英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教材講義

第一章英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)方式上的差異英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構(gòu)成，見(jiàn)下也與名詞復(fù)數(shù)相同)舉例一般加-s以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再舉例詞尾讀音清輔音之后讀[t][t],[d]之后讀[id]元音和濁輔音([d]除外)之后讀[d]以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y時(shí)，結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，雙寫(xiě)清輔音之后讀[t]如weep→wept,sleep→slept現(xiàn)在分詞一律由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，規(guī)則舉例以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞，去掉e,再加以一個(gè)輔音字母(x除外)結(jié)尾的重讀閉begin→beginning,swim→sw以-ie結(jié)尾的詞，變ie為y,再加-ing一般完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)was/were+doing時(shí)(一)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱(chēng)的單數(shù)形式為：否定疑問(wèn)式否定回答動(dòng)詞have(表示“擁有”)的否定疑問(wèn)式否定疑問(wèn)式否定回答.注意：have作為行為動(dòng)詞則只能按照行為動(dòng)詞行為動(dòng)詞(以work為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答(注意要加助動(dòng)詞do/does)否定式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法這些動(dòng)詞可與often,usually,Whenthecurtainrises,Juliet(三)練習(xí)1)見(jiàn)到你我很高興。2)李華只懂一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)。3)他們每天晚上看電視。5)我父親很少去看戲。6)你多久給你的母親寫(xiě)一封信?7)你的朋友看起來(lái)很年輕。8)我預(yù)料你趕得上公共汽車(chē)。二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)否定式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Areyounot(Aren'tyou)studyin.(二)用法：3.有些動(dòng)詞，如come,go,leave,return,arrive,begin,start等，它們的現(xiàn)在(三)練習(xí)1)新生下星期到。2)那邊出了什么事?3)那輛汽車(chē)怎么停在門(mén)外?5)他老愛(ài)開(kāi)玩笑。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(一)構(gòu)成到主語(yǔ)之前。以study為例，其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如否定式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven狀語(yǔ)連用，如today,thesedays,recently,now,lately,for..,since...,inthe狀語(yǔ)，如already,yet,sometimes,always,often,befWherehashebeen?他剛才到哪里去了?(已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)大)1)他們已經(jīng)答復(fù)了我們的信。3)他剛把他的名字告訴我。4)你到過(guò)杭州嗎?-一到過(guò)。我一個(gè)月以前去過(guò)那里。我去過(guò)兩三次。HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou?-5)他在海外住了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。(二)用法I'vebeenwaitingforyousinceeighto'clockinthemorning.我從早上8點(diǎn)鐘We'vebeencleaningtheclassroom,butwehaven'tfi1)你整個(gè)早晨在學(xué)習(xí)什么?2)你已經(jīng)參加過(guò)期末考試了嗎?Thestudentshavebeenpreparingtheirlessonsfort4)我們從小就認(rèn)識(shí)。6)雨一直下了一個(gè)星期。五、一般過(guò)去時(shí)study為例，其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如否定式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法2)你昨天早上是什么時(shí)候醒來(lái)的?—一我六點(diǎn)鐘醒的，可是到七點(diǎn)才起Whattimedidyouwakeupyesterdaymorning?-Iwokeupatsixo'clock,but4)我上中學(xué)的時(shí)候總是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。5)周總理曾經(jīng)常在這里辦公。六、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)第一、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)用was,其他用were.2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用always,contiThetwobrotherswerefrequentlyquar6)她給你打電話的時(shí)候，你在干什么?七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(一)構(gòu)成：一律用had+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。(二)用法：SaddamhadhardlyrealHardlyhadSaddamrealizedwhatwasHehadtoldmethatthemeetingwasat2,butwhenIarrivedIha八、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(一)構(gòu)成Theroadsweredangerous.其余用will.其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：否定式否定疑問(wèn)式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Willyounot(Won'tyou)study.Willhenot(Won'the)study.shallnot的縮寫(xiě)形式為shan't;willnot的縮寫(xiě)形式為won't.ShallIopenthewindow?我打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)好嗎?(征求允諾)諾)令)Iwon't(amnotgoingto)tellyoumyage.我不(愿意)告訴你我的年齡。Cansomebodyhelpme?-Iwill.誰(shuí)能幫我一些嗎?——我來(lái)。(不能goingto替換)Ifyouaregoingtogototheci用begoingto或will.填空：3)I'veleftmywatchupstairs.4)Whowillpostthislette十、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(三)練習(xí)3)你會(huì)見(jiàn)到我的兄弟嗎?4)下學(xué)期你教我們嗎?十一、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(二)用法(三)其他表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)十二、將來(lái)完成時(shí)關(guān)于動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明forget,hate,know,like,love,mean,mind,need,remember,respect,understand,want,wish等。還有admit,permit,如be,belong,to,remain,see,seem,smell,sound在makesure(certain)后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)：getonetoday.這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天訂妥一個(gè)位我現(xiàn)在走了。你務(wù)必把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上。3.將來(lái)時(shí)常用的表達(dá)方式(1)單純將來(lái)時(shí)用shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形表示。TomorrowwillbeSeptember(2)“begoingto+動(dòng)詞原型”這種形式用于人時(shí)表示打算，意圖，也表示Mr.Brownsaysheisgoingtobuy(3)“beto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示命令，安排，疑問(wèn)句中表示征求意見(jiàn)。Youaretocleanthewindow.你要擦窗。AmItosettowork?要著手工作嗎?(4)“beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即刻就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Theywereabouttogoo(6)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示將來(lái)。主要是表示“來(lái)，去，留，住，開(kāi)始，結(jié)WearegoingtoParisonFriday.WeareleaviThepoordogisdying.那條可憐的狗快要死了。4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用；常與already,ever,lately,just,now,在),uptothepresent(直到現(xiàn)在)等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀態(tài)語(yǔ)連用。Uptothepresent,greatchangeshavetakenplace.到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大5.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般ItisfiveyearssinceIleftmiddleschool.(Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadalreadymade25mThefilmhadbeenonforminuteswhen注意：動(dòng)詞expect,hope,mean,plaIhadthoughttomeeth我想過(guò)(或我本想)在那里見(jiàn)她。幾個(gè)常用時(shí)態(tài)的比較Jennylikesthisgreencoat.珍妮喜歡這件綠大衣。(Ifeel(=think,belieI'mseeing(=consulting)adoctor.我正在看某些表示身體感覺(jué)的詞(如hurt,ache,feel等),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在(3)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)說(shuō)明事實(shí)，一般不帶感情色彩；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always,了解)事實(shí))Ihavelostmypen.我把鋼筆丟了。(還沒(méi)有找到)說(shuō)明)(2)有些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如thismorning,tonight,thismonth等，既可以用于時(shí)表示包括“現(xiàn)在”而用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)則與“現(xiàn)在”無(wú)關(guān)。例如：是四月)Ioftenwentswimming第二章助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第一部分助動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)，在句子中只起語(yǔ)法作用，和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)(叫復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)),表達(dá)否定，疑問(wèn)，時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法關(guān)系。其基本形式和作用如下表：原形過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作用構(gòu)成各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成各種完成時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句和否定句、加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣、代替前面相同的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成各種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)一、助動(dòng)詞be的用法Weweretaughthowtouseacomputerlastyear.去年我教過(guò)我們?cè)鯓佑糜?jì)二、助動(dòng)詞have的用法四、助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法第二部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Couldyoulendme$55?你能借給我5Willyouanswerthephone?Itcouldbeyourmother.你去接電話好嗎?可嗎?直截了當(dāng)禮貌客氣(虛禮)尊重婉轉(zhuǎn)Can/Couldtherebeamistake?可能會(huì)有錯(cuò)嗎?Can/Couldhebeoversixtynow?他現(xiàn)在會(huì)有六十多歲嗎?Ifyoudarespeaktomelikethatagain,you'llbesorYououghtnotto/shouldn'tbesleepingnow.ItIfthetrainisuptotime,Johnshould/oughtto一個(gè)站崗。What'shappenedtothatmoney?—HowshouldIknow?那些錢(qián)怎么了?一我怎么知道?WecouldhavestartedTheresultcouldhavebeenbetter.結(jié)果本可以更好一些。晚的時(shí)候本不一該一個(gè)人來(lái)這里的。(實(shí)際是一個(gè)人來(lái)的)際上不是)Youshouldhavecomeheretenminutesearlier.你本應(yīng)該早10分鐘來(lái)才Theboyshouldn'thavebeenplayingpianoItmightraintomorrow.(將Hemayhavesomethingimportanttodo.(現(xiàn)在)他可能有更重要的事要第四部分幾個(gè)用法的區(qū)別拜。(客觀因素，如教規(guī)等)Youdon'thavetotellJenny=Youcanifyoulikebutitisn'tnecessary.你Yes,hemust/oughtto/should/hasto.No,heneedn'Doesheneedtotakethemedicinefourtimesaday?他需嗎?意義，如果是不定式的被動(dòng)形式，來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。類(lèi)似need的這種用Thedinningroomneedscleaningeveryday.=ThedinningroomnSheusedtoworkintothenight.過(guò)去她常工作到深夜。(現(xiàn)在不了)陽(yáng)是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)的。(現(xiàn)在不這樣認(rèn)為了)第三章被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”表示。其中助動(dòng)詞be有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)量和時(shí)態(tài)的變作的執(zhí)行者；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passivevoice)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。TheIraqigovernmentistryingSaddam.伊拉克政府正在審判薩達(dá)姆。Moreandmorepeopleusecomputernow.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Computersaremoreandmorewidelyusednow.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)一定是及物動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞(沒(méi)有詞匯意義),有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與系動(dòng)詞be完全一樣。英語(yǔ)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用的有8個(gè)，以give為例說(shuō)明如下：時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/weregiven一般將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeinggiven過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)“Duringtheinterview,wereyouaskedquestionsinEnglish?”“No,Iwasn'taskedquestionsinEnglish.”“面試的時(shí)候，用英語(yǔ)問(wèn)你問(wèn)題了嗎?”“沒(méi)有，沒(méi)有用英語(yǔ)問(wèn)我問(wèn)題?！盩heoriginoftheuniversewillprobablyneverbeexplained.Istherestaurantbeingdecorated?那家餐館正在裝修嗎?Therestaurantisnotbeingde1.不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。換個(gè)說(shuō)法，有一件事情不知IfeltalittlienervouswhenIwasbeinginterviewThatplacehasbeenturnedintoaswimmingpool.那個(gè)地方已被變成2.說(shuō)話或發(fā)表意見(jiàn)時(shí)，為了顯得客觀公正，也常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。還有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):7.Itisbeendecidedthat已經(jīng)決定的主語(yǔ)；主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)放在by的后面，組成介詞短語(yǔ)，再把這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)放在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。在動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)須說(shuō)明或不必要強(qiáng)調(diào)TheywillopenanewsAnewsupermarketwillbeopenedthereThedoctorgavetwolectTwolecturesweregivenbythedoctorWehavebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats如果主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)),變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可將ThereportersaskedthepresidentsomeThepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.(變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))SomequestionswereaskedthepresidentbytherepHehasbeengivenajob。(變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))Ajobhasbeengiven(to)him.(變直接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ))Thetimetablecanbechangedanytime.時(shí)間表隨時(shí)可以改變。Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.1.不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)2.表示狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作的及物動(dòng)詞，如breakour,belongto,cost,EverybodywantedDoristobethemanager.大家都想讓多里斯來(lái)當(dāng)經(jīng)WelikeeverybodytosaywhattheythiWillyouhelpme(to)dothework?你可以幫助我做干活嗎?Thewarbrokeoutin1937.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)在1937年。穿著不合適。(不說(shuō)Thoughthedressislikedbyme,I'mnotfittedbyWelackmanpoweratthemoment.我們現(xiàn)在缺少人手。(不說(shuō)Mycomputercostmesevenhundredandninetydollars。我花了790美IwasverywelllookedafterwhenIwasworkAnoverpassisbeingputupatthecornerofthestreet.不能說(shuō)Iwasagreedwithbyeverybody.不能說(shuō)Thehousewaswalkedinto。卻可以說(shuō)Thehousewasbrokenintobyme.4.反身代詞和eachother,oneanother作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)。七、關(guān)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明5)Thepolicewillsurelyar6)Mybrotherwillrepairmybikeforme.7)Youmustcleanyourwatcho8)Ididn'ttellyouXiaoWangcoulddothejob.9)Icannotfindmydictionary.12)TheA16)Theworkersthemselvesinvent20)Theydonotmakethiskindo21)Peoplecallhim23)Thefarmerwasploug24)PeoplespeakEnglishinalmostallthecountriesofthewor25)Thewindblew26)Weshallp29)Everyoneexpectst30)Didyoufinishyour31)Doyouwashyourclothe32)Havetheypaid34)Hetoldhisbro8)Youwerenottold(that)thejobcould23)Thefieldwasbeingploughedbythefarme24)Englishisspokeninalmostallth2.用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯以下句子(做翻譯時(shí)，首先要看用什么句型和結(jié)構(gòu)，再1)沒(méi)有人強(qiáng)迫你去做那項(xiàng)工作。2)這個(gè)班由布朗先生教英語(yǔ)。3)那棵大樹(shù)被風(fēng)刮倒了。4)這間教室靠?jī)蓚€(gè)火爐取暖。5)這篇文章是湯姆寫(xiě)的嗎?6)你會(huì)得到老師們的幫助。7)恐怕你要挨批評(píng)了。8)那封信已由王林寫(xiě)好。9)電影放映之前，票已全部售出。10)試卷上所有的題目都必須做嗎?10)Mustallthe12)Thetelevisionhasbeenturnedoff.13)Atomic/Nuclearenergycanbemadegooduseofinproduction.(MatterisknowntobeinconstantmotionandcwaselectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.18)HisfatherhasbeensenttoNanj19)--Hasthe--Thenextstepwillbetakenwhenthenewprogramisworkedo20)—Whenwasthetelephonecallmade?--Ithinkitwasmade第四章虛擬語(yǔ)氣英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的方式差異用法和介紹Itisunlikelythatshecould,might)+動(dòng)詞原形。見(jiàn)下表：If十主語(yǔ)十動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)中，I,he,she,it等后面也可用w不能用was.I(we)should+動(dòng)詞原形形Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.(fact:Hedoesnothavetime,soheIftheydidn'ttakephysicalexercisIfIdyedmyhairblue,everybodywouldlaugha見(jiàn)下表：If十主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞I(we)should+have+過(guò)去分詞去分詞Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.(fact:IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainiHewouldhavealreadyrecoveredfromhisillnessifhehadseenthedoctorinIfwehadknownthatshewastoarriveyesterday,wecouldhavestation.(fact:Wedidn'tknowthatshewastoarriveyestYoudidn'tletmedrive.Ifwehaddriveninturn,youIfyouhadtakentheoldexperiencedworker'sadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedIfmylawyerhadbeenherelasIdidn'tseeyouryoungersisteratthemeeting.Ifsheh現(xiàn)時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句和主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有以下形式：(見(jiàn)表)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式(三種)的過(guò)去式用were),通常要與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連should十動(dòng)詞原形wereto十動(dòng)詞原形I(we)should+動(dòng)詞原形主語(yǔ)+would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形的野餐就推遲)。條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形，說(shuō)明下雨4)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldIfIsawhimtomorrow,Iwouldpassyournotetohim.Ifsheweretomissthetraintomorrow,shemightcomeb萬(wàn)一你失敗了，你準(zhǔn)備怎么辦?Ifyoushouldfail,whatwouldyoudo?IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellherthetruth.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.IbetBrazilwillwintheWorldCup.Ifitshouldlose,Iwouldtreatyouameal.4.當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.(從句說(shuō)是現(xiàn)在。)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.主句指的是現(xiàn)在的情況)(Fact:Shehastrainedveryhard,sosheisabletorunIfshehadn'ttrainedsohard,如果你當(dāng)初每天都練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的話，你的英語(yǔ)就會(huì)說(shuō)得很好。(從句動(dòng)作指的是過(guò)去，主句指的是現(xiàn)在的情況)(fact:Youdidn'tpracticespeakingIfyouhadpracticedspeakingEng1)條件狀語(yǔ)從句省略if:在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，如果條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)中有were,if的條件狀語(yǔ)從句相同。當(dāng)然，如果從句沒(méi)有were,had,或should,就不能Ifyoushouldfail,tryagIfyouhadbeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseHadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IWeren'titfortheexpense,IWereIyou,IwouldgetupearlyeverymoHadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterShouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,IwoulWithoutair,therewouldbenolivingthingWithoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitediffereWithoutpropermeansofcontrol,anuclearreactorwouldexplode.3)用其他方式代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句(可以改寫(xiě)為條件狀語(yǔ)從句。)Itwouldproducebadresultstodothat.用動(dòng)詞不定式=Ifyoudidthat/shoulddothat,itwouldproduwouldhavecome,ifshehadbeeninformedorinvited.Amoreresponsiblepersonwouldnothavelefttheworkhalfdone一個(gè)更負(fù)責(zé)的人是不會(huì)把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比較級(jí))=Ifyou(he,she)weremoreresponsible,you(he,she)wouldnothavelefttheworkhalfNowlet'sdosometran1)聰明一點(diǎn)的人是不會(huì)干出這等蠢事的。AwisermanwouldnothavedonesuchaIshouldhavewrittentheletterearlier.ButIhavebeenverybu3)要能登上珠穆朗瑪峰，那經(jīng)歷該多棒!Itwouldbeafantasticexperiencetoclimbupt1)省略條件從句，如：Itwouldbeverynice.YoucouldhavedoneityoursYoudidn'twantto.)(Fact:Youdidn'tdotheworkyour委婉的表達(dá)法。(Fact:Yousmokeveryofte2)省略主句：在強(qiáng)調(diào)條件從句時(shí)，常省略主句，這種句子常表示一種“已不能實(shí)現(xiàn)”的愿望，主要用于Ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中。FoIfonlyhewerehere!IfonlyIknewmore!Ifonlyhehadstayedwithus!Nowlet'sdosometran要是我聽(tīng)了他的建議就好了!IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice!我如果是一只鳥(niǎo)就好了!IfonlyIwereabird.指的時(shí)現(xiàn)在的狀況，則用過(guò)去式(be用were);指將來(lái)則用would(should,Helookedasifhewereanartist.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEWhenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasEvenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblemNowlet'sdosometranHewalksasifhewereaking.Hewouldnotresigneveniftheheavenshouldcollapse.的意思是“(現(xiàn)在)該.”。Forexample:ItishightimethatyougotItishightimethaItistimethatIbo4.在Iwouldrather(that)...句型中，后面的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were)。這句話的意思是“我寧可...”,表示說(shuō)話人的意愿。ForI'dratheryoudidnotte5.用在suppose開(kāi)頭的祈使句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化與asif后面的動(dòng)詞desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest,beg,move(提議)后面Oursuggestionisthateducationnotbeindustrialized.==Thepresidentdecidedthatthewaragainstterrorismbelaunchedattheright9.上述動(dòng)詞在Itissuggestedthat.,Itisrequiredthat..,It'sreqa.mustfinishb.wouldbefa.leaveb.leavesc.l3.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhea.hadbeenb.hasbeenC.wasa.shouldwashb.bewashedc.wouldwasha.toputb.beputc.shouldputd.beputting8.Thesuggestionhasbeenmadehebasketballgameputoff.a.for;tob.that;bec.a.spokeb.speaksc.speaka.willprotectb.shouldprotectc.shallprotectda.solves15.Hadyoulistenedtothea.areb.werec.wouldbed.wouldhavebeena.Couldb.Shoulda.Wouldheleaveb.Washeleavingc.Were19.yourletter,Iwouldhavewria.IfIreceivedb.ShouldIreceivec.HadIreceivedd.IfIc20.,hewoulda.Ifheweretostudyb.Ifhestudiedharda.wouldbesavedb.woua.wouldcomeb.shouldhavecomec.maa.readb.wasreadingc.hadreadd.hasreada.wouldlendb.wouldhavelentc.ca.canfindb.willfindc.a.wasb.werec.hadbee31.IfIyou,Iwoulda.Iftheteacherhadspokenlouderb.Iftheteacherwillspec.Hadtheteacherspokenlouder34.Ifyou5minuteseara.shouldcome;hadseenb.came;woul35.IfonlyImywatch.36.Yousuchasera.maynotmakeb.mighthavec.shouldn'thavemaded.mightnothavemaa.couldhavepassedb.wereabletopc.musthavepassedd.mia.hadn'tfinisheda.hadstudiedhard;wouldhavc.hadstudiedhard;wouldbed.wouldstudyhard;musthavebeena.beingb.amcaabbbbbbccbcacb二、改錯(cuò)3.Sheinsiststhattheymustg4.Billwishedthatheismoreinterestedinhiswork.5.Hewouldbeagoodsportsmannowifhetrainedregularly.7.Iwishthatyousawthecharmingope8.Thisisnotmydictionary.IfitismineIwil9.Ifmywatchwerenotslowyesterday,Iwouldnothavebeenlate.12.Whatwouldbehappened,iftherewerenosun,ai1.is改為were2.will改為should,或去掉will3.must改為should,或去掉must4.is改為were6.teaches改為taught9.werenot改為hadnot14.rain前面加上to,went改為go第五章非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞2)學(xué)英語(yǔ)不容易?！狪tisnoteasytol變成了seen.動(dòng)詞形式發(fā)生了變化，而且必須發(fā)生變化，因?yàn)檫@些句子有另外的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這是英漢動(dòng)詞的巨大差別，也是中國(guó)人學(xué)英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，動(dòng)詞，這些動(dòng)詞就要改變形式。我們?cè)俦容^“Ilikecooking.”與“Helikescooking.”這兩句話主語(yǔ)不再看“IisnoteasyformetolearnEnglish.”和“Itisnoteasyforhimtolearn(1)動(dòng)詞不定式tostudy(to+動(dòng)詞原形)(2)分詞studying(現(xiàn)在分詞)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式有以下幾種形式變化(以write為例):態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞過(guò)去分詞一、動(dòng)詞不定式(一)構(gòu)成和用法放在后面).的主語(yǔ))ForhisbrotherJohntogotoseaseemsnaturaIthasnotyetbeendecidedwhenandwheretodiwrong錯(cuò)誤的，等等。為什么這些詞要用of引出不It'sverykindofyoutocometoseeusoff.=You'rekindtocomMydaughterpreferredtohaveeggsandmilkforbreakfast(2)不定式可以和how,which,what,who,whom,whose,when,where還有在hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(寧愿),wouldsooner(寧愿),would(just)assoon(寧愿),cannotbut(不能不，不由得不),cannothelpbut(不能不，ThemanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryRatherthanJohndoit,I'dprefertodothejobmyself.與其讓John干這件事呢?呢?嗎?錯(cuò)對(duì)對(duì)切的答復(fù)。PerhapsthemostpopularwayofrelaxingistoparticMyadviceisforyoutoapologizTorespectothersi5.不定式短語(yǔ)和疑問(wèn)詞連用(who,whom,whose,what,which,when,wherhow,還包括whether)(1)做主語(yǔ)。(2)做表語(yǔ)。Whatremainsforyoutoexplainishowtoputtheplanintopracti(3)作賓語(yǔ)，常用這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有ask,consider,decidediscuss,explain,forget,findout,guess,inquire,know,learn,remember,see(=understand),show,settle(=decide),tell(=know),think,u嗎?Howcanyoutellwhichbuttontopress?你怎么知道按哪個(gè)按鈕?有些雙賓語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞，也可用這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)做直接Willyouadvisemewhichtobuy?你建議我買(mǎi)哪個(gè)?Pleaseinformmewheretoget(4)做定語(yǔ)。Nobelbegantoseekwaysinwhichtomakethe為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時(shí)用inorderto(為了)或soasto(以便)加動(dòng)詞原形，放(2)表示原因。HereturnedhomefromhAnexplosionisreportedkilled.=It'sreportedhavebeenkilled.(二)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。動(dòng)詞不定式一般有三種時(shí)態(tài)形式，即一般式、進(jìn)行式(1)一般式(to+動(dòng)詞原形):表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))Ihopetoseeyouagain.我希望再見(jiàn)到你(tosee發(fā)生在hope之后)(2)進(jìn)行式(tobe+現(xiàn)在分詞):表示主句謂Whenhecamein,IhappenedtobeslThepresidentwasreportedtobevisitingthehospital.據(jù)報(bào)道總統(tǒng)正在訪問(wèn)那家(3)完成式(tohave+過(guò)去分詞):表示在主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的事情。:I'mgladtohavemetyourparentshere.我很高興在這兒見(jiàn)到了你父母(已見(jiàn)過(guò))久。(已經(jīng)等過(guò)了)I'dliketohavebeenofferedthejoband(tohavebprovemyself.我真想(當(dāng)時(shí))把這個(gè)工作給了我，給我個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)讓我證明我自Ihadhopedtovisitthegreatpyramid.=Ihopedtohavevisitedthegreatpyramid.TheywouldhavelikedtohaveWhat'stobedonenext?下一步做什么?Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.為了避免重復(fù)，不定式可省略，但to有時(shí)保留，有時(shí)不保留。例如：Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to).如果你努力，你會(huì)成功的。George說(shuō)要離開(kāi)上海，但是我不認(rèn)為他真的愿意走。Someofthemretired,andotherswe意。”“Didyoupasstheexam?”“No,Itried(to),butIfailed.”“你考試及格了meanto打算oughtto應(yīng)該兒?(三)練習(xí)2)Iamgoing(問(wèn)問(wèn)題).→toask6)Sheisafraid(獨(dú)自去).→togoalone7)Ipretended(睡著了).→tobeasleep10)Mr.Greenseemed(越來(lái)越不喜歡他).25)Theteacherwantedthecompo2.漢譯英1)學(xué)生們要求進(jìn)來(lái)。2)我希望不久可以見(jiàn)到我奶奶。3)我剛才設(shè)法把門(mén)打開(kāi)了。JustnowImanagedto4)我答應(yīng)等他。Ihavepromisedtowaitforhim5)那位官員拒絕見(jiàn)我。6)他們似乎誤了火車(chē)。Theyseemtohavemissedth7)你想要和我一起走嗎?Doyouwanttogowi8)他沒(méi)答應(yīng)走開(kāi)。9)他答應(yīng)不走開(kāi)。Hepromisednottog10)記住不要和那個(gè)阿飛(teddyboy)說(shuō)話。Remembernottospeakto(talkwith)thatteddyboy.11)我希望不久接到他們的來(lái)信。12)比爾好像并不明白。13)你一定要記住，到七點(diǎn)鐘你才能離開(kāi)。Youmustremembernottoleaveuntilseveno14)那些人不愿意留在這里。20)為什么你不讓她幫助你?22)你要我干什么呢?36)工人們太累了(betiredenough),立刻就睡著了。在It'snouse;It's(no)good;It'suseless;It(should)besoldtopa指)但他不喜歡和你跳。(特制)做)過(guò)我嗎?(已見(jiàn)過(guò)面)情2)謝謝你給我寫(xiě)信。5)你要吃點(diǎn)什么,別不好意思說(shuō)。14)光線夠好的，可以看書(shū)。 5)Wedecided(put)offthemeetinguntil8)Hemadeher(14)Heremembers(go)toShanghaiwithhis16)Thethiefkept(say)hehadn'ttakenthep17)Thepolicemansawhim20)Letme(know)ifyouhaddecided(go).→know;to21)Hepromised(come)23)Don'tforget(see)yourgrandmatMr.RobinsonhasdrunkfiveHavingfailedthreetimes,hedidn'twanttotryagain.(=AshehadfaThequestionbeingdiscusseds(1)在語(yǔ)態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意思，表示它所修飾的人或物的行為；眾afrighteningdog一條讓人害怕的狗/afrighteneddog一條被嚇壞了的狗drivinggears主動(dòng)齒輪/drivengears從動(dòng)齒輪(2)在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示動(dòng)作已完thefallingrain(正在下的雨)/thefallenleaves(落下的樹(shù)葉)ahigh-flyingkite(高飛的風(fēng)箏)developingcountriestheinspiredsoldiers受到鼓舞的士兵aboxcontainingtea裝茶葉theteacontainedinabfallingsnow正在下的雪fallensnow落在地上的雪amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointingexciting/excited,frightening/frightenedmoving/moved,relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satshocking/shockedsurprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,家，她決定給他們留個(gè)條。(主動(dòng)意義，幾乎同時(shí))同時(shí))窗戶(hù)關(guān)上。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)再三謝我。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)Persuadebymymother,shegladlywenttherealone.在我母親勸說(shuō)下，她才高興地獨(dú)自去那里。(被動(dòng)意義，在謂語(yǔ)之前)Havingwateredthevegetables,theybegantopickuptheapples.=After分詞的用法Mostofthestudentssingingweregirls.(現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞sleeping)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子車(chē)?guó)B飛行課程swimming)游泳的女孩swimming)游泳池現(xiàn)在分詞和它所修飾的名詞都要重讀，動(dòng)名詞所修飾的名詞則不必TheteacherwantstotalktothestudentswhSeeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.Heated,themetalexpands.(=Themetalexpandsiphysicsharder.(=AsthThechildrenwentawaylaughing.(=ThechildrenwentawayTheprofessorstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.(=TheLookingoutofthewindow,Isawlotsofpeoplethere.(=WhenIlookedWesattwohoursandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperimen(3)在“have+賓語(yǔ)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞表Fatherhadmeswimmingthewholesummer在“have(get)+賓語(yǔ)十過(guò)去分遭遇)(6)generallyspeaking(一般地說(shuō)),roughlyspeaking(粗略地說(shuō)),分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(haviHavingwrittentheletter,Johnwenttothepostoffice.(=Afterhehad(=AshehaslivedinBeijingforyears,LaoWangknowsHavingdrunktwoglassesofwater2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being+過(guò)去分詞)通常表示“正在被…”可用現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的完成式(having+been+過(guò)去分詞)。例如：Thebridgebeingbuiltwillbecompletednextmonth.正在修建的那座橋Havingbeenkeptoutoftheroomabouthalfanhourforhisreturninglate,1.用現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)改寫(xiě)下列句子：Examples:Astudentisreadingabookoverth→ThestudentreadingabookoverHesatthere.HewaswatchingthemenTheplanisaboutmiddleschooTheteacheristakingawalkontheplayground.HeisourteacherofEnglish.→TheteachertakingawalkontheplaygroundisourteacherofEnglish.Thebirdsfilledtheairwithmusic.Theyweresingingi→ThebirdssinginginthetreesfilleHereisanovel.ItwaswrittenbyLuX→Hereisanovelwritte→Thelang