Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking 知識點課件-高中英語人教版（2019）選擇性必修第二冊

Unit1ReadingandThinkingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”約輸?斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor.JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausessevere

diarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.1.P2Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.frustratedadj.懊惱的，沮喪的(形容人或人的表情、聲音等)；失意的；不得志的frustratevt.使沮喪;使懊惱frustratingadj.令人沮喪的;令人懊惱的frustrationn.懊惱；令人懊惱的事物常見搭配：be/feel/get/becomefrustratedat/withsth.因…感到沮喪/懊惱1).語境串記：What__________memostwasthe_______________newsaboutthefootballmatch,whoseresultmadeeveryonehere_____________.(frustrate).2).Afteralongand__________(tire)flight,Ritzwas___________(frustrate)atthenews__________hisluggagehadbeensenttoHangKong_________mistake.3).Maryfailedintheexamandherfatherworriedthatshecouldn’tstandthe_____________(frustrate)ofit.4).當我們沒有做到我們自己的期望時，我們往往會感到沮喪。答案：1.1)frustrated;frustrating;frustrated2)tiring;frustrated;that;by3)frustration4).Whenwefailtoliveuptoourownexpectations,weoftenfeelfrustrated.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofind

outwhy.2.P2Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.infectionn.感染；傳染infectvt.使感染；傳染infectedadj.受感染的infectiousadj.傳染性的be/becomeinfectedwith感染上…；傳染上…infectiousdisease傳染病1).Inheavily____________(infect)areas,halfthepopulationbecomeblind.2).Whenapersonhasan___________(infect)disease,heisusually______________(separate)fromothers.3).因為有效預防，很少有人感染這個病毒答案：2.1)infected2)infectious;separated3)Fewpeopleareinfectedwiththevirusowingto/dueto/becauseofeffectiveprevention.3.P2Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.subscribeto贊成，同意；定期訂購；定期捐助1).Eversinceheentereduniversity,he_____________(subscribe)toamonthlymagazineabouttennis.2).Allscientistssubscribed_____theviewthattheincrease_______theearth’stemperatureisduetothe______________(burn)offossilfuels.3).經理同意了Tim提出的我們訂一些有用雜志的建議。答案：3.1)hassubscribed2)to;in;burning3)ThemanagersubscribedtothesuggestionTimputforwardthatweshouldsubscribetosomeusefulmagazines.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.4.P2Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.suspectv.懷疑；認為n.嫌疑犯，可疑對象suspectsb.of(doing)sth.懷疑某人(做)某事suspectedadj.有嫌疑的；被懷疑的suspiciousadj.感覺可疑的；令人懷疑的besuspiciousof對…懷疑blamev.指責；責備；譴責把…歸咎于…；n.責任；責備；指責blamesb.for…因…責備某人blamesth.on…把某事歸咎于…betoblamefor因…責備/負責任take/bear/shouldertheblame(forsth.)(對某事)承擔責任put/laytheblameonsb.(forsth)(因…)把責任推給某人1).Olderpeopletend________(be)quiteconservativeandabit______________(suspect)ofanypossibleadvances.2).Theofficialisunder______________(investigate)bythepolicefor_____________(suspect)oftakingmoneyfromthebank.3).____________(blame)fortheaccident,thedrivercouldn’tgetaway__________it.4).Lotsofpeoplefind________hardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.5).警方懷疑他實施了兩起襲擊，盡管沒有確鑿的證據。___________________________________________________________________________________________6).不要總是把失敗歸咎于別人，有時候是你自己而不是別人該擔責任。答案：4.1)tobe;suspicious2)investigation;beingsuspected3).Blamed;with4)it;on5).Thepolicesuspecthimofcarryingouttwoattacks,thoughthere’snosolidevidence.6).Don’talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Sometimesitisyouyourself,notothers,thataretoblameforit/shouldtaketheblameforit.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.5.P3Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.linkn.聯系；紐帶vt.把…連接起來；相關聯；挽??；鉤住Thereisalinkbetween…and……和…之間有聯系link…with…/belinkedwith聯系，連接在一起拓展：表示“聯系，有關系”的短語：berelatedto;beassociatedwith;beinvolvedin;beconnectedwith;havesomethingtodowith1).Thestudyfurtherstrengthenstheevidence__________(link)smokingwithearlydeath.2).師生之間有緊密的聯系。___________________________________________________________________________________________3).健康問題和不良的飲食習慣以及缺乏鍛煉有關系。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：5.1)linking;2).There’sacloselinkbetweenteachersandstudents.3).Healthproblemiscloselylinkedwithbadeatinghabitsandalackofexercise.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterand

thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.6.P3ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.throughone’stirelessefforts通過某人不懈的努力throughgreat/intense/jointefforts通過巨大的/共同的努力asubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decrease(in)(某方面)大幅的/明顯的降低decreasen.減少，降低v.(使大小、數量等)減少，降低拓展：onthedecrease在減少decreaseto/by下降到/了…;decreasefrom…to…從…下降到…在動詞decrease/drop/fall/reduce(減少)和increase/rise（增加、上升）之后，介詞by/to表幅度。1).Populationgrowthrateisdecreasing_________1.4%eachyear.2).Thepriesofcoalarelowasaresultofover-supplyanda______________(decrease)demand.3).Anydecrease________tourismcouldhaveaseriouseffect________thelocaleconomy.4).騎自行車穿紅燈的人在減少。___________________________________________________________________________________________5).自從采取安全措施以后，我們已經看到事故數量明顯下降。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：6.1).by2)decreasing3)in;on4)Thenumberofcyclistsrunningredlightsisonthedecrease.5).Wehaveseenasubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decreaseinthenumberofaccidentssincethesesafetymeasureswereintroduced/taken.UsingLanguageTHEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE中國航天之父PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith"greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit"whowaspatrioticandservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respectedman.BorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.QianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies.Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnology.AsagraduateassistantattheCaliforniainstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconductimportantresearchintorocketpropulsion,andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory,nowoneofNASA'Sleadingspace-explorationcentres.AfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUSQianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.NoinstituteoruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Nevertheless,Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfromtakingonthechallenge.Whenasked"CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”hisreplywasadetermined"Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”UnderQiansleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedbythefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfullylauncheditsfirstman-madesatellite,DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.BecausemuchofthetechnologybehindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian'sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof"thefatherofChina'saerospace.”Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable,especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciationforartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQiansdeath,andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.AWORLDOFPURETHOUGHT一個純思維的世界StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwithimagesofhiminhiswheelchairunabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscleshisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.Hawkingfirstachievedfamewhenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudentinphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneralthereweretwomaintheoriesontheoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthattheuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,whichholdsthattheuniversebeganatasinglepointintimeandspace.ThebiggestchampionofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.DuringthequestionandanswerperiodafteroneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistakeinhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthatthebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatetheory—wastrue.Hawking’sownworkonthebigbangtheorywassoonprovenbyastronomerswithtelescopes.Astarwasborn.So,whatmadeStephenHawkingagenius?Besidesbeingbrilliant,hewasbrave,thoughsometimescarelessinwhathesaidordid.Hewaswillingtosaywhatotherswereafraidtosay,andtodreamofwhatotherswereafraidtodreamabout.Furthermore,hewasquitedetermined.Thishadhelpedhimasascientist,andhadhelpedhimevenmoreinhisfightagainsthisdisease.Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.Thisoddcombinationofcharacteristicshadmadehimoneofthegreatestthinkersofthe20thand21stcenturies.一個純思維的世界史蒂芬?霍金是物理學界最負盛名、最具天賦的科學家之一。大多數人都很熟悉他坐在輪椅上無法動彈、只能通過電腦來說話的樣子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎縮無力，他的世界變成了一個抽象思維的世界霍金最早成名于1964年，當時他身體健康，行動自如，是劍橋大學物理學研究生。總的來說，宇宙起源有兩大理論:第一個是穩(wěn)恒態(tài)理論，認為宇宙無始無終;另一個是大爆炸理論，認為宇宙始于時空中的一個點。穩(wěn)恒態(tài)概念的最大擁護者是劍橋大學的弗雷德?霍伊爾教授。在霍伊爾的一次講座中，霍金在問答環(huán)節(jié)站了起來，指出霍伊爾教授計算有誤。錯誤糾正之后顯示大爆炸理論而非穩(wěn)恒態(tài)理論是正確的。不久，天文學家用望遠鏡觀察宇宙，驗證了霍金對大爆炸理論的研究。一位明星就此誕生。那么，是什么使史蒂芬?霍金成為一名天オ呢?除了才華橫溢之外，他還是一個勇敢的人，盡管有時候言行舉止比較隨意。他敢說別人不敢說的話，做別人不敢做的夢。此外，他意志堅定。無論是作為一位科學家，還是與病魔作斗爭，這種品質對他都大有幫助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承認錯誤。這些性格特點的奇特組合使得他成為二十世紀與二十一世紀最偉大的思想家之一。8.P7However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealizedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.breakout爆發(fā)；突然開始break構成的其他短語：breakin強行闖入；打斷，插畫breakinto強行闖入；突然開始(笑、唱等)breakdown出故障；(身體)垮了；(談判)失??；breakup解散；絕交；粉碎breakawayfrom逃脫；脫離 breakthrough突破，有重大發(fā)現；defendvt.保衛(wèi)；防守；辯解；防御defencen.保衛(wèi)；辯護，辯解defensiveadj.防御的；保衛(wèi)的常見搭配：defend…against/from…保護/保衛(wèi)…免受…之害(=protect…from/against…)defendagainst/from…抵御…indefenceof…為了保衛(wèi)…inone’sdefence為某人辯護用break短語，完成以下1—5題:1).Don’t_____________whenwearetalking.Waitforyourturn.2).Howthebigforestfirehas________________remainstobeamystery.3).Herparents’quarrelingwitheachotherconstantlyledtoherfamily________________.4).Thefootballstar___________________hisformerclubandplannedtojoinanother.5).Afterthreedaysofcontinuouswork,he________________onceandforall.6).Thestrongwallsofthecastleservedasagood_____________(defend)againsttheattackers.7).Weshouldbuildupapowerfularmy_____________(defend)ourmotherland.8).Speaking__________________(為…辯護)theproposal,hepointedouthowmuchcheaperitwouldbe.9).一旦感染HIV，身體不能抵御疾病。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：8.1)breakin2)brokenout3)breakingup4)brokeawayfrom5)brokedown6).defence7).todefend8).indefenceof9).OnceinfectedwithHIV,thebodyisunabletodefenditselfagainstdiseases.9.P8Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.beputinchargeof(被動)=putsb.inchargeof(主動)任命某人負責/掌管常見搭配：inchargeof負責/掌管inthechargeof由…負責/掌管takechargeof(強調動作)負責/掌管freeofcharge免費charge(sb.)sth.(forsth.)收費；要價chargesb.with…/accusesb.of…指控..做某事1).他負責那家公司。他因為收取顧客額外費用而被指控。___________________________________________________________________________________________以下句子用charge短語填空：2).Thegeneralengineerlefthissecretary______________theprojectduringhisabsence.3).He________________murderbuthewasfoundinnocentlater.4).Wealsohaveaswimmingpool,whichisopenalldayand________________.答案：9.1).Thecompanywasinthechargeofhim.Hewaschargedwithchargingthecustomersextrafees.2).inchargeof3)waschargedwith4).Freeofcharge10.P8Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.comedownwit