions

Text5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthe

publisher,spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotry

toexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwo

equallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.

Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantly

improvingaccountofwhathappened."Scienlific”creationism,whichisbeing

pushedbysomeforaequaltime“intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccounts

ofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientists

andthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard

“scientific“creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher,sbookgiveaverybriefintroductionto

evolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationists

andprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgives

thecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,

forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeception

anddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationis

religious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityand

effectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleast

anotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.The

finalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacket

ofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”

Andsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthe

creationism/evolutiondebate.

67.Creationism,inthepassagerefersto________.

rAT

LJevolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

rBT

LJanotionofthecreationofreligion

rcT

LJthescientificexplanationoftheearthformation

rDT

LJthedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse

68.Kitchersbookisintendedto.

[A]recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists

[B]exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists

[C]cursebitterlyatthisopponents

[D]launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

69.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.

[A]reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

[B]creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

[C]evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

[D]creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

7o

?Thispassageappearstobeadigestof

rAT

LJabookreview

rBT

LJascientificpaper

rcT

LJamagazinefeature

rDIT

LJanewspapereditorial

SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:

Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

sentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET

2.(15points)

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhave

severalcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocial

needs.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeing

losomeexlenlself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesof

differentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,

bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.This

isanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)

ThisIrendbeganduringiheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmenlscamelothe

conclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofits

scienlificestablishmenlcannolgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,

however,thatfromtimetotime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecific

scientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientific

establishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseems

mostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedto

immedialegoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabout

theappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolack

ofutilityarestraightforward.Butdecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhas

immediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthe

praisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto“bad”science,butavalid

determinationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendsto

becomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateanelegant

theory.74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunable

todealwilhsomeofiheworld'smore「ascinalinganddelightfulaspects.75)New

formsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureas

theyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

SectionVWriting

76.DIRECTIONS:

[A]Title:GOODHEALTH

[B]Timelimit:40minutes

[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)

[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwith

thegivenopeningsentence:"Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.”

[E]YourcompositionshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

OUTLINE:

1.Importanceofgoodhealth

2.Waystokeepfit

3.Myownpractices

1997年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIIClozeTest

Directions:

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked

[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET

1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)

ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworldJslargesttemporary

employmentagency.Everymorning,itspeople_41_intotheofficesandfactories

ofAmerica,seekingaday'sworkforaday'spay.Onedayatatime.42

industrialgiants1ikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive_43—reducing

thenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.

_44_itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominga

nationofparttimersandtemporaryworkers.This_45—workforceisthemost

important_46—inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis_47—changingthe

relationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayfor

companiestoremaingloballycompetitive_48—avoidingmarketcyclesandthe

growingburdens_49byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.For

workersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof_50_thatcame

frombeingaloyalemployee.

41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip

42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since

43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by

44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly[D]Providedthat

45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available[D]transferable

46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion[D]trend

47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally[D]sufficiently

48.[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas

49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined

50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importance

Section111ReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestion

therearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefully

andchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmarkyouransweronthe

ANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)

Text1

Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonths

ofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia,sNorthern

Territorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotake

thelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbythe

convincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetand

waspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRight

to