2024秋高中英語(yǔ)Unit13PeopleSectionⅢGrammar學(xué)案含解析北師大版必修5

PAGEPeopleSectionⅢGrammar單元語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目(一)——過(guò)去分詞[語(yǔ)法圖解][視察]①Atwork,itisIQthatgetsyouhiredbutitisEQthatgetsyoupromoted.②Supportedbyhisacademicresearch,ProfessorSaloveysuggeststhat...③PeopleareoftenmistakeninthinkingthatthosewithhighIQsalwayshavehighEQsaswell.④ProfessorMayer,recognisedbymanyasaleadingexpertin...⑤Theyalsoshowedabetterunderstandingofthedisabledstudents'feelingscomparedtostudentswho...⑥Accusedofstealingmoney,themanwasbroughttocourt.⑦Youpretendtobeinterested.⑧Seenatadistance,thepicturelooksmorebeautiful.⑨Whenaskedwhyhewaslate,hewentred.[發(fā)覺(jué)](1)以上句子中的過(guò)去分詞或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在句中分別作：句①：賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；句④、句⑤：定語(yǔ)；句③、句⑦：表語(yǔ)；句②、句⑥、句⑧、句⑨：狀語(yǔ)。(2)句①中hired,promoted與賓語(yǔ)you之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系/動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。(3)句③、句⑦中mistaken和interested為形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞，表示主語(yǔ)所處的(被動(dòng))狀態(tài)。(4)在過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的句子中，過(guò)去分詞分別作：句⑥：緣由狀語(yǔ)；句⑧：條件狀語(yǔ)；句⑨：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)(1)單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，通常放在所修飾的名詞前；過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在所修飾的名詞后。例如：pollutedwater被污染的水deathcausedbyaccidents由意外引起的死亡abrokenglass被打破的玻璃杯aglassbrokenbytheboy被這個(gè)男孩打破的玻璃杯(2)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)從句的互換。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，它是由定語(yǔ)從句省去主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞而形成的，但它比定語(yǔ)從句更簡(jiǎn)潔。例如：Anorganizedtripisatrip(whichis)organizedbysomebodyorsomeorganizations.有組織的旅行就是由某人或某些機(jī)構(gòu)組織的旅行。(3)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)分?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞都可以作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，它們的區(qū)分主要表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。①在語(yǔ)態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表“主動(dòng)”，而過(guò)去分詞表“被動(dòng)”。例如：surprisingnews令人驚訝的消息surprisedlisteners驚訝的聽(tīng)眾②在時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行，而過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作往往已經(jīng)完成。例如：thechangingworld正在變更的世界thechangedworld已經(jīng)變更了的世界[即學(xué)即用1](1)單句語(yǔ)法填空①Heneedsaqualified(qualify)doctortohelphim.②Everythingused(use)shouldbemarked.(2)改錯(cuò)①I(mǎi)sthereanythingplanningfortonight？planning改為planned②Theexcitingpeoplerushedintothebuilding.exciting改為excited二、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)(1)過(guò)去分詞可放在系動(dòng)詞be,get,remain,seem等后作表語(yǔ)，其用法相當(dāng)于形容詞。過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)多表示主語(yǔ)的感受或所處的狀態(tài)，其構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)接近被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。Thestudentsarefullyprepared.學(xué)生們已做好了充分的打算。Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeopleweremoved.看到這么感人的情景，全部人都感動(dòng)了。Ifeelexcitedjustthinkingaboutit.一想到它我就興奮。Theshophasremainedshutforaweek.這家商店已關(guān)門(mén)一周了。(2)系表結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)分：“系動(dòng)詞＋過(guò)去分詞”表示狀態(tài)時(shí)，是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，多與at/with/in...等介詞短語(yǔ)連用；表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)，是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常用by...短語(yǔ)引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。假如句子帶有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等，多數(shù)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Myglassesarebroken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài))Myglasseswerebrokenbymyson.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。(動(dòng)作)Thelibraryisclosed.圖書(shū)館關(guān)門(mén)了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))Thelibraryisoftenclosedat6：30intheafternoon.圖書(shū)館通常在下午6：30關(guān)門(mén)。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))[即學(xué)即用2]單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Thebosswassatisfied(satisfy)withtheworkers.(2)Thegamewasveryexciting,_andalltheaudiencebecameexcited.(excite)(3)Hegrewmuchired(tire)ofthework.(4)Theshoponthecornerhasstayedclosed(close)fortwodays.(5)Wearepleased(please)toseeyouhere.三、過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中，過(guò)去分詞可以用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。能用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都是及物動(dòng)詞，表示被動(dòng)意義或完成意義，有時(shí)候兩者兼有。作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。例如：Shefoundthedoorbrokenintowhenshecameback.她回來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)覺(jué)有人破門(mén)而入。過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的句式：(1)過(guò)去分詞用在表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞keep，leave等后面。Theykeptthedoorlockedforalongtime.他們把門(mén)鎖了好長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。(2)“have＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞”可以表示兩種含義。①表示“讓某人做某事”。Ihavehadmybikerepaired.我讓人修了我的自行車(chē)。②表示“遭受到某種不幸；受到打擊”。Myeldersisterhadherwalletstolenonabuslastmonth.上個(gè)月，我姐姐的錢(qián)包在公共汽車(chē)上被偷了。(3)在“make＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)詞必需表示結(jié)果。Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard.我提高了嗓門(mén)以便被別人聽(tīng)到。(4)過(guò)去分詞常用在感官動(dòng)詞watch，notice，see，hear，listento，feel，find等后面。Whenwegottoschool,wesawthedoorlocked.當(dāng)我們到學(xué)校時(shí)，我們望見(jiàn)門(mén)鎖著。(5)過(guò)去分詞用在want,wish,like,order等表示“希望，愿望，吩咐”這一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Iwantthesuitmadetohisownmeasure.我想要這套衣服照他自己的尺寸做。(6)過(guò)去分詞用在“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Withmanybrightly－coloredflowersplantedaroundthebuilding,hishouselookslikeabeautifulgarden.樓四周種了很多色調(diào)艷麗的花，他的房子看上去就像一座美麗的花園。[即學(xué)即用3]單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Youshouldmakeyourviewsknown(know)tothepublic.(2)Tommustgethisbikerepaired(repair)．(3)Weconsideredthemattersettled(settle)．(4)Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood(understand)．(5)Tenyearslater,hereturnedandfoundeverythingchanged(change)．四、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)(1)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常表示時(shí)間、條件、緣由、方式、伴隨、讓步等含義，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，一般用逗號(hào)同其他成分隔開(kāi)。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)一樣，與句子主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生，或者與謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。Seenfromthetower,thecitylooksbeautiful.從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。(作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓?chǎng)大雨，所以他全身濕透了。(作緣由狀語(yǔ))Growninrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.假如種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。(作條件狀語(yǔ))Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得力倦神疲，他們還是接著追逐著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。(作讓步狀語(yǔ))Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。(作方式狀語(yǔ))Hewentintotheoffice,followedbysomechildren.他走進(jìn)辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。(作伴隨狀語(yǔ))(2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必需和主句的主語(yǔ)保持一樣，兩者之間通常存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；假如不一樣，過(guò)去分詞前必需加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。Givenmoretime，Icouldhavesolvedthatpuzzle.多給我一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間，我就能猜出那個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。(句子的主語(yǔ)I和動(dòng)詞give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)Everythingdone,wewenthome.一切事情都做完了，我們就回家了。(done的邏輯主語(yǔ)為everything，不是句子的主語(yǔ)we)(3)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)havingbeendone的區(qū)分。①相同點(diǎn)：都可以作狀語(yǔ)，都表示被動(dòng)、完成兩種關(guān)系。②不同點(diǎn)：作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，havingbeendone表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前；而done則不強(qiáng)調(diào)這層含義；過(guò)去分詞可作定語(yǔ)而havingbeendone一般不作定語(yǔ)。Havingbeentoldhowtodoit,Tomfinishedtheworkeasily.被告知如何做之后，湯姆很輕松地完成了工作。(強(qiáng)調(diào)先告知后完成)Givenmoretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.假如多給一些時(shí)間，他會(huì)干得更精彩。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后)[即學(xué)即用4]單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Compared(compare)towhatyouhavedone,whatIhavedoneisn'tworthmentioning.(2)Laughed(laugh)atbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisresearch.(3)Whenasked(ask)ifhehadanydrugswithhim,heclaimedhewasclean.(4)Lost(lose)inthought,healmostranintothecar.(5)Unlessinvited(invite),Iwon'tattendtheget－together.Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．TheWhitesliveinahousebuilt(build)morethanacenturyago.2．Thejudgemadethefinaldecisionafterlisteningtotheopinionsofeachpartyinvolved(involve)．3．Itisoneofthefunniestthingsfound(find)ontheInternetsofarthisyear.4．Pleaseremainseated(seat);thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.5．Thequestionwassodifficulttoanswer,andthestudentslookedpuzzled(puzzle)．6．Johnhadhislegwounded(wound)whentryingtosaveaboyfromafire.7．Theydiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarried(carry)outthenextyear.8.Put(put)touselastmonth,thenewmachinehasbeensolvingtheproblemseasily.9.Filled(fill)upwitholdfurniture,thehouseappearstobeinamess.10．Onceprogrammed(program)whattodo,thecomputersshowextraordinarypowertodoagreatdeal.Ⅱ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換1．Whentheparkisseenfromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.→Seen_from_the_hill,_theparklooksmorebeautiful.2．Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpractisedevenharder.→Beaten_by_the_opposite_team,_theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpractisedevenharder.3．ThebookgiventohimisanEnglishnovel.→Thebookhat/which_was_given_to_himisanEnglishnovel.4．Thefrightenedhorseranawayfromthefire.→Thehorsehat/which_was_frightenedranawayfromthefire.5．Theship,whichwashitbyahugepieceoficeberg,cametoasuddenstop.→Theship,hit_byahugepieceoficeberg,cametoasuddenstop.6．Givenafewminutes,I'llfinishit.→If_I_am_givenafewminutes,I'llfinishit.單元語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目(二)——情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推想[語(yǔ)法圖解][視察]①I(mǎi)thinkmyFrenchtutormightknowoneofthem.②Theymightbeshelteringinacave.③Theymighthavefallenbehind.④Helooksupset.Hemustbehavingsomeproblems.⑤Youcan'thavefailedtheexam.⑥Ithinktheoldwomanmustbeaniceperson.⑦Youarewetenough.Youmusthavegotcaughtintherain.⑧Hecan'tbehomenow.Hejustleftfiveminutesago.⑨Canhehavelosthiskey?⑩Hecan'tbeplayingbasketball.Theteacheristalkingtohimabouthishomework.[發(fā)覺(jué)](1)must表示特別有把握的推想，意為“確定”；eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(mustbe/do是對(duì)現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句⑥；,mustbedoing是對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的推想，如句④；,musthavedone是對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推想，如句⑦。))(2)may/might表示有確定可能的推想，意為“可能，或許，或許”。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(may/mightbe/do是對(duì)現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句①；,may/mightbedoing是對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的推想，如,句②；,may/mighthavedone是對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推想，如句③。))(3)can't/couldn't表示否定推想，意為“不行能”。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(can'tbe/do是對(duì)現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句⑧；,can'tbedoing是對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的推想，如句⑩；,can't/couldn'thavedone是對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推想，如句⑤；,can還可以用于疑問(wèn)句，表示“可能”，如句⑨。))表示推想的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示推想，常見(jiàn)的有can/could,may/might,must,should等。一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀況的推想表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在狀況的推想用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋動(dòng)詞原形”形式，其詳細(xì)用法如下：Youmusthavethewrongnumber.Thereisnosuchperson.你確定是搞錯(cuò)了號(hào)碼，這里沒(méi)有這么個(gè)人。Accidentcanhappentoanydrunkendriver.醉酒的司機(jī)都有可能發(fā)生交通事故。Mostaccidentsinthehomecouldbeprevented.大多數(shù)家庭意外事故都是可以避開(kāi)的。Johnisabsent.Hemay/mightbeill.約翰沒(méi)來(lái)，他可能病了。Sheusuallygetsupveryearly.Shecan'tmissthebus.她通常都起得很早，不行能誤了公交車(chē)。Hemay/mightnotbeathome.他可能不在家。It'salreadyten.Shepromisedtocomebyten.Sheshouldbehereatanymoment.已經(jīng)10點(diǎn)了，她答應(yīng)10點(diǎn)來(lái)的。她隨時(shí)都可能到。[即學(xué)即用1]單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Itcan't/couldn'tbetheheadmaster.HehasgonetoAmerica.(2)Ialwaysseethisoldmanatthegateofourschool.Hemustlivenearby.(3)Ihaven'tdecidedwhereI'mgoingformyholiday.ImaygotoAustralia.(4)Lifeisunpredictable;eventhepoorestmightbecometherichest.(5)It'snearlyseveno'clock.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.二、對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推想表示對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的推想，常用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋havedone”形式，其詳細(xì)用法如下：形式用法意義musthavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去狀況的確定推想確定做過(guò)……may/might(not)have表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情可能性不大的推想可能(沒(méi))做過(guò)……can/couldnothavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去不行能發(fā)生的事情的推想確定沒(méi)做過(guò)……Thelightison.Wemusthaveforgottentoturnitofflastnight.燈還亮著，我們昨晚確定是遺忘關(guān)上了。Ididn'thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.我沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到電話聲，我確定是睡著了。Johnmay/mightnothavepassedtheexam;helooksverysad.約翰可能沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試，他看起來(lái)很難受。Shecan't/couldn'thavegonetobed,forthelightinherroomisstillon.她不行能上床睡覺(jué)了，因?yàn)樗块g的燈還亮著。Can/Couldhehavepassedtheexam?他可能通過(guò)考試了嗎？[即學(xué)即用2]單句語(yǔ)法填空(1)Sincenobodygavehimanyhelp,hemusthavedonetheresearchonhisown.(2)Hecan't/couldn'thavegonetoShanghaiforIsawhimaminuteago.(3)FromwhatTomsaidjustnow,hemay/mighthaveheardofitfromMary.三、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋bedoing”可以表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的狀況的推想Thelittleboymightbesleepingthistimeofday.那個(gè)小男孩兒這個(gè)時(shí)間可能正在睡覺(jué)。HemustbewatchingTVnow.他現(xiàn)在確定正在看電視。四、“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋havedone”還可表示虛擬(1)“could＋havedone”表示“原來(lái)可能完成而實(shí)際未完成的動(dòng)作”，常用于確定句。Hecouldhavepassedtheexam,buthewastoocareless.原來(lái)他能夠通過(guò)考試，但是他太馬虎了。(2)“would/wouldn't＋havedone”表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的假設(shè)，意思是“原來(lái)會(huì)/不會(huì)做……”。Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thaveachievedsomuch.沒(méi)有你的幫助，我是不會(huì)取得如此好的成果的。(3)“need/needn't＋havedone”表示“原來(lái)須要/不須要做某事而沒(méi)有做/做了”。Ineedn'thaveboughtsomuchwine,becauseonlyfivepeoplecame.我原來(lái)沒(méi)有必要買(mǎi)這么多酒，因?yàn)橹粊?lái)了五個(gè)人。(4)“should/shouldn't＋havedone”表示“原來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)/不應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事，而實(shí)際沒(méi)做/做了”。Tom,youaretoolazy.Theworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.湯姆，你太懶散了，這項(xiàng)工作原來(lái)應(yīng)當(dāng)昨天就做完的。(5)“may/might＋havedone”表示“過(guò)去某事本可能發(fā)生而事實(shí)上卻并沒(méi)發(fā)生”。Hemay/mighthavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewasverybusy.他原來(lái)可以給你更多幫助的，但是他很忙。[即學(xué)即用3]完成句子(1)Wecould_have_walkedtothestation,becauseitwassonear.我們?cè)瓉?lái)是可以走到車(chē)站去的，因?yàn)槁泛芙?2)Ifwehadtakentheotherroad,wemight_have_arrivedearlier.假如我們選擇另一條路，我們可能會(huì)到得早一些。(3)Atthismoment,ourteachermust_be_correctingourexampapers.這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們的老師想必正在批改我們的試卷。(4)Weshouldn't_have_waited_forherbecauseshenevercame.我們本不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)人?，因?yàn)樗静粫?huì)來(lái)。(5)Iwould_have_helpedyou,butIwastoobusy.我本想幫你，但我太忙了。Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Youhaven'teatenanythingsincemorning;youmustbehungry.2．—Waiter!HowsooncanIgetmyfood?Ijusthavehalfanhourleftbeforemytrainleaves.—Itshouldbereadyinfiveminutes.3．—Whatareyoudoing,John?Whystop?—Tobeonthesafeside,weshouldfillupthetanknowforwemightrunoutofgasontheway.4．—IsthereanyflighttoNewYork?—Ithinktherecan'tbe,foritissnowingsoheavily.5．Hemusthavecompletedhiswork;