《植物病蟲害綠色防控技術(shù)》課件-三、花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控

III

GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

花生根結(jié)線蟲病俗稱地黃病、黃秧病等，是一種世界性病害。花生感病后，根的吸收功能被破壞，植株矮小發(fā)黃，花小且開花晚，結(jié)果少或不結(jié)果。一般減產(chǎn)20%～30%，嚴(yán)重的可減產(chǎn)70%以上，甚至絕收。

Peanutroot-knotnematodedisease,commonlyknownasdigitalisandyellowseedlingdisease,isaworldwidedisease.Afterthepeanutisinfected,theabsorptionfunctionoftherootisdestroyed,theplantisshortandyellow,theflowersaresmallandbloomlate,andthereislittleornofruiting.Generally,theyieldwillbereducedby20%~30%,andmaybemorethan70%oreven100%inseverecases.（一）癥狀識別主要為害植株的地下部?；ㄉシN半個(gè)月后，當(dāng)主根開始生長時(shí)，線蟲便可侵入主根尖端，使之膨大形成紡錘形蟲癭(根結(jié))，初期為乳白色，后變?yōu)辄S褐色。由于根部組織受到破壞，致使植株生長矮小。葉片發(fā)黃，葉片小，底葉葉緣焦灼，葉片早期脫落，病株開花遲，結(jié)果少而小，甚至不結(jié)果。

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(I)SymptomIdentification

Itmainlyharmstheundergroundpartsofplants.Halfamonthafterthepeanutsaresown,whenthetaprootsstarttogrow,thenematodescaninvadeandenlargethetipsofthetaprootstospindle-shapedgalls(rootknots).Theyaremilkywhiteatthebeginningandthenturnyellowish-brown.Dwarfplantgrowthiscausedbyroottissuedestruction.Theleavesturnyellow,theleavesaresmall,themarginsofthebottomleavesarescorching,theleavesfalloffearly,thediseasedplantsbloomlate,thefruitsarefewandsmall,andevennofruitsareborne.（二）病原

病原線蟲有3個(gè)種，即花生根結(jié)線蟲、北方根結(jié)線蟲和爪哇根結(jié)線蟲，均屬側(cè)尾腺口綱、根結(jié)線蟲屬線蟲。

線蟲的整個(gè)生活史分為卵、幼蟲、成蟲3個(gè)階段。

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(II)Etiology

Thereare3speciesofpathogenicnematodes,i.e.peanutroot-knotnematode,northernroot-knotnematodeandJavaroot-knotnematode,allofwhicharenematodesoftheclassParacaudaandtheroot-knotnematode.Thewholelifehistoryofnematodeshas3stages:eggs,larvae,andimagoes.（三）發(fā)病規(guī)律

以卵在卵囊內(nèi)和幼蟲在根結(jié)內(nèi)、果皮上隨病根和病果殼在土壤或糞肥中越冬。該病原線蟲可借病果及混有病株殘?bào)w的糞肥作近距離傳播，也可借農(nóng)具、人畜、地面流水作近距離擴(kuò)散。線蟲侵入的土壤溫度為12～34℃，最適溫度為20～26℃，最適土壤濕度為70％，土壤水量在20%以下和90%以上不利于侵入。連作病重，輪作病輕；砂壤土病重，黏壤土病輕；早播病重，晚播病輕；春播病重，夏播病輕；干旱年份發(fā)病重，多雨年份發(fā)病輕。

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease

(III)OccurrenceRegularity

Theyoverwinteraseggsinoocystsandlarvaeinrootsandpeelswithdiseasedrootsandshellsinsoilormanure.

Thepathogenicnematodecanbespreadatcloserangebydiseasedfruitsandmanuremixedwithresiduesofdiseasedplants,orbyfarmtools,humansandanimals,andgroundrunningwater.

Thesoiltemperaturefornematodeintrusionis12~34°C,theoptimaltemperatureis20~26°C,theoptimalsoilhumidityis70%,andthesoilwatervolumebelow20%andabove90%isnotconducivetointrusion.Seriousincontinuouscroppingandgentleinrotation;seriousinsandyloamandgentleinclayloam;seriousinearlysowingandgentleinlatesowing;seriousinspringsowingandgentleinsummersowing;seriousindroughtyearsandgentleinrainyyears.（四）防治技術(shù)1、嚴(yán)格植物檢疫

花生根結(jié)線蟲是檢疫對象。加強(qiáng)檢疫工作保護(hù)無病區(qū)，不從病區(qū)調(diào)運(yùn)花生種子；如確需調(diào)種時(shí)，應(yīng)剝?nèi)ス麣ぃ徽{(diào)果仁，并在調(diào)種前將其干燥到含水量10％以下，在調(diào)運(yùn)其他寄主植物時(shí)，也應(yīng)實(shí)施檢疫。2、農(nóng)業(yè)防治

輪作倒茬，與小麥、玉米、高梁等禾本科作物輪作，輪作年限越長，防治效果越明顯；收獲時(shí)清除病根，并將病土犁翻、曝曬，可減少線蟲數(shù)量，病株、病根、病果要集中處理，清除田內(nèi)外雜草寄主；合理施肥，增施有機(jī)肥；合理灌水，改善灌溉條件，修建排水溝，忌串灌，防止水澆傳播。

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease(IV)ControlTechnique1.StrictplantquarantinePeanutroot-knotnematodesarequarantineobjects.Strengthenquarantineworktoprotectthedisease-freeareaanddonottransferpeanutseedsfromthediseasedarea.Whennecessarytotransferseeds,peelofftheshells,transferonlythekernels,anddrythemtoamoisturecontentbelow10%beforetransfer.Carryoutquarantinewhentransferringotherhostplants.2.AgriculturalcontrolRotatecropswithwheat,corn,sorghumandothergramineouscrops.Thelongertherotationperiod,themoreobviousthecontroleffect;removethediseasedrootsduringharvest,andplowandexposethediseasedsoiltothesuntoreducethenumberofnematodes.Treatdiseasedplants,rootsandfruitsinacentralizedmannertoremoveweedhostsinandoutofthefield;Carryoutreasonablefertilizationandadditionalapplicationoforganicfertilizer;irrigatereasonably,improveirrigationconditions,builddrainageditches,avoidcrossirrigationtopreventspreadbywatering.3、化學(xué)防治

播前溝施或穴施噻唑膦顆粒劑、阿維菌素顆粒劑。溝施方法：春耕時(shí)順犁溝均勻施入，并立即覆土，以免揮發(fā)降低藥效；穴施方法：藥劑加細(xì)土25kg/畝制成毒土施入穴內(nèi)，覆土后播種；播種要分層播種，防止藥害?；虬⒕S·吡蟲啉微囊懸浮劑、寡糖·噻唑膦顆粒劑等，溝施或穴施。

三花生根結(jié)線蟲病綠色防控III.GreenPreventionandControlofPeanutRoot-knotNematodeDisease3.ChemicalcontrolBeforesowing,applythiazole-phosphinegranulesandavermectingranulesintheditchorhole.Ditchapplicationmethod:Applyevenlyalongtheploughduringspringploughing,andimmediatelycoverthesoiltoavoidvolatilizationandreducingtheefficacy;holeapplicationmethod:Applytoxicsoilmadeofch