2024秋高中英語Unit13PeopleSectionⅢGrammar學(xué)案含解析北師大版必修5

PAGEPeopleSectionⅢGrammar單元語法項(xiàng)目(一)——過去分詞[語法圖解][視察]①Atwork,itisIQthatgetsyouhiredbutitisEQthatgetsyoupromoted.②Supportedbyhisacademicresearch,ProfessorSaloveysuggeststhat...③PeopleareoftenmistakeninthinkingthatthosewithhighIQsalwayshavehighEQsaswell.④ProfessorMayer,recognisedbymanyasaleadingexpertin...⑤Theyalsoshowedabetterunderstandingofthedisabledstudents'feelingscomparedtostudentswho...⑥Accusedofstealingmoney,themanwasbroughttocourt.⑦Youpretendtobeinterested.⑧Seenatadistance,thepicturelooksmorebeautiful.⑨Whenaskedwhyhewaslate,hewentred.[發(fā)覺](1)以上句子中的過去分詞或過去分詞短語在句中分別作：句①：賓語補(bǔ)足語；句④、句⑤：定語；句③、句⑦：表語；句②、句⑥、句⑧、句⑨：狀語。(2)句①中hired,promoted與賓語you之間為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系/動賓關(guān)系。(3)句③、句⑦中mistaken和interested為形容詞化的過去分詞，表示主語所處的(被動)狀態(tài)。(4)在過去分詞作狀語的句子中，過去分詞分別作：句⑥：緣由狀語；句⑧：條件狀語；句⑨：時(shí)間狀語。一、過去分詞作定語(1)單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語，通常放在所修飾的名詞前；過去分詞短語作定語時(shí)，通常放在所修飾的名詞后。例如：pollutedwater被污染的水deathcausedbyaccidents由意外引起的死亡abrokenglass被打破的玻璃杯aglassbrokenbytheboy被這個(gè)男孩打破的玻璃杯(2)過去分詞作定語與定語從句的互換。過去分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，它是由定語從句省去主語和助動詞而形成的，但它比定語從句更簡潔。例如：Anorganizedtripisatrip(whichis)organizedbysomebodyorsomeorganizations.有組織的旅行就是由某人或某些機(jī)構(gòu)組織的旅行。(3)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)分?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語修飾名詞，它們的區(qū)分主要表現(xiàn)在語態(tài)和時(shí)間關(guān)系上。①在語態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表“主動”，而過去分詞表“被動”。例如：surprisingnews令人驚訝的消息surprisedlisteners驚訝的聽眾②在時(shí)間關(guān)系上不同：一般來說，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進(jìn)行，而過去分詞所表示的動作往往已經(jīng)完成。例如：thechangingworld正在變更的世界thechangedworld已經(jīng)變更了的世界[即學(xué)即用1](1)單句語法填空①Heneedsaqualified(qualify)doctortohelphim.②Everythingused(use)shouldbemarked.(2)改錯(cuò)①Isthereanythingplanningfortonight？planning改為planned②Theexcitingpeoplerushedintothebuilding.exciting改為excited二、過去分詞作表語(1)過去分詞可放在系動詞be,get,remain,seem等后作表語，其用法相當(dāng)于形容詞。過去分詞作表語時(shí)多表示主語的感受或所處的狀態(tài)，其構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語有時(shí)接近被動結(jié)構(gòu)。Thestudentsarefullyprepared.學(xué)生們已做好了充分的打算。Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeopleweremoved.看到這么感人的情景，全部人都感動了。Ifeelexcitedjustthinkingaboutit.一想到它我就興奮。Theshophasremainedshutforaweek.這家商店已關(guān)門一周了。(2)系表結(jié)構(gòu)與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)分：“系動詞＋過去分詞”表示狀態(tài)時(shí)，是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，多與at/with/in...等介詞短語連用；表示一個(gè)動作時(shí)，是被動語態(tài)，常用by...短語引出動作的執(zhí)行者。假如句子帶有時(shí)間狀語、方式狀語等，多數(shù)是被動語態(tài)。Myglassesarebroken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài))Myglasseswerebrokenbymyson.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。(動作)Thelibraryisclosed.圖書館關(guān)門了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))Thelibraryisoftenclosedat6：30intheafternoon.圖書館通常在下午6：30關(guān)門。(被動語態(tài))[即學(xué)即用2]單句語法填空(1)Thebosswassatisfied(satisfy)withtheworkers.(2)Thegamewasveryexciting,_andalltheaudiencebecameexcited.(excite)(3)Hegrewmuchired(tire)ofthework.(4)Theshoponthecornerhasstayedclosed(close)fortwodays.(5)Wearepleased(please)toseeyouhere.三、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語英語中，過去分詞可以用作賓語補(bǔ)足語。能用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞一般都是及物動詞，表示被動意義或完成意義，有時(shí)候兩者兼有。作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞與賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，即賓語是過去分詞動作的對象。例如：Shefoundthedoorbrokenintowhenshecameback.她回來時(shí)發(fā)覺有人破門而入。過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的句式：(1)過去分詞用在表示狀態(tài)的動詞keep，leave等后面。Theykeptthedoorlockedforalongtime.他們把門鎖了好長一段時(shí)間。(2)“have＋賓語＋過去分詞”可以表示兩種含義。①表示“讓某人做某事”。Ihavehadmybikerepaired.我讓人修了我的自行車。②表示“遭受到某種不幸；受到打擊”。Myeldersisterhadherwalletstolenonabuslastmonth.上個(gè)月，我姐姐的錢包在公共汽車上被偷了。(3)在“make＋賓語＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞的動詞必需表示結(jié)果。Iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard.我提高了嗓門以便被別人聽到。(4)過去分詞常用在感官動詞watch，notice，see，hear，listento，feel，find等后面。Whenwegottoschool,wesawthedoorlocked.當(dāng)我們到學(xué)校時(shí)，我們望見門鎖著。(5)過去分詞用在want,wish,like,order等表示“希望，愿望，吩咐”這一類動詞的后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。Iwantthesuitmadetohisownmeasure.我想要這套衣服照他自己的尺寸做。(6)過去分詞用在“with＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞與賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系。Withmanybrightly－coloredflowersplantedaroundthebuilding,hishouselookslikeabeautifulgarden.樓四周種了很多色調(diào)艷麗的花，他的房子看上去就像一座美麗的花園。[即學(xué)即用3]單句語法填空(1)Youshouldmakeyourviewsknown(know)tothepublic.(2)Tommustgethisbikerepaired(repair)．(3)Weconsideredthemattersettled(settle)．(4)Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood(understand)．(5)Tenyearslater,hereturnedandfoundeverythingchanged(change)．四、過去分詞作狀語(1)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，常表示時(shí)間、條件、緣由、方式、伴隨、讓步等含義，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般用逗號同其他成分隔開。過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語與句子主語一樣，與句子主語是被動關(guān)系。過去分詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生，或者與謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。Seenfromthetower,thecitylooksbeautiful.從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。(作時(shí)間狀語)Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓龃笥辏运頋裢噶恕?作緣由狀語)Growninrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.假如種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。(作條件狀語)Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得力倦神疲，他們還是接著追逐著那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜。(作讓步狀語)Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife.那個(gè)老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。(作方式狀語)Hewentintotheoffice,followedbysomechildren.他走進(jìn)辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。(作伴隨狀語)(2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語與主句主語的關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必需和主句的主語保持一樣，兩者之間通常存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系；假如不一樣，過去分詞前必需加上自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。Givenmoretime，Icouldhavesolvedthatpuzzle.多給我一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間，我就能猜出那個(gè)謎語。(句子的主語I和動詞give之間是被動關(guān)系)Everythingdone,wewenthome.一切事情都做完了，我們就回家了。(done的邏輯主語為everything，不是句子的主語we)(3)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)havingbeendone的區(qū)分。①相同點(diǎn)：都可以作狀語，都表示被動、完成兩種關(guān)系。②不同點(diǎn)：作狀語時(shí)，havingbeendone表示該動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前；而done則不強(qiáng)調(diào)這層含義；過去分詞可作定語而havingbeendone一般不作定語。Havingbeentoldhowtodoit,Tomfinishedtheworkeasily.被告知如何做之后，湯姆很輕松地完成了工作。(強(qiáng)調(diào)先告知后完成)Givenmoretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.假如多給一些時(shí)間，他會干得更精彩。(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后)[即學(xué)即用4]單句語法填空(1)Compared(compare)towhatyouhavedone,whatIhavedoneisn'tworthmentioning.(2)Laughed(laugh)atbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisresearch.(3)Whenasked(ask)ifhehadanydrugswithhim,heclaimedhewasclean.(4)Lost(lose)inthought,healmostranintothecar.(5)Unlessinvited(invite),Iwon'tattendtheget－together.Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．TheWhitesliveinahousebuilt(build)morethanacenturyago.2．Thejudgemadethefinaldecisionafterlisteningtotheopinionsofeachpartyinvolved(involve)．3．Itisoneofthefunniestthingsfound(find)ontheInternetsofarthisyear.4．Pleaseremainseated(seat);thewinneroftheprizewillbeannouncedsoon.5．Thequestionwassodifficulttoanswer,andthestudentslookedpuzzled(puzzle)．6．Johnhadhislegwounded(wound)whentryingtosaveaboyfromafire.7．Theydiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarried(carry)outthenextyear.8.Put(put)touselastmonth,thenewmachinehasbeensolvingtheproblemseasily.9.Filled(fill)upwitholdfurniture,thehouseappearstobeinamess.10．Onceprogrammed(program)whattodo,thecomputersshowextraordinarypowertodoagreatdeal.Ⅱ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換1．Whentheparkisseenfromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.→Seen_from_the_hill,_theparklooksmorebeautiful.2．Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpractisedevenharder.→Beaten_by_the_opposite_team,_theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpractisedevenharder.3．ThebookgiventohimisanEnglishnovel.→Thebookhat/which_was_given_to_himisanEnglishnovel.4．Thefrightenedhorseranawayfromthefire.→Thehorsehat/which_was_frightenedranawayfromthefire.5．Theship,whichwashitbyahugepieceoficeberg,cametoasuddenstop.→Theship,hit_byahugepieceoficeberg,cametoasuddenstop.6．Givenafewminutes,I'llfinishit.→If_I_am_givenafewminutes,I'llfinishit.單元語法項(xiàng)目(二)——情態(tài)動詞表示推想[語法圖解][視察]①IthinkmyFrenchtutormightknowoneofthem.②Theymightbeshelteringinacave.③Theymighthavefallenbehind.④Helooksupset.Hemustbehavingsomeproblems.⑤Youcan'thavefailedtheexam.⑥Ithinktheoldwomanmustbeaniceperson.⑦Youarewetenough.Youmusthavegotcaughtintherain.⑧Hecan'tbehomenow.Hejustleftfiveminutesago.⑨Canhehavelosthiskey?⑩Hecan'tbeplayingbasketball.Theteacheristalkingtohimabouthishomework.[發(fā)覺](1)must表示特別有把握的推想，意為“確定”；eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(mustbe/do是對現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句⑥；,mustbedoing是對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作的推想，如句④；,musthavedone是對過去狀況的推想，如句⑦。))(2)may/might表示有確定可能的推想，意為“可能，或許，或許”。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(may/mightbe/do是對現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句①；,may/mightbedoing是對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作的推想，如,句②；,may/mighthavedone是對過去狀況的推想，如句③。))(3)can't/couldn't表示否定推想，意為“不行能”。eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(can'tbe/do是對現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài)的推想，如句⑧；,can'tbedoing是對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作的推想，如句⑩；,can't/couldn'thavedone是對過去狀況的推想，如句⑤；,can還可以用于疑問句，表示“可能”，如句⑨。))表示推想的情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞可用來表示推想，常見的有can/could,may/might,must,should等。一、對現(xiàn)在狀況的推想表示對現(xiàn)在狀況的推想用“情態(tài)動詞＋動詞原形”形式，其詳細(xì)用法如下：Youmusthavethewrongnumber.Thereisnosuchperson.你確定是搞錯(cuò)了號碼，這里沒有這么個(gè)人。Accidentcanhappentoanydrunkendriver.醉酒的司機(jī)都有可能發(fā)生交通事故。Mostaccidentsinthehomecouldbeprevented.大多數(shù)家庭意外事故都是可以避開的。Johnisabsent.Hemay/mightbeill.約翰沒來，他可能病了。Sheusuallygetsupveryearly.Shecan'tmissthebus.她通常都起得很早，不行能誤了公交車。Hemay/mightnotbeathome.他可能不在家。It'salreadyten.Shepromisedtocomebyten.Sheshouldbehereatanymoment.已經(jīng)10點(diǎn)了，她答應(yīng)10點(diǎn)來的。她隨時(shí)都可能到。[即學(xué)即用1]單句語法填空(1)Itcan't/couldn'tbetheheadmaster.HehasgonetoAmerica.(2)Ialwaysseethisoldmanatthegateofourschool.Hemustlivenearby.(3)Ihaven'tdecidedwhereI'mgoingformyholiday.ImaygotoAustralia.(4)Lifeisunpredictable;eventhepoorestmightbecometherichest.(5)It'snearlyseveno'clock.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.二、對過去狀況的推想表示對過去狀況的推想，常用“情態(tài)動詞＋havedone”形式，其詳細(xì)用法如下：形式用法意義musthavedone表示對過去狀況的確定推想確定做過……may/might(not)have表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情可能性不大的推想可能(沒)做過……can/couldnothavedone表示對過去不行能發(fā)生的事情的推想確定沒做過……Thelightison.Wemusthaveforgottentoturnitofflastnight.燈還亮著，我們昨晚確定是遺忘關(guān)上了。Ididn'thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.我沒有聽到電話聲，我確定是睡著了。Johnmay/mightnothavepassedtheexam;helooksverysad.約翰可能沒有通過考試，他看起來很難受。Shecan't/couldn'thavegonetobed,forthelightinherroomisstillon.她不行能上床睡覺了，因?yàn)樗块g的燈還亮著。Can/Couldhehavepassedtheexam?他可能通過考試了嗎？[即學(xué)即用2]單句語法填空(1)Sincenobodygavehimanyhelp,hemusthavedonetheresearchonhisown.(2)Hecan't/couldn'thavegonetoShanghaiforIsawhimaminuteago.(3)FromwhatTomsaidjustnow,hemay/mighthaveheardofitfromMary.三、“情態(tài)動詞＋bedoing”可以表示對現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的狀況的推想Thelittleboymightbesleepingthistimeofday.那個(gè)小男孩兒這個(gè)時(shí)間可能正在睡覺。HemustbewatchingTVnow.他現(xiàn)在確定正在看電視。四、“情態(tài)動詞＋havedone”還可表示虛擬(1)“could＋havedone”表示“原來可能完成而實(shí)際未完成的動作”，常用于確定句。Hecouldhavepassedtheexam,buthewastoocareless.原來他能夠通過考試，但是他太馬虎了。(2)“would/wouldn't＋havedone”表示對過去事情的假設(shè)，意思是“原來會/不會做……”。Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thaveachievedsomuch.沒有你的幫助，我是不會取得如此好的成果的。(3)“need/needn't＋havedone”表示“原來須要/不須要做某事而沒有做/做了”。Ineedn'thaveboughtsomuchwine,becauseonlyfivepeoplecame.我原來沒有必要買這么多酒，因?yàn)橹粊砹宋鍌€(gè)人。(4)“should/shouldn't＋havedone”表示“原來應(yīng)當(dāng)/不應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事，而實(shí)際沒做/做了”。Tom,youaretoolazy.Theworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.湯姆，你太懶散了，這項(xiàng)工作原來應(yīng)當(dāng)昨天就做完的。(5)“may/might＋havedone”表示“過去某事本可能發(fā)生而事實(shí)上卻并沒發(fā)生”。Hemay/mighthavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewasverybusy.他原來可以給你更多幫助的，但是他很忙。[即學(xué)即用3]完成句子(1)Wecould_have_walkedtothestation,becauseitwassonear.我們原來是可以走到車站去的，因?yàn)槁泛芙?2)Ifwehadtakentheotherroad,wemight_have_arrivedearlier.假如我們選擇另一條路，我們可能會到得早一些。(3)Atthismoment,ourteachermust_be_correctingourexampapers.這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們的老師想必正在批改我們的試卷。(4)Weshouldn't_have_waited_forherbecauseshenevercame.我們本不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)人驗(yàn)樗静粫怼?5)Iwould_have_helpedyou,butIwastoobusy.我本想幫你，但我太忙了。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Youhaven'teatenanythingsincemorning;youmustbehungry.2．—Waiter!HowsooncanIgetmyfood?Ijusthavehalfanhourleftbeforemytrainleaves.—Itshouldbereadyinfiveminutes.3．—Whatareyoudoing,John?Whystop?—Tobeonthesafeside,weshouldfillupthetanknowforwemightrunoutofgasontheway.4．—IsthereanyflighttoNewYork?—Ithinktherecan'tbe,foritissnowingsoheavily.5．Hemusthavecompletedhiswork;