《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 8 The Chinese and Western Painting

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit8TheChineseandWestern

PaintingBackgroundTraditionallyinfluencedbyConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,Chinesepaintingisdominatedbylines,stressingoninnerenergyandetherealeffects.ThesubjectsinChinesepaintingaresimpleincomposition,buttheiressenceisusuallyvividlyconveyedwitharomanticcharm.InWesternpainting,theprincipleofexpressionistocreatetherealisticsceneasmuchaspossible.Sousuallypainterswillobjectivelydepictthecolor,theappearance,andtherelationshipbetweenthelightandtheshadowinordertoletviewerstofeeltheyaresurroundedbytheenvironmentandtheatmosphere.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.pedagogyn.

Pedagogyisthestudyandtheoryofthemethodsandprinciplesofteaching.①Thepedagogyandeconomicshavedifferentideasandvisualangle.教育學(xué)與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)具有不同的觀點(diǎn)與視角。②Experienceofpedagogyisnotonlyanactivitybutalsotheresultofthisactivity.教育學(xué)范疇內(nèi)的體驗(yàn)，既是一種活動(dòng)，也是活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。TextA

Notes2.temperament

n.aperson’sorananimal’snatureasshowninthewaytheybehaveorreacttosituationsorpeople①M(fèi)yprofessionhadanimportantinfluenceintheformationofmycharacterandtemperament.我的職業(yè)對(duì)我的性格和性情的形成有重要的影響。②Shehasaveryeventemperament.她的性情非常平和。TextA

Notes3.utilize

v.toputintoservice,makeworkoremploy(something)foraparticularpurposeorforitsinherentornaturalpurpose①Theagentswereabletoutilizetheirfullpotentialandexperiencetobuildupthecompany.這些代理人能夠充分利用他們的潛力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)促進(jìn)公司發(fā)展。②Wemustutilizeallavailableresources.我們必須利用可以得到的一切資源。TextA

Notes4.ovaln.

aclosedplanecurveresultingfromtheintersectionofacircularconeandaplanecuttingcompletelythroughit①Itismoreofanoval,itiselliptical.它更像是一個(gè)橢圓形的。②Eggshaveanovalshapeappealingtoartists.雞蛋呈橢圓形，這種形狀對(duì)藝術(shù)家具有吸引力。TextA

Notes5.geometric

adj.ofgeometry;

oforlikethelines,shapes,etc.usedingeometry,

especiallybecauseofhavingregularshapesorlines①M(fèi)anypictureshavebeenbasedonsimplegeometricdesigns.許多圖畫是以簡(jiǎn)單的幾何圖案為基礎(chǔ)的。②Inthiscontextthesimplicityofageometricmotifmaybemoreapparentthanreal.在這種背景下，簡(jiǎn)單的幾何圖案可能比真實(shí)的更明顯。TextA

Notes6.contemplate

v.tothinkaboutwhetheryoushoulddosth,orhowyoushoulddosth①Thethoughtofwaristooawfultocontemplate.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)太可怕了，真不敢去想。

②Theconsequenceswouldbetooghastlytocontemplate.后果不堪設(shè)想。TextA

Notes7.

meticulous

adj.

markedbypreciseaccordancewithdetails①Andhewasawonderfullymeticulousmusician.而且他還是一位非常細(xì)致的音樂(lè)家。②HethankedtheChinesesideforthemeticulousarrangementsandwarmreception.他感謝中方給予的周到安排和熱情款待。TextA

Notes8.

scroll

n.

aroundshapeformedbyaseriesofconcentriccircles(asformedbyleavesorflowerpetals)①ItwasascrollthatMoseshadwritten.這是摩西寫的卷軸。②AncientscrollswerefoundincavesbytheDeadSea.死海旁邊的山洞里發(fā)現(xiàn)了古代的卷軸。TextA

Notes9.perspective

n.

theappearanceofthingsrelativetooneanotherasdeterminedbytheirdistancefromtheviewer①Keepingapositiveperspectivecanhelpherstabilizeheremotions.保持積極態(tài)度能幫助她穩(wěn)定自己的情緒。②Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，失業(yè)問(wèn)題將更加突出。TextA

Notes10.

extant

adj.stillinexistence;notextinctordestroyedorlost①Theoldestextantdocumentisdated1492.現(xiàn)存最古老的文件追溯到1492年。②Twofourteenth-centurymanuscriptsofthistextarestillextant.該文本的兩份十四世紀(jì)的抄本仍然存世。TextA

KeySentences1.Chinesepaintersaretrainednotonlytoconveytheobjectsbutalsotoexpressmoodsandspiritsofthesubjects.notonly...butalso...不僅...而且...①

Shewasnotonlyintelligentbutalsoverymusical.②

Infact,everyonehasalampinhimself,lightitactivelynotonlyforothers,but

alsoforyourself!TextA

KeySentences2.

Itisregardedasaformofspiritualandartisticself-discipline.Paintersfrequentlycopytheworksofpreviousmasters.beregardedas...

被當(dāng)作……

Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.TextA

KeySentences3.TraditionalChinesepaintinghasitsspecialmaterialsandtools,consistingofbrushes,inkandpigments,Xuanpaper,silk,andvariouskindsofinkstones.Culturaltip:自宋朝以來(lái)“文房四寶”則特指宣筆（安徽宣城）、徽墨（安徽徽州歙縣)、宣紙（安徽宣城涇縣）、歙硯（安徽徽州歙縣）、洮硯（甘肅卓尼縣）、端硯（廣東肇慶，古稱端州）。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinChinesehistory.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemostessentialphilosophyofChinesepainting.

ThemostessentialphilosophyinChinesepaintingistheunityoftheheaven,theearth,andhumanbeings.WhatChinesepaintersaretryingtoexpressisnotwhatmeettheeye,buttheirattitudestothenature.Thesepaintershavetheirprofoundloveandadmirationforthenature.Itispartoftheirculture,religiouspractices,andneedstodependonthenatureforsurvival.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenpaintingandcalligraphy?

Sincesimilartoolsandlinesareusedfortheearliestpaintingandwriting,paintingissaidtohavethesameoriginascalligraphy.Chinesepaintingworksalsoincludepoetryandcalligraphy.Thusthethreeareintegrated,givingpeoplericheraestheticenjoyment.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Xieyi

“Xie”meanstowriteand“yi”referstothemeaning.Itismarkedbyexaggeratedformsandthefreehandbrushwork.Intheory,itisanartpractisedbygentlemen,adistinctionthatbeginstobemadeinwritingsonartfromtheSongDynasty.TextA2.Gongbi

Gongbiuseshighlydetailedbrushstrokesthatdelimitdetailsveryprecisely.Thisstyleisoftenhighlycoloredandusuallydepictsfiguralornarrativesubjects.Itisoftenpractisedbyartistsworkingfortheroyalcourtorinindependentworkshops.TextA3.figurepainting

Afigurepaintingisaworkoffineartwiththehumanfigureastheprimarysubject,whetherclothedornude.Thehumanfigurehasbeenoneoftheconstantsubjectsofartsincethefirstcavepaintingandhasbeenreinterpretedinvariousstylesthroughouthistory.TextA4.landscapepainting

Landscapepainting,alsoknownaslandscapeart,isthedepictioninartofnaturalscenerysuchasmountains,valleys,trees,rivers,andforests,especiallywherethemainsubjectisawideviewwithitselementsarrangedintoacoherentcomposition.TextA5.flower-and-birdpainting

Flower-and-birdpaintingisakindofChinesepaintingnamedafteritssubjectmatters.Normally,itdealswithawiderangeofnaturaltopics,includingflowers,fish,insects,birds,andpets.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.國(guó)畫是漢族的傳統(tǒng)繪畫形式，它的內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作體現(xiàn)了畫師對(duì)自然、社會(huì)及與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的政治、哲學(xué)、宗教、道德、文藝等方面的認(rèn)知。1.ChinesepaintingisthetraditionalpaintingformoftheHannationality.Intermsofthecontentandartisticcreation,Chinesepaintingexpressesthepainter’sunderstandingofnatureandsocietyaswellastherelatedpolitics,philosophy,religion,morality,literature,andart.TextA2.1919年的五四運(yùn)動(dòng)促使中國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)西方藝術(shù)，并將其引入中國(guó)。許多杰出畫家應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，他們的畫作吸收了西方古典主義、浪漫主義和印象主義等元素，展示了中西藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的完美融合。2.TheMay4thMovementof1919inspiredChinesetolearnfromWesternartandintroduceittoChina.Manyoutstandingpaintersemerged,andtheirpaintingworkswererecognizedasaperfectmergingofthemeritsofbothChineseandWesternstyles,absorbingWesternClassicism,Romanticism,andImpressionism.TextB

Notes1.civicadj.oforrelatingorbelongingtoacity①Thecivicleadershelpedtoforwardtheproject.市政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者協(xié)助促進(jìn)工程的進(jìn)展。②Inshortyoumightsayalackofcivicpietyorrespect.簡(jiǎn)言之，你會(huì)說(shuō)那是，缺乏公民虔誠(chéng)或尊重。TextB

Notes2.patronage

n.theactofprovidingapprovalandsupport①Itseemsourlittleestablishmenthasfinallybeendeemedworthyofthebank’spatronage.看來(lái)銀行終于認(rèn)為值得資助我們這種小機(jī)構(gòu)。②Thistypeofdividendissometimesknownasapatronagedividendorpatronagerefund.這種類型的股息有時(shí)被稱為贊助股息或贊助退款。TextB

Notes3.evident

adj.clearlyrevealedtothemindorthesensesorjudgment①Itwasevidentthatsomeonehadgonethroughmypossessions.顯然有人翻過(guò)我的物品。②Itisself-evidentthatwewillneverhaveenoughresourcestomeetthedemand.不言而喻，我們將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有足夠的資源來(lái)滿足需求。TextB

Notes4.anatomy

n.thebranchofmorphologythatdealswiththestructureofanimals①Aknowledgeofanatomyaddstotheappreciationofworksofart.解剖學(xué)知識(shí)有助于提高對(duì)藝術(shù)作品的鑒賞力。②Physiologyandanatomyarebasictomedicalscience.生理學(xué)和解剖學(xué)是醫(yī)學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。TextB

Notes5.optics

n.

thebranchofphysicsthatstudiesthephysicalpropertiesoflight①Scientistsstudyingopticsandchromaticstodaystillmarvelathisfindings.今天研究光學(xué)和色彩學(xué)的科學(xué)家們?nèi)詫?duì)他的發(fā)現(xiàn)感到驚奇。②Ifsuchmaterialsbecamegenerallyavailabletotheopticsindustrythepayoffsfromsuchabreakthroughwouldbeenormous.

如果這些材料能夠普遍用于光學(xué)產(chǎn)業(yè)，那么這一突破帶來(lái)的收益將非常巨大。TextB

Notes6.asymmetric

adj.characterizedbyasymmetryinthespatialarrangementorplacementofpartsorcomponents①M(fèi)ostpeople’sfacesareasymmetric.大多數(shù)人的臉不對(duì)稱。②Asymmetricinformationisnothingnew.信息不對(duì)稱并不是什么新鮮話題。TextB

Notes7.contiguous

adj.

verycloseorconnectedinspaceortime①Thecountriesarecontiguous.這些國(guó)家互相接壤。②Thebruisingwasnotcontiguoustothewound.這青腫塊不在傷口邊上。TextB

Notes8.pluralism

n.

asocialorganizationinwhichdiversityofracialorreligiousorethnicorculturalgroupsistolerated①Woman’sindividualdifferencesandmoralpluralismareconcretereflections.女性的個(gè)體差異、道德多元選擇就是女性多元化的具體體現(xiàn)。②Andthosepositionsliveinthewiderframeofpluralism.這些立場(chǎng)都存在于多元主義更寬泛的框架之內(nèi)。TextB

Notes9.consensusn.agreementinthejudgmentoropinionreachedbyagroupasawhole①Thereisagrowingconsensusofopiniononthisissue.對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法日趨一致。②Theconsensusamongtheworld’sscientistsisthattheworldislikelytowarmupoverthenextfewdecades.全世界科學(xué)家的共識(shí)是地球可能在未來(lái)幾十年中變暖。TextB

Notes10.albeit

conj.aneventthatresultsinatransformation①Hefinallyagreed,albeitreluctantly,tohelpus.盡管勉強(qiáng)，他最后還是同意幫助我們。②Butheisapragmatist,albeitaprincipledone.但他是一個(gè)實(shí)用主義者，盡管他有自己的原則。TextB

KeySentences1.

Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecolorsusedinpaintingworkslookricheranddeeper.bycoincidence碰巧accidentalcoincidence偶然巧合coincidentadj.一致的，同時(shí)發(fā)生的Wearrivedatthesametimebycoincidence.oilpaints

n.油畫TextB

KeySentences2.

AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.brokeawayfrom脫離，放棄，打破Thecompanywantstobreakawayfromitsdownmarketimage.Impressionist印象派畫家TheFrenchimpressionistsoftenpainteddirectlyfromnature.TextB

KeySentences3.

BaroqueartwasmeanttoevoketheemotionandthepassioninsteadofthecalmrationalitythathadbeenprizedduringtheRenaissance.evoke喚起，引起evokeresponse引起共鳴Eachkindofmusiccanstiralistenerandevokearesponseinhim.Culturaltip:宏偉壯觀，充滿動(dòng)感，精湛的透視變奏（如前縮法），戲劇性的構(gòu)圖，起伏波動(dòng)，體現(xiàn)無(wú)限的空間，加以理想光的對(duì)比，使畫面產(chǎn)生統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)如舞臺(tái)布景的效果是巴洛克繪畫的特色。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinWesternhistory.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemainfeatureofWesternpainting.Itisingeneraldistinguishedbyitsconcentrationontherepresentationofthehumanfigure,whetherintheheroiccontextofantiquityorthereligiouscontextoftheearlyChristianandMedievalworld.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternpaintinginsubjects?

IntheWest,thehumanformhasbeenthepointofcentralinterestthroughoutmostofitshistory.Landscapeasamajorthemeemergedcomparativelylate.InChinaitwasotherwise.Landscapecametoassumethehighestplace.ArtistsinancientChinafoundtheiraspirationinnature.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Baroque

TheBaroqueisoftenconsideredasaperiodofartisticstylethatusedexaggeratedmotionandclear,easilyinterpreteddetailtoproducedrama,tension,exuberance,andgrandeurinpainting.Thestylebeganaround16thcenturyinRomeandItalyandspreadtomostofEurope.TextB2.Rococo

Rococoisan18thcenturyartisticmovementandstyle,affectingmanyaspectsofpainting.Itdevelopedintheearly18thcenturyinFranceasareactionagainstthegrandeur,symmetry,andstrictregulationsofthepreviousBaroquestyle.TextB3.Impressionism

Impressionismisa19thcenturyartmovementcharacterizedbyrelativelysmall,thin,yetvisiblebrushstrokes,opencomposition,emphasisonaccuratedepictionoflightinitschangingqualities,ordinarysubjectmatter,andunusualvisualangles.TextB4.perspective

Perspectivereferstotheeffecttheatmospherehasontheappearanceofanobjectasitisviewedfromadistance.Inart,especiallypainting,perspectivereferstothetechniqueofcreatinganillusionofdepthbydepictingdistantobjectsaspaler,lessdetailed,andusuallybluerthannearobjects.TextB5.Renaissance

TheRenaissancewasaperiodinEuropeanhistory,fromthe14thtothe17thcentury,regardedastheculturalbridgebetweenthemiddleagesandmodernhistory.ItstartedasaculturalmovementinItalyintheMedievalPeriodandlaterspreadtotherestofEurope,markingthebeginningoftheearlymodernage.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.西方繪畫的歷史發(fā)展與東方繪畫基本平行。非洲藝術(shù)、伊斯蘭藝術(shù)、印度藝術(shù)、中國(guó)藝術(shù)和日本藝術(shù)都對(duì)西方藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生過(guò)巨大的影響。1.DevelopmentsinWesternpaintinghistoricallyparalleledthoseinEasternpainting.Africanart,Islamicart,Indianart,Chineseart,andJapanesearteachhadasignificantinfluenceonWesternart.TextB2.Inthe20thcentury,distinctionsbetweenwhatisgenerallyregardedasthehighartandthelowarthavestartedtofadebecauseofcontemporaryart’scontinualmixingwithpopularculture.2.

在20世紀(jì)，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代藝術(shù)與大眾文化的不斷融合，人們對(duì)高雅藝術(shù)和低俗藝術(shù)的區(qū)分開(kāi)始消失。AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival

MonaLisaTextCComparison1QiBaishiVincentvanGoghTextCComparison2

MogaoGrottoes

TheSchoolofAthensTextCComparison3

ShanShuiFigurePaintingTextCComparison4InkWashPainting

OilPaintingTextCComparison5Case

Study

透視與寫意

據(jù)畫家馮長(zhǎng)江介紹，紐約大都會(huì)博物館展覽著齊白石、徐悲鴻、張大千、李可染等的繪畫作品，這些畫作與19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初那些西方現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)大家的油畫形成鮮明的對(duì)比。中國(guó)畫這邊訪客稀少，另一邊卻人頭攢動(dòng)。“這種現(xiàn)象常常令我思考，中國(guó)畫該怎樣與世界溝通？”馮長(zhǎng)江感嘆道。Case

Study

“張大千也曾經(jīng)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)：“中國(guó)畫常常被不了解畫的人批評(píng)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有透視。其實(shí)中國(guó)畫何嘗沒(méi)有透視？它的透視是從四方上下各方面進(jìn)行的，現(xiàn)在抽象畫不過(guò)得其一斑。如古人所說(shuō)的下面幾句話，就是十足的透視抽象的原理。他說(shuō)‘遠(yuǎn)山無(wú)皴’。遠(yuǎn)山為何無(wú)皴呢？因?yàn)槿说哪苛Σ荒苓_(dá)到，就等于攝影過(guò)遠(yuǎn)，空氣間有一種霧層，自然看不見(jiàn)山上的脈絡(luò)，當(dāng)然用不著皴了?！h(yuǎn)水無(wú)波’，江河遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望去，哪里還看得見(jiàn)波紋呢？‘遠(yuǎn)人無(wú)目’也是一樣的，距離遠(yuǎn)了，五官當(dāng)然辨不清楚了，這是自然的道理。所謂透視，就是自然，不是死板的?！盋ase

Study

分析點(diǎn)評(píng)

在繪畫藝術(shù)中，西方繪畫注重寫實(shí)，它通過(guò)正確的比例、合理的透視、協(xié)調(diào)的色彩、完整的構(gòu)圖、逼真的形象等營(yíng)造藝術(shù)形象；中國(guó)畫更注重通過(guò)諸多形式因素，如筆墨、色彩、點(diǎn)線面等，表達(dá)作者的情感。中國(guó)畫家對(duì)空間的透視不同于西方的焦點(diǎn)透視，中國(guó)畫家欣賞宇宙空間大化，致力于表現(xiàn)大自然的節(jié)奏和諧。Translation

漢譯英

1.寫意和工筆

國(guó)畫是世界上最古老的藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)之一。繪畫時(shí)用毛筆蘸黑墨或彩墨在紙張或絲綢上作畫。根據(jù)表現(xiàn)手法，國(guó)畫可分為寫意派和工筆派兩大類。寫意派以自由表達(dá)和形式夸張為特點(diǎn)；工筆派則注重以精細(xì)的筆法描繪細(xì)節(jié)。山水畫被公認(rèn)為國(guó)畫的最高形式。縱觀歷史，不同時(shí)期的國(guó)畫都相應(yīng)地反映出人們的社會(huì)意識(shí)。Translation

Keys

1.XieyiandGongbi

Chinesepaintingisoneoftheoldestartistictraditionsintheworld.Thepaintingisdoneonpaperorsilkwithabrushdippedinblackorcoloredink.Accordingtothemeansofexpression,Chinesepaintingscanbedividedinto2categorieswhicharetheXieyischoolandtheGongbischool.TheXieyischoolischaracterizedbyfreeexpressionandexaggeratedforms,whiletheGongbischoolattachesimportancetodetailswithfinebrushwork.LandscapepaintingiswidelyregardedasthehighestformofChinesepainting.Throughoutthehistory,Chinesepaintingatdifferenttimesreflectspeople’ssocialconsciousnessaccordingly.Translation

Keys

2.水墨畫

水墨畫(inkwashpainting)是一種毛筆畫?；舅嬛皇褂蒙顪\不一的黑色墨水。唐朝時(shí)，水墨畫得到發(fā)展。人們普遍認(rèn)為是王維將顏色加入當(dāng)時(shí)的水墨畫中。水墨畫的目標(biāo)不僅僅是復(fù)現(xiàn)物體的外觀，還要捕捉它的靈魂。要想畫一匹馬，水墨畫家不必太了解馬的肌肉和骨骼，但必須了解馬的氣質(zhì)(temperament)。要想畫一朵花，水墨畫家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和顏色，重要的是傳達(dá)它的活力和芳香。Translation

Keys

2.InkWashPainting

Inkwashpaintingisatypeofbrushpainting.Onlyblackinkisusedforthepaintingofbasiconesinvariousconcentrations.DuringtheTangDynasty,inkwashpaintinggotdeveloped.WangWeiisgenerallycreditedasthepainterwhoappliedcolortoexistinginkwashpaintings.Thegoalofinkwashpaintingisnotjusttoreproducetheappearanceofasubject,buttocaptureitssoul.Topaintahorse,theinkwashpaintingartistmustunderstanditstemperamentbetterthanitsmusclesandbones.Topaintaflower,thereisnoneedtoperfectlyportrayitspetalsandcolors,butitisessentialtoconveyitslivelinessandfragrance.Translation

英譯漢

1.

PaulCezanne

PaulCezanne,theearliestpost-impressionist,wasborninProvence,neartheMediterraneancoast.Asamanof