新概念第四冊Lesson+38++Water+and+the+traveller講義

新概念第四冊Lesson38Waterandthetraveller單詞精講contaminationn.污染【釋義】：衛(wèi)生；環(huán)境衛(wèi)生；公共衛(wèi)生；衛(wèi)生設(shè)備；衛(wèi)生設(shè)施體系。例如：Thecityisimprovingitssanitationsystem.（這個城市正在改善其衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)。）【詞源】：源自拉丁語sānus（健康的）?！径陶Z】：sanitationworker（環(huán)衛(wèi)工人）；environmentalsanitation（環(huán)境衛(wèi)生）。【例句】：Goodsanitationisessentialforpublichealth.（良好的衛(wèi)生狀況對公共健康至關(guān)重要。）sewage【釋義】：污水；污物。【詞源】：來自古英語sewian（排水）?！径陶Z】：sewagetreatment（污水處理）；sewagedisposal（污水排放）?！纠洹浚篢hefactoryhasaproblemwithsewagedischarge.（這家工廠存在污水排放問題。）leakage【釋義】：泄漏；滲漏；漏出量?！驹~源】：leak（動詞，泄漏）+-age（名詞后綴）。【短語】：gasleakage（氣體泄漏）；waterleakage（漏水）?！纠洹浚篢heleakageofthepipecausedalotofwaterwaste.（管道的泄漏造成了大量的水浪費。）intermittent【釋義】：間歇的；斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的；周期性的。【詞源】：來自拉丁語intermittere（間歇，中斷）?！径陶Z】：intermittentrain（間歇性降雨）；intermittentfever（間歇熱）?！纠洹浚篢heintermittentnoisefromthemachinewasveryannoying.（機器發(fā)出的斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的噪音非常惱人。）carbonated【釋義】：碳化的；碳酸的；含二氧化碳的。【詞源】：carbon（碳）+-ate（動詞后綴，表示使成為）+-ed（形容詞后綴）?！径陶Z】：carbonateddrinks（碳酸飲料）?！纠洹浚篊arbonatedwaterispopularinsomecountries.（碳酸水在一些國家很受歡迎。）acidic【釋義】：酸的；酸性的；尖酸的?！驹~源】：acid（酸）+-ic（形容詞后綴）?！径陶Z】：acidicsoil（酸性土壤）；acidicsolution（酸性溶液）?！纠洹浚篢heacidictasteofthelemonmadeherfacewrinkle.（檸檬的酸味讓她皺起了臉。）alcohol【釋義】：酒精；乙醇；含酒精的飲料?！驹~源】：源自阿拉伯語al-kuhul（一種細粉，通過升華制成的粉末，后指酒精）。【短語】：alcoholcontent（酒精含量）；drinkingalcohol（飲酒）。【例句】：Toomuchalcoholisbadforyourhealth.（過量飲酒對你的健康有害。）disinfectant【釋義】：消毒劑；殺菌劑。【詞源】：dis-（否定前綴，表示除去）+infect（感染）+-ant（名詞后綴，表示物）?！径陶Z】：disinfectantwipe（消毒濕巾）；usedisinfectant（使用消毒劑）?！纠洹浚篧eshouldusedisinfectanttocleanthetable.（我們應(yīng)該用消毒劑來清潔桌子。）sterilize【釋義】：消毒；使無菌；使絕育。【詞源】：源自拉丁語sterilis（不育的，不結(jié)果實的）?！径陶Z】：sterilizeequipment（消毒設(shè)備）?！纠洹浚篢hehospitalsterilizesallthesurgicalinstruments.（醫(yī)院對所有手術(shù)器械進行消毒。）ethanol【釋義】：乙醇；酒精?！驹~源】：eth-（表示乙基）+-anol（表示醇）?！径陶Z】：ethanolfuel（乙醇燃料）?！纠洹浚篍thanoliswidelyusedasafueladditive.（乙醇被廣泛用作燃料添加劑。）bactericidal【釋義】：殺菌的；有殺菌力的?！驹~源】：bacterium（細菌）+-cid-（表示殺）+-al（形容詞后綴）?！径陶Z】：bactericidalagent（殺菌劑）?！纠洹浚篢hissoaphasbactericidalproperties.（這種肥皂有殺菌特性。）negligible【釋義】：可以忽略的；微不足道的；不重要的?！驹~源】：neglect（忽視）+-ible（形容詞后綴，表示可……的）?！径陶Z】：negligibleamount（微量；可忽略的量）?！纠洹浚篢hedifferencebetweenthetworesultsisnegligible.（這兩個結(jié)果之間的差異是可以忽略的。）methylated【釋義】：加入甲醇的；甲基化的?！驹~源】：methyl（甲基）+-ate（動詞后綴，表示使成為）+-ed（形容詞后綴）?！径陶Z】：methylatedspirit（甲基化酒精）?！纠洹浚篗ethylatedproductsareoftenusedinindustrialproduction.（甲基化產(chǎn)品經(jīng)常用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。）二、課文精講“Contaminationofwatersuppliesisusuallyduetopoorsanitationclosetowatersources,sewagedisposalintothesourcesthemselves,leakageofsewageintodistributionsystemsorcontaminationwithindustrialorfarmwaste.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子，“Contaminationofwatersupplies”是主語，其中“ofwatersupplies”是“Contamination”的后置定語，“is”是系動詞，“usuallyduetopoorsanitationclosetowatersources,sewagedisposalintothesourcesthemselves,leakageofsewageintodistributionsystemsorcontaminationwithindustrialorfarmwaste”是表語，其中“dueto”后面接了四個并列的名詞短語，表示原因。語言點“contamination”：污染，例如：Thecontaminationoftheriverisaseriousproblem.“sanitation”：衛(wèi)生設(shè)施，例如：Poorsanitationcanleadtothespreadofdiseases.“sewage”：污水，例如：Thesewagedisposalsystemneedstobeimproved.“distributionsystems”：分配系統(tǒng)，例如：Thewaterdistributionsysteminthisareaisveryold.“Evenifapipedwatersupplyissafeatitssource,itisnotalwayssafebythetimeitreachesthetap.Intermittenttap-watersuppliesshouldberegardedasparticularlysuspect.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個由讓步狀語從句和主句組成的復(fù)合句?！癊venifapipedwatersupplyissafeatitssource”是讓步狀語從句，“itisnotalwayssafebythetimeitreachesthetap”是主句，其中“bythetimeitreachesthetap”是時間狀語從句。“Intermittenttap-watersuppliesshouldberegardedasparticularlysuspect”是一個簡單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子，其中“Intermittenttap-watersupplies”是主語，“shouldberegardedas”是謂語，“particularlysuspect”是表語。語言點“pipedwatersupply”：管道供水，例如：Thepipedwatersupplyinthiscityisveryreliable.“intermittent”：間歇的，例如：Theintermittentrainmadethejourneydifficult.“suspect”：可疑的，例如：Thesuspectbehaviorofthemanattractedthepolice'sattention.“Travellersonshorttripstoareaswithwatersuppliesofuncertainqualityshouldavoiddrinkingtap-water,oruntreatedwaterfromanyothersource.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單的主從復(fù)合句?！癟ravellersonshorttripstoareaswithwatersuppliesofuncertainquality”是主語，其中“onshorttripstoareaswithwatersuppliesofuncertainquality”是后置定語，“shouldavoiddrinkingtap-water,oruntreatedwaterfromanyothersource”是謂語部分，其中“avoiddrinking”是固定搭配，“tap-water”和“untreatedwaterfromanyothersource”是并列的賓語。語言點“untreatedwater”：未處理的水，例如：Drinkinguntreatedwatercancausediseases.“Itisbesttokeeptohotdrinks,bottledorcanneddrinksofwell-knownbrandnames--internationalstandardsofwatertreatmentareusuallyfollowedatbottlingplants.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個由主句和解釋說明部分組成的句子?！癐tisbesttokeeptohotdrinks,bottledorcanneddrinksofwell-knownbrandnames”是主句，其中“it”是形式主語，真正的主語是“tokeeptohotdrinks,bottledorcanneddrinksofwell-knownbrandnames”?！癷nternationalstandardsofwatertreatmentareusuallyfollowedatbottlingplants”是對前面的解釋說明，是一個簡單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子。語言點“keepto”：堅持、遵守，例如：Youshouldkeeptoyourpromise.“bottledorcanneddrinks”：瓶裝或罐裝飲料，例如：Bottledorcanneddrinksareveryconvenientfortravellers.“watertreatment”：水處理，例如：Thewatertreatmentprocessisveryimportanttoensurethesafetyofdrinkingwater.“Carbonateddrinksareacidic,andslightlysafer.Makesurethatallbottlesareopenedinyourpresence,andthattheirrimsarecleananddry.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是由兩個句子組成的段落。“Carbonateddrinksareacidic,andslightlysafer”是一個簡單的并列句?！癕akesurethatallbottlesareopenedinyourpresence,andthattheirrimsarecleananddry”是一個祈使句，其中“Makesure”是謂語，“thatallbottlesareopenedinyourpresence”和“thattheirrimsarecleananddry”是兩個并列的賓語從句。語言點“carbonateddrinks”：碳酸飲料，例如：Carbonateddrinksareverypopularamongyoungpeople.“acidic”：酸性的，例如：Thesoilinthisareaisacidic.“rim”：邊緣，例如：Therimofthecupisverybeautiful.“Boilingisalwaysagoodwayoftreatingwater.Somehotelssupplyboiledwateronrequestandthiscanbeusedfordrinking,orforbrushingteeth.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是由兩個句子組成的段落。“Boilingisalwaysagoodwayoftreatingwater”是一個簡單的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句子?！癝omehotelssupplyboiledwateronrequestandthiscanbeusedfordrinking,orforbrushingteeth”是一個并列句，其中“Somehotelssupplyboiledwateronrequest”是一個簡單句，“thiscanbeusedfordrinking,orforbrushingteeth”是另一個簡單句，“this”指代前面的“boiledwater”。語言點“boiling”：煮沸，例如：Boilingwatercankillmostbacteria.“onrequest”：應(yīng)要求，例如：Thehotelwillprovideextratowelsonrequest.“Portableboilingelementsthatcanboilsmallquantitiesofwaterareusefulwhentherightvoltageofelectricityisavailable.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癙ortableboilingelementsthatcanboilsmallquantitiesofwater”是主語，其中“thatcanboilsmallquantitiesofwater”是定語從句修飾“Portableboilingelements”，“areuseful”是謂語部分，“whentherightvoltageofelectricityisavailable”是時間狀語從句。語言點“portable”：便攜式的，例如：Aportablecomputerisveryconvenientforbusinesstrips.“voltage”：電壓，例如：Thevoltageinthiscountryisdifferentfromours.“Refusepolitelyanycolddrinkfromanunknownsource.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個祈使句，“Refuse”是謂語，“politely”是狀語，“anycolddrinkfromanunknownsource”是賓語。語言點“refuse”：拒絕，例如：Youshouldrefuseanygiftsfromstrangers.“unknownsource”：未知來源，例如：Don'teatfoodfromanunknownsource.“Iceisonlyassafeasthewaterfromwhichitismade,andshouldnotbeputindrinksunlessitisknowntobesafe.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個由并列句和條件狀語從句組成的復(fù)合句?！癐ceisonlyassafeasthewaterfromwhichitismade”是一個比較狀語從句，其中“assafeas”是比較結(jié)構(gòu)，“thewaterfromwhichitismade”是比較對象，“fromwhichitismade”是定語從句修飾“thewater”?！癮ndshouldnotbeputindrinksunlessitisknowntobesafe”是并列句，其中“shouldnotbeputindrinks”是謂語部分，“unlessitisknowntobesafe”是條件狀語從句。語言點“as...as”：和……一樣，例如：Thisbookisasinterestingasthatone.“unless”：除非，例如：Youwon'tpasstheexamunlessyoustudyhard.“Drinkscanbecooledbyplacingthemoniceratherthanaddingicetothem.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個簡單的被動語態(tài)句子，“Drinks”是主語，“canbecooled”是謂語部分，“byplacingthemoniceratherthanaddingicetothem”是方式狀語。語言點“ratherthan”：而不是，例如：IprefertoreadbooksratherthanwatchTV.“Alcoholmaybeamedicaldisinfectant,butshouldnotbereliedupontosterilizewater.Ethanolismoreeffectiveataconcentrationof50-70percent;below20percent,itsbactericidalactionisnegligible.Spiritslabelled95proofcontainonlyabout47percentalcohol.Bewareofmethylatedalcohol,whichisverypoisonous,andshouldneverbeaddedtodrinkingwater.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是由多個句子組成的段落?！癆lcoholmaybeamedicaldisinfectant,butshouldnotbereliedupontosterilizewater”是一個由轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“but”連接的并列句?！癊thanolismoreeffectiveataconcentrationof50-70percent;below20percent,itsbactericidalactionisnegligible”是一個由分號連接的并列句，其中“below20percent,itsbactericidalactionisnegligible”是一個條件狀語從句?！癝piritslabelled95proofcontainonlyabout47percentalcohol”是一個簡單句?！癇ewareofmethylatedalcohol,whichisverypoisonous,andshouldneverbeaddedtodrinkingwater”是一個祈使句，其中“whichisverypoisonous,andshouldneverbeaddedtodrinkingwater”是定語從句修飾“methylatedalcohol”。語言點“disinfectant”：消毒劑，例如：Thisdisinfectantcankillmostgerms.“sterilize”：消毒、殺菌，例如：Thehospitaluseshigh-temperaturesteamtosterilizesurgicalinstruments.“ethanol”：乙醇，例如：Ethanoliswidelyusedinthemedicalfield.“bactericidalaction”：殺菌作用，例如：Thebactericidalactionofthisnewdrugisverystrong.“negligible”：可以忽略的，例如：Thesideeffectsofthismedicinearenegligible.“spirits”：烈酒，例如：Whiskeyandvodkaarebothspirits.“methylatedalcohol”：甲基化酒精，例如：Methylatedalcoholisusedasasolventinsomeindustries.“Ifnoothersafewatersupplycanbeobtained,tapwaterthatistoohottotouchcanbelefttocoolandisgenerallysafetodrink.Thoseplanningatriptoremoteareas,orintendingtoliveincountrieswheredrinkingwaterisnotreadilyavailable,shouldknowaboutthevariouspossiblemethodsformakingwatersafe.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是由兩個句子組成的段落?！癐fnoothersafewatersupplycanbeobtained,tapwater