引用與參考文獻(xiàn)寫作市公開課一等獎省賽課微課金獎?wù)n件

英語專業(yè)論文寫作文件引用與參考文件格式1/541引用功效與類別

凡在正文中引用他人觀點和語句均需標(biāo)注。引用含有學(xué)術(shù)論證功效,能夠為作者自己觀點提供支持；引用也能夠提供學(xué)術(shù)背景,如對相關(guān)研究歷史性描述,對術(shù)語、研究方向、研究方法介紹；另外,學(xué)術(shù)引用還含有質(zhì)疑功效和文件評價功效。學(xué)術(shù)引用關(guān)系到作者觀點表示與論證,關(guān)系到作者學(xué)術(shù)道德,完整規(guī)范引用是論文科學(xué)性、客觀性和可信度標(biāo)志,所以正確合理地引用文件至關(guān)主要。引用方式可分為直接引用和間接引用。直接引用是作者用引號直接援引原創(chuàng)者概念、觀點或表述,并注明出處,要求引文絕對忠實原文；間接引用是以釋義（paraphrase）和概括（summary）方法援引原創(chuàng)者概念、觀點或表述。引用標(biāo)注方法是將引文文件起源信息置于圓括號內(nèi),信息由作者姓氏、出版年代、著作頁碼組成（間接引用能夠不標(biāo)注頁碼）,例(Gardner,1985:10)。2/542間接引用（indirectcitation）

間接引用是經(jīng)過使用最恰當(dāng)詞句對原文進(jìn)行釋義（paraphrase）和概括（summary），所引用內(nèi)容不需要置于引號中。釋義是用不一樣表示方式闡述原文含義，使之更簡練、更明了（rewordingforthepurposeofclarification）。常見伎倆有:刪略次要信息；使用同義詞、反義詞、下義詞；采取注釋性說明；改換說法（如改變陳說角度、倒換次序等）等。概括是將整篇文件（全書或全文）觀點歸納概括成一段話，甚至濃縮成一兩句話。釋義和概括能力能夠直接反應(yīng)出作者學(xué)術(shù)寫作水平3/542.1

正文中沒有出現(xiàn)作者姓名a.括號中標(biāo)出作者姓氏和出版年代,中間用逗號。e.g.Ithasbeenarguedthatteachers’roleistoprovidethestudentswithoptimalconditionswhichcanfacilitatelearningsothatstudentscanachievesimilarresults(Bloom,1994).4/54b.兩位作者，用&或“and”連接；華人姓氏使用漢語拼音，如(Wang,1990)、(Wang&Sun,1990)；外國人漢字姓名不能使用漢語拼音，必須回譯，如:“韓禮德”回譯為Halliday;“喬姆斯基”回譯為Chomsky;e.g.Thedisadvantageofthemultipleregressionanalysisisthatitcannotshowthecomplexinterrelationsbetweenindependentvariable(Bryman&Cramer,1990).5/54c.多位作者。只需寫出第一作者姓氏,其后加上“etal”。e.g.ModernLiterarystudieshavetheirorigininclassicstudies(Graffetal.,1989).6/542.2正文中已提及作者姓名

a.括號中只需標(biāo)出文件年代。括號既能夠位于引文結(jié)尾處,也能夠緊接作者姓名。e.g.Fries(1981)attemptedtoprovideevidencethatthemeisameaningfulconceptbyshowinganumberofshorttexts.7/54b.包括一篇以上文件,中間用分號。e.g.Inadditiontothesethreewellrecognizedaspectualmarkers,somescholars(Sapir,1825;Bowell,;Mockery,)havealsostudiedtheaspectualmeaningsofthesenouns.e.g.SometheoristsfindnovalueinSmith’sthesisandvehementlyargueagainstitspoints(e.g.Jacobson,;Waugh,).8/543直接引用（directcitation）

直接引用除了能夠引用短語、句子外,也能夠引用段落、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)從專業(yè)性辭典、百科全書中引用學(xué)術(shù)定義,或從論文、專著中引用權(quán)威人士觀點,或引用有爭議觀點時,通常使用直接引用。9/54直接引用應(yīng)該注意以下幾點:引文置于雙引號中,括號中必須標(biāo)注頁碼；引用部分不能破壞正文句法,要自然溶入正文之中（weavequotationsintothetext）,不得出現(xiàn)“句中句”。請參見2.3節(jié)“常見引用動詞和句型”；不能過分引用,要盡可能使用概括和釋義形式進(jìn)行間接引用；引文要簡練。太長內(nèi)容能夠放在附錄（appendix）中,如“調(diào)查表”、“數(shù)據(jù)表”等。10/54(i)詞語與句子引用a.作者在正文中出現(xiàn)，括號中標(biāo)注出版年代與引文所在頁碼。在正文中出現(xiàn)華人作者應(yīng)該用全名，如:WangDatong(:111)believedthat....e.g.Graffdefineshisrecentbook,ProfessingLiterature,as“ahistoryofacademicliterarystudiesintheUnitedStates”(:19).11/54b.兩位作者。作者未在正文中出現(xiàn)。e.g.Basedondifferentfindings,itisproposedthat“thetypeofmotivationanditsstrengtharelikelytobedeterminedlessbysomegeneralizedprincipleandmoreby‘wholearnswhatinwhatmilieu’”(Laser&Long,1993:174).12/54(ii)段落引用（Blockquotation）直接引文占四行或以上,引文單獨成段,不需引號。段落用“齊頭式”,單倍行距,整個段落縮進(jìn)8個空格。引文中已經(jīng)有引號,改為單引號。括號標(biāo)注位于段落末尾。13/54e.g.AustralianliteratureinEnglishbegansoonafterthesettlementofthecountrybyEuropeans.Commonthemesincludeindigenousandsettleridentity,alienation,exileandrelationshiptoplace,butitisavariedandcontestedarea.TheAustralianliteratureischaracterizedasfollows:EmphasizingtheorthodoxtraditionofJurisprudenceandsupportingthestandardstyleofpoetry.ThisrepresentedthemaintrendofWuage.ThisviewwasinaccordancewithWu'sideasandstatusasaConfucianscholaranditshouldcorrespondtohiswritingstyleandJurisprudenceshouldbemingledwithliterature.Summarizingtheremarksontheoetryoftheland,peopleinsistonlearningfromtheancientpeopleandtheirrichminds(Herders,199:126).Literatureisliterally"acquaintancewithletters"asinthefirstsensegivenintheOxfordEnglishDictionaryfromtheLatinlittermeaning"anindividualwrittencharacter”.WewilldiscussAustralianlanguage,lettersandliterature,includingdiscussionsaboutpoetry,novels,children'sliterature,playsandtheatrescripts,literarymagazinesandnewspapers.14/54(iii)詩歌引用所引用詩歌假如在論文正文中不超出兩行,則用斜線“/”將詩行分開,引用部分加雙引號。假如所引用詩歌超出兩行,則采取段落引用方式。e.g.Inhis“HymntoIntellectualBeauty,”Shellypersonifiestheimmaterial,spiritualworld:“TheawfulshadowofsomeunseenPower/Floatsthoughunseenamongus”(1887:23).15/54(iv)劇本引用引用劇本不標(biāo)注頁碼，而是標(biāo)注幕、場、行e.g.Hamletsays:O,myoffenceisrank,itsmellstoheaven;Ithaththeprimaleldestcurseupon't,Abrother'smurder.PraycanInot,Thoughinclinationbeassharpaswill(Act3.Scene3.40-43).16/54(v)直接引用中省略17/54a.原文太長，引文中間有所省略，用方括號標(biāo)示。e.g.AccordingtoMargaretG.Meyers,“theGrangermovement[…]wasabletoforceregulatorylegislationthroughsomestateslegislatures”(1887:23).此例原文為:InthewesternfarmstatestheGrangermovement,organizedin1869asthePatronofHusbandry,wasabletoforceregulatorylegislationthroughsomestatelegislatures.18/54b.假如省略是頭或尾,不需標(biāo)示。e.g.Afoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds,adoredbylittlestatesmen,philosophersanddivine.【原文】Emersonadvocatedthecouragetochangeone’smindwhenhesaidthat“alittlefoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds”(1987:43).【省略尾部（下劃線部分）直接引用；原文中逗號也省去,無需省略號】19/54e.g.Moralistshaveunanimouslyagreed,thatunlessvirtuebenursedbyliberty,itwillneverattainduestrength.【原文】MaryWollstonecraftwrotethat“unlessvirtuebenursedbyliberty,itwillneverattainduestrength”(1975:191).【省略頭部（下劃線部分）直接引用】20/54(vi)直接引用中方括號使用21/54a.引文中間省略（見上）。22/54b.引文中一些詞語因脫離語境，指代不明:e.g.Hesaidinhisspeech,“Thesetwonations[AmericaandRussia]seemsettoswaythedestiniesofhalftheglobe”(1997:318).23/54c.更改引文首詞語法形式，使之能夠嵌入正文中:e.g.ThisiswhatBruner(1983:537)meantwhenhedescribedasessentialtolearningtheactof"climb[ing]onyourshoulderstobeabletolookdownatwhatyou'vejustdoneandthentorepresentittoyourself".24/54d.添加強(qiáng)調(diào)形式:e.g.HereisasentencecitedfromStevenPinker'sbookTheLanguageInstinct:“Manyprescriptiverulesofgrammararejustplaindumbandshouldbedeletedfromtheusagehandbooks[emphasisadded].”25/54e.原文有錯（拼寫錯誤、年代錯誤等）:e.g.Doeadded,“theaffects[effects]ofradiationexceededourestimates”(:23).26/544引用中特殊情形27/54(i)重復(fù)引用屢次引用某一篇作品內(nèi)容（如文學(xué)評論）。為方便起見,從第二次引用起,只注頁碼。e.g.Insixmonths’time,hewastrampedintomarriagewithher,though“hehadnorespectforher”(40).28/54(ii)易混同文件:同一作者與同姓作者a.同一作者在同一年發(fā)表著作（如論文、專著等）,用小寫英文字母在出版時間后標(biāo)志,以示區(qū)分,如(1995a:79)、(1995b:173)。標(biāo)志次序必須與參考文件中排列次序一致。e.g.Shaggypointsoutthat“thebeginningwriterdoesnotknowhowwritersbehave”(1995a:79).29/54b.假如出現(xiàn)兩位作者姓氏相同、且是同一年份文件，括號中應(yīng)該加上作者名字縮寫。如:(X.D.Wang,1990)。e.g.TeachersapplaudedShaggy’sassertionthat“teachingthem[beginningwriters]towritewellisnotonlysuitablebutchallengingworkforthosewhowouldbeteachersandscholarsinademocracy”（R.Miller,）.30/54(iii)團(tuán)體作者與無作者文件a.引用團(tuán)體作者作品,括號夾注中應(yīng)使用團(tuán)體名稱。e.g.Conceptually,motivationisseenas“thecombinationofeffortplusdesiretoachievethegoaloflearningthelanguageplusfavorableattitudetowardlearninglanguage”(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1987:20).31/54b.引用無作者文件,最好在正文中提及該文件標(biāo)題,并在參考文件中標(biāo)出其詳細(xì)網(wǎng)址。e.g.Inawebarticleentitled“ThewaytoEnlargeVocabulary”,theauthorpresentedthreeways....32/54(iv)轉(zhuǎn)引(tertiarycitation)未能親自閱讀原著,內(nèi)容來自二手資料,需在起源前加上“qtdin”字樣。論文中應(yīng)盡可能防止經(jīng)過中介文件轉(zhuǎn)引,因為轉(zhuǎn)引輕易以訛傳訛、斷章取義。完全能夠直接引用,卻使用轉(zhuǎn)引,還會使讀者以為作者見聞不廣,用力不勤。在參考文件部分,應(yīng)以中介文件撰寫條目。如本例中,文后參考文件中出現(xiàn)應(yīng)該是Sandburg文件條目。轉(zhuǎn)引也能夠以間接引用形式出現(xiàn)。e.g.Lincolnpledgedtoreconcilethewar-tornnation"withmalicetowardsnone,withcharityforall"(qtd.inSandburg,1983:481).33/545常見引述動詞（reportingverb）與句型（constructions）

34/54英語中常見引述動詞（又稱轉(zhuǎn)述動詞）有:acknowledge（認(rèn)可、確認(rèn)）admit,argue,assert（主張、斷言）assume,believe,claim,confirm,deny,describe,dispute(爭論),emphasize,illustrate（舉例說明）,indicate,observe,pointout,propose,refute（反駁）reject,report,reveal（揭示）say,show,speculate（推測）state,suggest,write35/54

請記住下面規(guī)則:Ifitisanidea,youmayusebelieve.Ifitisasituation,youmayusedescribe.Ifitisaphenomenon,youmayuseobserve.Ifitisafact,youmayusereport.Ifitisaspeculation,youmayusespeculate推測.Ifitisastatement,youmayusestate.Ifitisanargument,youmayuseargue.36/54注意:MLA制式中引用動詞通慣用普通時態(tài)，而APA制式中引用動詞則往往用過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時。我們能夠選擇其中一個，但要注意全文時態(tài)一貫性37/54常見引述句型舉例:e.g.AsHucksays(states,claims),languagecompetenceis....e.g.Smithinsists(confirms,suggests)that....e.g.AccordingtoQuirketal.(1985:101),adverbialsaredividedintotwogroups....e.g.Ithasbeenarguedthatifcommunicationistobesuccessful,thepeopleinvolvedneedtosharethesamereferentialmeaningofthewordstheyareusing(Byron&Fleming,1999).38/54常見引述句型舉例:e.g.Gothewrote(hasobserved)that“ittakesmoreculturetoperceivethevirtuesofTheMagicFlutethantopointoutitsdefects”(qtdinNewman,1998:104).e.g.Walker(1991)definestheconceptofcultureas“thesharedpatternsofbehaviorsandinteractions,cognitiveconstructs”.39/54常見引述句型舉例:e.g.OscarWilde,aBritishdramatist,complainedthat....e.g.ZhouYukai(1999)pointedoutthatmanyfeministsdraw"inspirationandempowerment"from....e.g.TheGoatsucker()illustratedthedifferenceasfollows:40/546引用時標(biāo)點符號處理

41/54a.引文句尾句號省略,括號夾注位于正文句尾句號之前。e.g.Bertramalsostates,“Thelearningmoduleenabledstudentstoovercomethedifficultiesassociatedwiththetransitionintocollege”(1999:48).42/54b.假如引文是以問號或感嘆號結(jié)尾,保留原來標(biāo)點符號,括號夾注后一樣加上正文句號。e.g.PatrickHenryexclaimed,“Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!”(1975:23).43/54c.假如引文中原來就有引號,將原來雙引號改為單引號。e.g.Basedondifferentfindings,itisproposedthat“thetypeofmotivationanditsstrengtharelikelytobedeterminedlessbysomegeneralizedprincipleandmoreby‘wholearnswhatinwhatmilieu’atthattime”(Freeman&Long,1993:174-175).44/54d.正文中提到短篇文件,如論文、雜文、歌曲、短詩、短篇小說、獨幕劇等,其標(biāo)題置于引號之中。e.g.Inhis“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”,RobertFrostdescribedthewoodsas“l(fā)ovely,darkanddeep”.45/54e.正文中提到長篇文件,如雜志、學(xué)報、書籍、報刊、長詩、電影、戲劇等,其標(biāo)題用斜體標(biāo)示。e.g.HallidayandHasan(1976),intheirground-breakingworkCohesioninEnglish,describecohesionas“asemanticconceptthatreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinatext”.46/54參考文件[1]Searle,J.SpeechActs:AnEssayinthePhilosophyofLanguage[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1969.（注:著作類。作者一人，姓前名后，中間逗號隔開。下同。）[2]Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.TheWayWeThink:ConceptualBlendingandtheMind'sHiddenComplexities[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,.（注:著作類。作者二人，第一作者姓前名后。第二作者按照英文姓名正常次序，即名前姓后，中間無逗號）[3]Quirk,R.etal.AComprehensiveGrammaroftheEnglishLanguage[M].London:Longman,1985.（注:著作類，作者二人以上，僅列第一作者，姓前名后）[4]Bolinger,D.TheAtomizationofWordMeaning[J].Language,1965(4).（注:期刊類，作者一人。只需標(biāo)注年度與期號，卷號不需標(biāo)出）47/54[5]Howard,Maureen(trans.).Foreword.Mrs.Dalloway[M].ByVirginiaWoolf.NewYork:Harvest-Harcourt,1981.（注:序言類。所引用文字不是出自原著，而是譯者話）[6]Bybee,Joan.TheGrammaticizationofZero:AsymmetriesinTenseandAspectSystems[A].InWilliamPagliuca(ed.).PerspectivesonGrammaticalization[C].Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1994.（注:論文集類，析出論文作者一人，置首。編者一人，位于“In”后。該集相當(dāng)于一本書，用斜體。若編著者在兩人以上，僅列第一編者，并將ed.改為eds.）[7]Hornby,A.S.OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish(6thedition)[Z].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,.（注:辭典類，作者一人。注意版本標(biāo)示）[8]Tabor,Whitney.SyntacticInnovation:AConnectionistModel[D].Stanford:StanfordUniversity,1994.（注:學(xué)位論文類，作者一人）48/54[9]LuoGuanzhong．Romanceofthe