《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 14 The Chinese and Western Architecture

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit14TheChineseandWestern

ArchitectureBackground

Chinahasauniqueandcompleteideologicalsysteminarchitecture.TheharmonybetweenmanandnatureistheidealoftheChinesepeople.However,WesternarchitecturehaswitnessedthechangesofstylesofGothic,Renaissance,Baroque,andClassicism.Chinesearchitecturestressesthevisualimpactofthewidth.ClassicalancientChinesebuildings,especiallythoseofthewealthy,arebuiltwithanemphasisonbreadthandlessonheight.ChinesearchitecturemakesacontrastwithWesternarchitecture,whichtendstogrowinheightanddepth.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.shelter

v.

toprovideshelterfor①Migrantbirdsshelterinthereeds.

候鳥隱蔽在蘆葦叢中。②Humansinstinctivelyseekstructuresthatwillshelterandenhancetheirwayoflife.

人類本能地追求那些可以保護他們并改善他們生活方式的建筑物。TextA

Notes2.lumber

n.thewoodoftreescutandpreparedforuseasbuildingmaterial①Itwasmadeofsoftlumber,sprucebythelookofit.它是軟木做的，看樣子是云杉。②Let’sbringinatruck-loadoflumberandstartbuildingtomorrow.咱們運一車木材來，明天就開始建吧。TextA

Notes3.mausoleum

n.alargeburialchamber,usuallyaboveground①ItwasbuiltasamausoleumforthepharaohKhufuaround2650BC.它是為公元前2650年胡夫法老的陵墓。②ChangshaCityhasdecidedtobuildanarchaeologicalsiteparkbasedonthismausoleum.長沙市已決定建設(shè)漢長沙國王陵考古遺址公園。TextA

Notes4.irrigation

n.supplyingdrylandwithwaterbymeansofditchesetc①Theagriculturallandishillyandtheirrigationpoor.這片農(nóng)田多丘陵，而且灌溉條件很差。②

Irrigationisneededtomakecropsgrowindryregions.干旱地區(qū)需要灌溉才能使作物生長。TextA

Notes5.stele

n.

theusuallycylindricalcentralvascularportionoftheaxisofavascularplant①TheotheraspectprobesthedifficultyofWeistelestyleintorunningscript.

另一方面是探討魏碑入行書之難。②Withsuchalonghistory,doesthisstelehaveaname?歷史這么悠久，那這塊石碑有名字吧？TextA

Notes6.configuration

n.anarrangementofpartsorelements①Pricesrangefrom$119to$199,dependingontheparticular

configuration.

價格根據(jù)配置的不同從119美元到199美元不等。

②Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.

熱島的精確結(jié)構(gòu)取決于幾個因素。TextA

Notes7.

dismantle

v.

totakeapartintoitsconstituentpieces①Theydecidedtodismantlethemachineandstartagainfrom

scratch.

他們決定拆掉機器，從頭再來。②Ihadtodismantletheengineinordertorepairit.

我得把發(fā)動機拆開來修理。TextA

Notes8.symmetric

adj.

havingsimilarityinsize,shape,andrelativepositionofcorrespondingparts①Physicallaws,too,canbesymmetric.

物理定律也可以是對稱的。②It’sperfectlysymmetric.

它是完全對稱的。TextA

Notes9.esthetic

adj.

①Fromtheestheticview,itwasabeautifulcontinent.

從美學(xué)的觀點來看，那是一個美麗的大陸。②Chinesetraditionalconstructionhasveryhighartistic

achievement

anduniqueestheticcharacteristics.

中國傳統(tǒng)建筑具有很高的藝術(shù)成就和獨特的審美特征。concerningorcharacterizedbyanappreciationofbeautyorgoodtasteTextA

Notes10.

motif

n.adesignthatconsistsofrecurringshapesorcolors①Whatisthemotifofthisyear?

知道今年教師節(jié)的主題嗎？②Alienationisacentralmotifinhernovels.

疏離感是她小說的一個重要的主題。TextA

KeySentences1.Duringthe3,000yearsofthefeudalsociety,ancientChinesearchitecturegraduallyformulateditsuniquesystem,coupledwithaconsiderableprogressinurbanplanning,gardendesigning,andhouseconstruction.formulate

制訂；規(guī)劃；構(gòu)想；準備

Littlebylittle,heformulatedhisplanforescape.coupledwith加上，外加;（與……）接在一起Coupledwiththerapideconomicgrowthistheincreasingconsumptionofnaturalresources.同義詞組：combine...with...,merge...with...TextA

KeySentences2.

Toevokeasenseofspace,theuseof“borrowingadistantview”isofspecialsignificance.Itenablesavisitortolookoutsidethegardenstoenjoyanewandgreatervista.senseofspace空間感/senseoftiming時間感/senseofhumor幽默感Culturaltip:“borrowingadistantview”借景

借景是古典園林建筑中常用的構(gòu)景手段之一。在視力所及的范圍內(nèi)，將好的景色組織到園林視線中的手法。借景分近借、遠借、鄰借、互借、仰借、俯借、應(yīng)時借7類。TextA

KeySentences3.Thisisagoodexplanationof“Knowtheheart,knowthelaw;knowthelaw,knowtheheaven.”byMencius.Theresoundingecho,accordingtothedesigners,representsHeaven’sreplytowhateverthespeakersaskfor.Culturaltip:

“盡其心者，知其性也。知其性，則知天矣?！薄?/p>

出自孟子《盡心上》孟子說“充分運用心靈思考的人是知道人的本性的人。知道人的本性就知道天命。保持心靈的思考涵養(yǎng)本性這就是對待天命的方法。無論短命還是長壽都一心一意地修身以等待天命這就是安身立命的方法。”TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousancientChinesebuildings.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthecolorsofanancientChinesearchitecture.

LocatedatthecenterofBeijing,yellowandvermillionarethethematiccolorsoftheForbiddenCity.YellowisthesymbolofimperialpowerinancientChinaandredhasalwaysbeensymbolicforhappiness.Beingbrightcolors,theygiveasenseofwarmthandpassion.TextA3.HowdoyouevokeasenseofspaceinChinesegarden?

Toevokeasenseofspace,theuseof“borrowingadistantview”isofspecialsignificance.Itenablesavisitortolookoutsidethegardenstoenjoyanewandgreatervista.Windowsarealwaysdesignedintheshapeoffanandvisitorscanviewthepicturesquebamboogrovesandmountainsoutside.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Chinesequadrangle

Quadranglehasitsnamebecauseeachdirectionoftheentireconstructionhasahouse:east,west,south,andnorth.Thesefourhousesencirclethecourtyardonallfoursides,formingacentralcourtyardwhichresemblesamouthglyph.Thelayoutisorderlyandthecourtyardisbright,soyoumayfeelmoreelegantandcomfortable.TextA2.gardensinSuzhou

TheClassicalgardensofSuzhouareagroupofgardensinSuzhouregion,JiangsuProvincewhichhavebeenaddedtotheUNESCOWorldHeritageList.MostofthembuiltbyscholarsstandardizedmanyofthekeyfeaturesofclassicalChinesegardendesignwithconstructedlandscapesmimickingnaturalsceneryofrocks,hills,andrivers.TextA3.

EightDiagrams

TheEightDiagramsusedinTaoistcosmologytorepresentthefundamentalprinciplesofrealityisseenasarangeofeightinterrelatedconcepts.Eachconsistsofthreelines,eachlineeither“broken”or“unbroken”,respectivelyrepresentingYinorYang.TextA4.YinandYang

InChinesephilosophy,YinandYangdescribehowoppositeorcontraryforcesareactuallycomplementary,interconnected,andinterdependentinthenaturalworldandhowtheygiverisetoeachotherastheyinterrelatetooneanother.TextA5.theTempleofHeaven

TheTempleofHeavenisanimperialcomplexofbuildingssituatedinthesoutheasternpartofcentralBeijing.ThecomplexwasvisitedbytheEmperorsoftheMingandQingDynastiesforannualceremoniesofprayertoHeavenforagoodharvest.TheTempleofHeavenwasinscribedasaWorldHeritagesitein1998andwasdescribedasamasterpieceofarchitectureandlandscapedesign.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.

中國古建筑伴隨著中華文明綿延至今。它們外觀精美，框架清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙，裝飾美觀，內(nèi)涵豐富，其歷史價值、科研價值和藝術(shù)價值都非常高。1.AlongwiththelonglastingChinesecivilization,theappearanceofancientChinesebuildingsisexquisite,theframeisclear,thestructureisingenious,thedecorationisbeautiful,andtheconnotationisrich,withitshighhistorical,scientific,andartisticvalue.TextA2.長城是中國古代規(guī)模浩大的軍事防御工程。修筑長城最初是為了抵御北方游牧民族的入侵。長城已有兩千多年的歷史，某些部分現(xiàn)已毀壞或消失，但它仍是世界上最吸引人的景觀之一。2.TheGreatWallofChinawasanancientgiganticdefensiveproject.It’sbuiltoriginallytoresistinvasionsofNorthernnomadicgroups.Withahistoryofmorethan2,000years,someofthesectionsarenowinruinsorhavedisappeared.However,itisstilloneofthemostappealingattractionsallaroundtheworld.TextB

Notes1.fortified

adj.securedwithbastionsorfortifications①Thenewsmerelyfortifiedtheirdetermination.

這消息只是增強了他們的決心。②Onereasonmaybebreakfast’snutritionalvalue—partlybecausecerealisfortifiedwithvitamins.

早餐之所以有營養(yǎng)，部分原因可能是谷物富含維生素。TextB

Notes2.crenellation

n.arampartbuiltaroundthetopofacastlewithregulargapsforfiringarrowsorguns①Behinditscrenellationslaythecityinthedreadgripofthepestilence.在它的垛口后面，這座城市正處于可怕的瘟疫之中。②Shewaitedwhiletheyoungmantookinthefriezeofdarkpinnaclesandcrenellationsagainsttheeveningsky.她等待著，而年輕人則在傍晚的天空中欣賞著黑暗的尖頂和垛口的飾帶。TextB

Notes3.vault

n.arooforceilingintheformofanarchoraseriesofarches①Thegoldwasreachedthebank'svaultunderconvoyofarmedguards.這些黃金在武裝警衛(wèi)的護運下安全運達銀行保險庫。②Thegreatvaultbrightened,likethedomeofanimmenselamp.那廣漠的天穹變得雪亮，猶如一盞巨燈的圓頂。TextB

Notes4.pier

n.(architecture)averticalsupportingstructure(asaportionofwallbetweentwodoorsorwindows)①Theshipwasmooredbroadsidetothepier.這艘船橫泊在碼頭旁。②Thetruckstoveinthepieroftheroadbridge.卡車撞壞了公路橋的橋墩。TextB

Notes5.skeletal

adj.

①verythinespeciallyfrom

diseaseorhungerorcold②oforrelatingtoorformingor

attachedtoaskeleton①Oneyearafterhisdiagnosis,Tomwasskeletal.確診一年以后，湯姆已是骨瘦如柴。②Oneimportantdifferencebetweenachimpanzeeandhuman,istheirskeletalmusclestructure.一個重要的不同之處，在人類和黑猩猩之間，是二者的骨骼肌結(jié)構(gòu)。TextB

Notes6.spire

n.atalltowerthatformsthesuperstructureofabuilding(usuallyachurchortemple)andthattaperstoapointatthetop①Noonewoulddreamofstraighteningoutthechurch'sknobblyspire.沒人會夢想使教堂的圓形尖頂變直。②Hedidnotrefertospiresandtowers,tocampusgreensandiviedwalls.他指的不是高聳的塔尖和巍峨的高樓，也不是綠樹成蔭的校園和長滿長春藤的圍墻。TextB

Notes7.biomorphic

adj.

amedicalinstrumentforlisteningtothesoundsgeneratedinsidethebody①Nowadays,differentkindsofbiomasshavebeenemployedtopreparebiomorphichigh-performancematerials.目前，各種不同類型的生物質(zhì)已被廣泛用來制備生物形態(tài)的高性能材料。②Icreatesculpturalceramicworkwhich,althoughabstract,isrootedinthenaturalworld.Simplecurvedandundulatingformsexplorebiomorphicshapesandstructuralgrowthpatterns.我所創(chuàng)作的雕塑陶瓷作品盡管比較抽象，但都是根據(jù)自然界所創(chuàng)作的。簡單的彎曲形狀與波浪形狀作品主要探索生物變體造形與結(jié)構(gòu)生長模式。TextB

Notes8.scenography

n.

Scenographyrelatestothestudyandpracticeofdesignforperformance①However,inside,ascenographyunfoldsandthedifferentfunctionscanbefoundondifferentlevelswithinterestinginter-relations.但在室內(nèi)，展開透視法，就能看到不同層面具有不同功能，各個層面間存在有趣的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系②Madeupofamuralscenography,thisspacebecomesaninformationandmeetingpointduringtheFestival.這個由透視壁畫構(gòu)成的空間，成為節(jié)日里的信息中心和會議中心。TextB

Notes9.tactile

adj.oforrelatingtoorproceedingfromthesenseoftouch；producingasensationoftouch①Babieswhosleepwiththeirparentsreceivemuchmoretactilestimulationthanbabieswhosleepinacrib.和父母睡在一塊兒的嬰兒比單獨睡在嬰兒床上的嬰兒得到更多的觸覺刺激。②Tweedistimeless,tactileandtough.粗花呢從不過時，手感很好，結(jié)實耐磨。TextB

Notes10.phenomenology

n.aphilosophicaldoctrineproposedbyEdmundHusserlbasedonthestudyofhumanexperienceinwhichconsiderationsofobjectiverealityarenottakenintoaccount①Theviewofphenomenologyprovidesanewthinkingforus.現(xiàn)象學(xué)視野為我們提供了新的思考。②Ingeneral,thePhenomenologyisamethodandanattitudeofthought.哲學(xué)中的現(xiàn)象學(xué)是一種方法和思維態(tài)度。TextB

KeySentences1.Thetermwasnotcontemporarywiththeartitdescribed,butrather,wasaninventionofmodernscholarshipbasedonitssimilaritytoRomanarchitectureinformsandmaterials.becontemporarywith與……同時代的MozartwasafamouscomposercontemporarywithBeethoven,bothofwhommadegreatachievementsinthefieldofmusic.butrateher

相反地It’snotahotel,intheconventionalsense,butratherawholevillageturnedintoahotel.TextB

KeySentences2.

CriticalRegionalismwasanapproachtoarchitecturethatstrivedtocountertheplacelessnessandlackofmeaninginModernarchitecturebyusingcontextualforcestogiveasenseofplaceandmeaning.apporachn.

方法，方案Thetwodesignerssettleduponaminimalistapproach.strive...to...奮斗strivetobuildamoderatelyprosperoussociety

努力建成小康社會placelessness無地方性TextB

KeySentences3.Postmodernisminarchitecturewasgenerallythoughttobeforeseenbythereturnof“wit,ornament,andreference”toarchitectureinresponsetotheFormalismoftheInternationalStyleofModernism.foreseen預(yù)見Culturaltip:“新現(xiàn)代主義建筑”是現(xiàn)代主義建筑對后現(xiàn)代主義建筑的一種回應(yīng)，繼續(xù)承繼了現(xiàn)代主義以簡單和平民化的設(shè)計的理念，又加強搭配了比例與幾何的藝術(shù)圖樣，增加變化以避免落入現(xiàn)代主義建筑多屬方正形狀的“呆板”俗套中，表達實用和廉價也可以達成藝術(shù)和精神上需求，而不一定要花俏昂貴的過度設(shè)計和建材浪費、功能折損。諷刺的是有時新現(xiàn)代主義建筑也被歸類為后現(xiàn)代，因為凡是不同于現(xiàn)代的都算是后現(xiàn)代。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamousWesternbuildings.TextB2.WriteapassageaboutBeijingSummerPalaceandWestminsterAbbey.BeijingSummerPalaceisthelargestandmostwell-preservedroyalparkanditgreatlyinfluencedChinesehorticultureandlandscape.WestminsterAbbeyisalargeGothicabbeyinLondon.Itisoneofthemostnotablereligiousbuildings.Theformeronewasbuiltofwoodandembodiedthespiritofharmoniousrelationshipbetweenheavenandhumanbeings.WhileWestminsterAbbeywasbuiltofstoneandservedastheceremonialandfuneralplaceforroyalmembersintheUK.TextB3.WhatistherelationshipbetweenBaroquearchitectureandRococoarchitecture?BaroquearchitectureandRococoarchitecturearetwomainartisticstyleswhicharepopularfromthe17thtothe18thcentury.BothofthemplayanimportantroleinWesternarthistory.Therearesomenotabledifferencesbetweenthem,oneofthembeingsymmetry,asRococoemphasizedtheasymmetryofforms,whilstBaroquewastheopposite.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Medievalarchitecture

SurvivingexamplesofMedievalarchitecturemainlyservedfordefense.Castlesandfortifiedwallsprovidethemostnotablenon-religiousmodelsofMedievalarchitecture.Crenellationwallsprovidedsheltersforarchersontheroofstohidebehind.TextB2.Romanesquearchitecture

Romanesquearchitecturewasthefirstpan-EuropeanstylesinceRomanimperialarchitectureandexamplesarefoundineverypartofthecontinent.Romanesquearchitectureischaracterizedbyauseofroundorslightlypointedarches,barrelvaults,andcruciformpierssupportingvaults.TextB3.

RenaissancearchitectureTheRenaissanceoftenreferstotheItalianRenaissancethatbeganinthe14thcentury.Renaissancebuildingsshowadifferentsenseofconceptualclarity,wherespacesweredesignedtobeunderstoodintheirentiretyfromaspecificfixedviewpoint.TextB4.ModernarchitectureEarlyModernarchitecturebeganwithanumberofbuildingstyleswithsimilarcharacteristics,primarilythesimplificationofformandtheeliminationofornamentthatfirstarosearound1900.TheexactcharacteristicsandoriginsofModernarchitecturearestillopentointerpretationanddebate.TextB5.ExpressionistarchitectureExpressionistarchitecturewasanarchitecturalmovementthatdevelopedinNorthernEuropeduringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcenturyinparallelwiththeExpressionistvisualandperformingarts.ManyExpressionistarchitectsfoughtinWorldWarI,combinedwiththepoliticalturmoilandsocialupheaval.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.哥特式建筑是一種在中世紀高峰和晚期盛行的建筑風(fēng)格。它從羅馬式建筑發(fā)展而來，由文藝復(fù)興建筑繼承。1.GothicarchitectureisastyleofarchitecturethatflourishedduringthehighandlateMedievalperiod.ItevolvedfromRomanesquearchitectureandwassucceededbyRenaissancearchitecture.TextB2.ColosseumisaveryoldovalamphitheaterinthecityofRome.Everyyearmillionsoftouristsvisitthisattraction,anditisoneofthesevenwondersoftheworld.2.羅馬斗獸場是羅馬城內(nèi)非常古老的橢圓形劇場。每年有數(shù)百萬游客來這兒參觀，它是世界七大奇跡之一。

TheForbiddenCityTheWhiteHouseTextCComparison1ChiwenGargoyleTextCComparison2LionGroveGarden

CentralParkTextCComparison3TheZhaozhouBridgeTheTowerBridgeTextCComparison4

TheShaolinTempleNotre-DamedeParisTextCComparison5Case

Study

園林的藝術(shù)

Jacqueline是一名在中國留學(xué)的法國大學(xué)生，他聽說蘇州園林十分有名，便在周末去蘇州游園。

在步入拙政園時他便為園林中錯綜重疊的建筑和參差的花木而驚嘆。拙政園分為東園、中園和西園三部分。東園山池相間，點綴有秫香館、蘭雪堂等建筑。西部水面迂回，布局緊湊，依山傍水建以亭閣。中園是拙政園的精華部分，其總體布局以水池為中心，亭臺樓榭皆依水而建，具有江南水鄉(xiāng)的特色。Case

Study

西園原為“補園”，面積約12.5畝?！捌鸱?、曲折、凌波而過的水廊、溪澗是蘇州園林造園藝術(shù)的佳作。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，法國園林一般呈有中軸線的幾何格局：地毯式的花圃草地、筆直的林蔭路、整齊的水池、華麗的噴泉和雕像、排成行的樹木、壯麗的建筑物。中國園林則以自然界的山水為藍本，由曲折之水、錯落之山、迂回之徑、參差之石、幽奇之洞所構(gòu)成的建筑環(huán)境把自然界的景物薈萃一處。Case

Study

分析點評

中外建筑所追求的哲學(xué)理念存在差異。中國園林重在體現(xiàn)“天人合一”的觀念，將人工美和自然美巧妙地結(jié)合在一起。西方古典園林重在表現(xiàn)人為的力量。它崇尚整齊、對稱的幾何圖形格局，表現(xiàn)人對自然的控制和改造。因此，在不同的造園技巧上，各種文化有各自的特點，不千篇一律，才體現(xiàn)世界多樣性的美。Translation

漢譯英

1.故宮

故宮(thePalaceMuseum)，舊稱紫禁城(theForbiddenCity)，是明、清兩朝的皇宮，位于北京市中心，前通天安門，后倚景山公園，東近王府井街市，西臨中南海。故宮是無與倫比的古代建筑杰作，也是世界現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、保存最完整的古代皇宮建筑群，1987年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織評為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。故宮是中華民族的驕傲所在，也是全人類的珍貴文化遺產(chǎn)。Translation

Keys

1.ThePalaceMuseumThePalaceMuseum,oncecalledtheForbiddenCity,istheimperialpalaceoftheMingandQingDynasties.LocatedinthecenterofBeijing,itfacesTian’anmenSquareinthefront,withJingshanParkatitsback,WangfujingStreetatitseast,andZhongnanhaiatitsWest.ThePalaceMuseumisanunprecedentedmasterpieceofancientconstructionandtheworld’slargestandbest-preservedarchitecturalcomplexofancientimperialpalaceatpresent.ItwaslistedasaWorldCulturalHeritagebyUNESCOin1987.It’saninvaluableculturalheritageofallhumanbeingsaswellastheprideoftheChinesenation.Translation

Keys

2.宮廷建筑

在中國漫長的封建歷史進程中，擁有至高權(quán)力的帝王們?yōu)樽约航ㄔ炝似胀ù蟊娍赏豢杉吹膶m廷樓宇，這些建筑體現(xiàn)了當時建筑技術(shù)的精髓。據(jù)史料記載，秦代的阿房宮、漢代的未央宮以及唐代的大明宮都是宏大的建筑群，有寬闊的庭院以及宏偉的殿堂。目前僅存的帝王宮殿是建于明清兩代的北京紫禁城和沈陽故宮，它們代表了古代宮廷建筑技術(shù)和藝術(shù)的頂峰。Translation

Keys

2.ImperialPalaces

InthelonghistoryofChinesefeudalsociety,theemperors,astheholdersofsupremepower,builtpalacesandotherstructuresforthemselveswhichwereoutofthepopulace’sreach.Thesearchitecturesrepresenttheessenceofthearchitecturaltechniquesatthattime.AncientrecordsdescribedEpangPalaceoftheQinDynasty,WeiyangPalaceoftheHanDynasty,and