2024年考研（英語(yǔ)一）真題及答案解析

2024年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)(一)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)There'snothingmorewelcomingthanadooropeningforyou.theneedtobetouchedtoopenorclose,automaticdoorsareessentialin2disabledaccesstobuildingsandhelpingprovidegeneral3tocommercialbuildings.Self-slidingdoorsbegantoemergeasacommercialproductin1960afterbeinginventedsixyears4byAmericansDeeHortonandLewHewitl.They5asanoveltyfeature,butastheirusehasgrown,their6haveextendedwithinourtechnologicallyadvancedworld.Particularly7inbusylocationsorduringtimesofemergency,thedoors8Crowdmanagementbyreducingtheobstaclesputinpeople'sway.9makingaccessbothinandoutofbuildingseasierforpeople,thedifferenceinthewaymanyofthesedoorsopenhelpsreducethetotalarea10bythem.Automaticdoorsoftenopentotheside,withthepanelsslidingacrossoneanother.Replacingswingdoors,these11smallerbuildingstomaximisetheusablespaceinsidewithouthavingto12thewayforalarge,sticking-outdoor.Therearemanydifferenttypesofautomaticdoor,witheach13specificsignalstotellthemwhentoopen.14thesemethodsdiffer,themain15remainthesame.Eachautomaticdoorsystem16thelight,soundweightormovementintheirvicinityasasignaltoopen.Sensortypesarechosento17thedifferentenvironmentstheyareneededin.18abusystreetmightnot19amotion-sensoreddoor,asitwouldconstantlybeopeningforpassers-by.Apressuresensitivematwouldbemore20tolimitthesurveyedarea.1.[A]Through[B]Despite[C]Besides[D]Without2.[A]revealing[B]demanding[C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience[B]convenience[C]guidance[D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily[C]successively[D]eventually5.[A]heldon[B]startedout[C]settleddown[D]wentby6.[A]relations[B]volumes[C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple[C]flexible[D]stable8.[A]callfor[B]yieldto[C]insiston[D]actas9.[A]Aswellas[B]Intermsof[C]Thanksto[D]Ratherthan10.[A]connected[B]shared[C]represented[D]occupied[B]expect[C]require[D]direct12.[A]adopt[B]lead[C]clearD]change13.[A]adaptingto[B]derivingfrom[C]relyingon[D]pointingat14.[A]Once[B]Since[C]Unless[D]Although15.[A]records[B]positions[C]principlesD]reasons16.[A]controls[B]analyses[C]produces[D]mixes17.[A]decorate[B]compare[C]protect[D]complement18.[A]Inconclusion[B]Bycontrast[C]ForexampleD]Aboveall19.[A]identify[B]suit[C]secure[DJinclude20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious[C]impressive[D]delicateSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000yearsago,astheRomansbegantopulloutofScotland,theyleftbehindacurioustreasure:10tonsofnails,nearlyamillionofthethings.Thenailhoardwasdiscoveredin1960inafour-metre-deeppitcoveredbytwometresofgravel.WhyhadtheRomansburiedamillionnails?Thelikelyexplanationisthatthewithdrawalwasrushed,andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10tonsofweapon-gradeiron.TheRomansburiedthenailssodeepthattheywouldnotbediscoveredforalmosttwomillennia.Latercivilisationswouldvaluetheskilledblacksmith'slabourinanailevenmorethantherawmaterial.AsRomaAgrawalexplainsinhernewdelightfulbookNutsandBolts,early17th-centuryVirginianswouldsometimesbumdowntheirhomesiftheywereplanningtorelocate.Thiswasanattempttorecoverthevaluablenails,whichcouldbereusedaftersitingtheashesTheideathatonemightbumdownanentirehousejusttoreclaimthenailsunderlineshowscarce,costlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.Thepriceofnailsfellby90%betweenthelate1700sandmid-1900s,aseconomistDanielSichelpointsoutinaresearchpaper.AccordingtoSichel,althoughthefallingpriceofnailswasdrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy,mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufactureswhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystoturnsteelintonails.Nailsthemselveshavechangedovertheyears,butSichelstudiedthembecausetheyhaven'tchangedmuch.RomanlampsandRomanchariotsareverydifferentfromLEDstripsandsportscars,butRomannailsarestillclearlynails.Itwouldbeabsurdtotrytotrackthechangingpriceofsportscarssince1695,buttoaskthesamequestionofnailsmakesperfectsense.Imakenoapologyforbeingobsessedbyaparticularfeatureoftheseobjects:theirprice.Iamaneconomist,afterall.Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions,onethingIveleamtisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesthatgetallthehype,it'sthecheaptechnologiesthatchangetheworld.TheGutenbergprintingpresstransformedcivilisationnotbychangingthenatureofwritingbutbychangingitscost-anditwouldhaveachievedlittlewithoutaparallelcollapseinthepriceofsurfacestowriteon,thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpanelshadfewnicheusesuntiltheybecamecheap;nowtheyaretransformingtheglobalenergysystem21.TheRomansburiedthenailsprobablyforthesakeof[A]savingthemforfutureuse[B]keepingthemfromrusting[C]lettingthemgrowinvalue[D]hidingthemfromthelocals22.Theexampleofearly17th-centuryVirginiansisusedto[A]highlightthethriftinessofearlyAmericancolonists[B]illustratethehighstatusofblacksmihsinthatperiod[C]contrasttheattitudesofdifferentcivilisationstowardnailsD]showthepreciousnessofnail-makingtechnologyatthattime23.Whatplayedthemajorroleinloweringthepriceofnailsafterthelate1700s?[A]Increasedproductivity.[B]Wideruseofnewenergies.[C]Fiercermarketcompetition.[D]Reducedcostofrawmaterials.24.ItcanbeleamedfromParagraph5thatnails[A]haveundergonemanytechnologicalimprovements[B]haveremainedbasicallythesamesinceRomantimes[C]arelessstudiedthanothereverydayproducts[D]areoneoftheworld'smostsignificantinventions25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisesthelasttwoparagraphs?[A]Cheaptechnologiesbringaboutrevolutionarychange.[B]Technologicalinnovationisintegraltoeconomicsuccess.[C]Technologydefinespeople'sunderstandingoftheworld.[D]Sophisticatedtechnologiesdevelopfromsmallinventions.Text2Parentingtipsobtainedfromhunter-gatherersinAfricamaybethekeytobringingupmorecontentedchildren,researchershavesuggested.TheideaisbasedonstudiesofcommunitiessuchastheKungofBotswana,whereeachchildiscaredforbymanyadults.Kungchildrenasyoungasfourwillhelptolookafteryoungeronesand*baby-wearing",inwhichinfantsarecarriedinslings,isconsideredthenom.AccordingtoDrNikhilChaudhary,anevolutionaryanthropologistatCambridgeUniversity,thesepractices,Knownasalloparenting,couldleadtolessanxietyforchildrenandparents.DrAnnieSwanepoel,achildpsychiatrist,believesthattherearewaystoincorporatethemintowesternlife.InGermany,oneschemehaspairedanoldpeople'shomewithanursery.Theresidentshelptolookafterthechildren,anarangementakintoalloparenting.Anothermeasurecouldbeencouragingfriendshipsbetweenchildrenindifferentschoolyearstomirortheunsupervisedmixed-ageplaygroupsinhunter-gatherercommunities.InapaperpublishedintheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry,researcherssaidthatthewestermnuclearfamilywasarecentinventionwhichfamilybrokewithevolutionaryhistory.Thisabruptshifttoan“intensivemotheringnarrative”,whichsuggeststhatmothersshouldmanagechildcarealone,waslikelytohavebeenharmful.“Suchnarativescanleadtomatemalexhaustionandhavedangerousconsequences,"theywrote.Bycontrast,inhunter-gatherersocietiesadultsotherthantheparentscanprovidealmosthalfofachild'scare.OnepreviousstudylookedattheEfépeopleoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Itfoundthatinfantshadanaverageof14alloparentsadaybythetimetheywere18weeksoldandwerepassedbetweencaregiverseighttimesanhour.Chaudharysaidthatparentsnowhadlesschildcaresupportfromfamilyandsocialnetworksthanduringmostofhumans'evolutionaryhistory,butintroducingadditionalcaregiverscouldreducestressandmatermaldepression,whichcouldhavea“knock-on”benefittoachild'swellbeing.Aninfantbomtoahunter-gatherersocietycouldhavemorethantencaregivers-thiscontrastsstarklytonurserysettingsintheUKwhereregulationscallforaratioofonecarertofourchildrenagedtwotothreeWhilehunter-gathererchildrenleamtfromobservationandimitationinmixed-ageplaygroups,researcherssaidthatwestern“instructiveteaching”,wherepupilsareaskedtositstill,maycontributetoconditionssuchasattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.ChaudharysaidthatBritainshouldexplorethepossibilitythatoldersiblingshelpingtheirparents“mightalsoenhancetheirownsocialdevelopment.”26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraph,alloparentingreferstothepracticeof[A]sharingchildcareamongcommunitymembers[B]assigningbabiestospecificadultcaregivers[C]teachingparentingdetailstoolderchildren[D]carryinginfantsaroundbytheirparent27.TheschemeinGermanyismentionedtoillustrate[A]anattempttofacilitateintergenerationalcommunication[B]anapproachtointegratingalloparentingintowesternculture[C]theconventionalparentingstyleinwesternculture[D]thedifferencesbetweenwestemAfricanwaysofliving28.AccordingtoParagraph4,the“"intensivemotheringnarrative”[A]alleviateparentingpressure[B]consideratefamilyrelationships[C]resultsinthechild-centeredfamily[D]departsfromthecourseofevolution29.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatcanweleamaboutnurseryintheUK?[A]Theytendtofallshortofofficialrequirements.[B]Theyhavedifficultyfindingenoughcaregivers[C]Theyoughttoimprovetheircarer-to-childratio.[D]Theyshouldtrytopreventparentaldepression.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?[A]Instructiveteachingadilemmaforanxiousparents[B]Forahappierfamily,leamfromthehunter-gatherers[C]Mix-agedplaygroup,abetterchoiceforlonelychildren[D]Tracingthehistoryofparenting:fromAfricatoEuropeText3RutkowskiisaPolishdigitalartistwhousesclassicalpaintingstylestocreatedreamyfantasylandscapes.HehasmadeillustrationsforgamessuchasSony'sHorizonForbiddenWest,Ubisoft'sAnno,Dungeons&Dragons,andMagic:TheGathering.Andhe'sbecomeasuddenhitinthenewworldoftext-to-imageAIgeneration.Hisdistinctivestyleisnowoneofthemostcommonlyusedpromptsinthenewopen-sourceAIartgeneratorStableDiffusion,whichwaslaunchedlatelastmonth.Thetool,alongwithotherpopularimage-generationAImodels,allowsanyonetocreateimpressiveimagesbasedontextprompts.Forexample,typein“WizardwithswordandaglowingorbofmagicfirefightsafiercedragonGregRutkowski,"andthesystemwillproducesomethingthatlooksnotamillionmilesawayfromworksinRutkowski'sstyle.Buttheseopen-sourceprogramsarebuiltbyscrapingimagesfromtheIntemet,oftenwithoutpermissionandproperattributiontoartistsAsaresult,theyareraisingtrickyquestionsaboutethicsandcopyright.AndartistslikeRutkowskihavehadenough.AccordingtothewebsiteLexica,whichtracksover10millionimagesandpromptsgeneratedbyStableDiffusion,Rutkowski'snamehasbeenusedasapromptaround93,000times.Someoftheworld'smostfamousartists,suchasMichelangelo,PabloPicasso,andLeonardodaVinci,broughtuparound2,000promptseachorless.Rutkowski'snamealsofeaturesasapromptthousandsoftimesintheDiscordofanothertext-to-imagegenerator,Midjourney.Rutkowskiwasinitiallysurprisedbutthoughtitmightbeagoodwaytoreachnewaudiences.Thenhetriedsearchingforhisnametoseeifapiecehehadworkedonhadbeenpublished.Theonlinesearchbroughtbackworkthathadhisnameattachedtoitbutwasn'this.“It'sbeenjustamonth.Whataboutinayear?Iprobablywon'tbeabletofindmyworkouttherebecause[theintermet]willbefloodedwithAIart,“Rutkowskisays.“"That'sconcerning.”Thereisacoalitiongrowingwithinartistindustriestofigureouthowtotackleormitigatethis,"saysOrtiz.Thegroupisinitsearlydaysofmobilization,whichcouldinvolvepushingfornewpoliciesorregulation.OnesuggestionisthatAImodelscouldbetrainedonimagesinthepublicdomain,andAIcompaniescouldforgepartnershipswithmuseumsandartists,Ortizsays.31.WhatcanbeleamedaboutRutkowskifromthefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]HeisenthusiasticaboutAIgenerationpainting[B]HeispopularwiththeusersofanAIartgenerator.[C]Heattractsadmirationfromotherillustrators.[D]Hespecializesinclassicalpaintingdigitalization.32.Theproblemwithopen-sourceAIartgeneratorsisthatthey[A]lackflexibilityinrespondingtoprompts[B]produceartworksinunpredictablestyles[C]makeunauthorizeduseofonlineimages[D]collectuserinformationwithoutconsent[A]auniquewaytoreachaudiences[B]anewmethodtoidentifyAIimages[C]AI-generatedworkbearinghisnameD]heateddisputesregardinghiscopyright34.AccordingtoOrtiz,AIcompaniesareadvisedto[A]campaignfornewpoliciesorregulations[B]offertheirservicestopublicinstitutions[C]strengthentheirrelationshipswithAIusers[D]adoptadifferentstrategyforAImodeltraining35.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Artists'responsestoAlartgeneration.[B]AI'sexpandedroleinartisticcreation.[C]PrivacyissuesintheapplicationofAI.[D]OpposingviewsonAIdevelopment.Text4ThemiracleoftheChesapeakeBayliesnotinitsdepths,butinthecomplexityofitsnaturalconstruction,theinteractionoffreshandsalinewaterandthemixoflandandwater.Theshallowsprovidehomesforhundredsofspecieswhilestoringfloodwaters,filteringpollutantsfromwater,andprotectingnearbycommunitiesfrompotentiallydestructivestormsurges.Allthiswasputatgreatrisklatelastmonth,whentheUSSupremeCourtissuedarulinginanIdahocasethatprovidestheEPAfarlessauthoritytoregulatewetlandsandwaterways.Specifically,a54majoritydecidedthatwetlandsprotectedbytheEPAunderitCleanWaterActauthoritymusthavea“continuoussurfaceconnection”tobodiesofwater.Thisnarrowingoftheregulatoryscopewasavictoryforbuilders,miningoperatorsandothercommercialinterestsoftenatoddswithenvironmentalrules.Anditcarries“significantrepercussionsforwaterqualityandfloodcontrolthroughouttheUS,"asJusticeBrettKavanaughobserved.InMaryland,thegoodnewsisthattherearemanystatelawsinplacethatprovidewetlandsprotections.Butthat'saveryshortsightedview,particularlywhenitcomestotheChesapeakeBay.Therealityisthatwaterandthepollutantsthatsooftencomewithit,don'trespectstateboundaries.TheChesapeakedrawsfroma64000-square-milewatershedthatextendstoVirginia,Pennsylvania,NewYork,WestVirginia,theDistrictofColumbiaandDelaware.WillthosejurisdictionsextendthesameprotectionsnowdeniedunderSackettV.EPA?Perhapssome,butall?ThatseemsunlikelyItistooeasy,andmisleading,toseesuchcourtrulingsasmerelystandingupfortherightsoflandownerswhentheconsequencescanbesodirefortheirneighbors.Andit'sreminderthattheyEPA'sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBayprogramhaslongbeencrucialasthemeanstotranscendtheinfluenceofdeep-pocketedspecialinterestsinneighboringstates.Pennsylvaniafarmers,touseonetellingexample,aren'tthinkingaboutnextyear'sbluecrabharvestinMarylandwhentheydecidewhethertospreadanimalwasteontheirfields,yettherunoffintonearbycreekscanhaveenomousimpactsdownstream.AndsowewouldalsocallonstatelawmakersfromRichmondtoAlbanytoconsiderreviewingtheirownwetlandsprotectionsandseeforthemselvestheenomousstakesinvolved.Wecan'tofferthematriptotheChesapeakeBaymodel.It'sbeengonesincethe1980sbutperhapsavisittoBlackwaterNationalWildlifeRefugeinDorchesterCountywhereAmericanbaldeaglesflyovertidalmarshessoshallowyoucouldnotpaddleaboatacrossthembutteamingwithaquaticlife.It'sworththescenicdrive.36.TheChesapeakeBayisdescribedinParagraphlas[A]avaluenaturalenvironment[B]acontroversialconservationarea[C]aplacewithcommercialpotential[D]aheadachefornearbycommunities37.TheU.S.SupremeCourt'srulingintheIdahocase[A]reinforceswaterpollutioncontrol[B]weakenstheEPA'sregulatorypower[C]willendconflictsamonglocalresidents[D]mayfaceoppositionfromminingoperators38.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthefutureoftheChesapeakeBay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.WhatcanbeinferedabouttheEPA'sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBayProgram?[A]Ithasrestoredthebalanceamongneighboringjurisdictions.[B]Ithastriggeredaradicalreformincommercialfisheries.[C]Ithassetafineexampleofrespectingstateauthorities.[D]Ithasensuredthecoordinationofprotectionefforts.40.Theauthorholdsthatthestatelawmakersshould[A]becautiousabouttheinfluenceoflandowners[B]attachdueimportancetowetlandsprotections[C]recognizetheneedtoexpandwildliferefuges[D]improvethewellbeingofendangeredrcountriesoforiginandalistofstatementsnotneedtouse.MarkyourthatpartoftheirhistoryandculturerepresentedbytheBeninBronzes.TheseshouldbeavailabletothemaspartoftheirculturalheritageandhistoryandasasourceofnatigoodreasonthattheseartifactsshouldbebeyondtheordinaryreachoftheeducationalobjectivestheUnitedStatesorelsewhereexceptascuriousobjects.TheycannproducedforsalewhichcanbepassedfromhandtohandandplacetoplacebypurchaWeknowveryexactreproductionsofartwmuseunsandgovernmentsmightexploresomermeansofresolvingissuesrelatingtoreturningworksofartandantiquities.Thecontextofanytvalueoftheobjectsondisplayisadistantsecondplaceinimportance.WhenvisitingtheBaltimoreMuseumofArt,Icameacrossamagnificent15th-centurymuseumshavethepowertoinspire,andperhapssparnatureoftheircreators.Havingsaidthat,Idofeelthatwhateveramuseumsshould,infact,besanctionedashavingbeenobtaineobtainedbytreaty.Stealingaphysicalobjects,butthedignityandspiritoftheircreators.Tothoseofyouinthecommentssection,b[A]Itisclearthatcountriesoforiginhaveneverbeencompensatedforstolenartifacts[B]Itisaflawedlineofreasoningtoargueagainstreturningartifactstotheircountriesoforigin.[C]Museumvisitorcanstillleamasmuchfromartifactscopiesaftertheoriginalsareretumed.[D]Reproductions,evenifperfectlymade,cannottaketheplaceoftheauthenticobjects.[E]Therealvalueofartifactscanonlyberecognizedintheircountriesoforiginratherthananywhereelse[F]Waystogetartifactsfromothercountriesmustbedecentandlawful.[G]Concernoversecurityisnoexcuseforrefusingtoreturnartifactstotheircountriesoforigin參考答案：41.E42.C43.F44.G45.BPartCDirections;ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)“Elephantsneverforget”—orsotheysay—andthatpieceoffolkloreseemstohavesomefoundation.TheAfricansavannaelephantalsoknownastheAfricanbushelephant,isdistributedacross37Africancountries.(46)Theysometimestravelmorethansixtymilestofindfoodorwater,andareverygoodatworkingoutwhereotherelephantsareevenwhentheyareoutofsight.Usingtrackingdevices,researchershaveshownthattheyhave“remarkablespatialacuity”,whenfindingtheirwaytowaterholes,theyheadedoffinexactlytherightdirection,ononeoccasionfromadistanceofroughlythirtymiles.Whatismore,theyalmostalwaysseemtochoosethenearestwaterhole.(47)Theresearchersareconvincedthattheelephantsalwaysknowpreciselywheretheyareinrelationtoalltheresourcestheyneed,andcanthereforetakeshortcuts,aswellasfollowingfamiliarroutes.AlthoughthecuesusedbyAfricanelephantsforlong-distancenavigationarenotyetunderstood,smellmaywellplayapart.Elephantsareverychoosyeaters,butuntilrecentlylittlewasknownabouthowtheyselectedtheirfood.(48)Onepossibilitywasthattheymerelyusedtheireyesandtriedouttheplantstheyfound,butthatwouldprobablyresultinalotofwastedtimeandenergy,notleastbecausetheineyesightisactuallynotverygood.(49)Thevolatilechemicalsproducedbyplantscanbecarriedalongway,andtheyareverycharacteristic:Eachplantortreehasitsownparticularodorsignature.Whatismore,theycanbedetectedevenwhentheyarenotactuallyvisible.Newresearchsuggeststhatsmellisacrucialfactoringuidingelephants—andprobablyotherherbivores—tothebestfoodresources.Theresearchersfirstestablishedwhatkindsofplanttheelephantspreferredeithertoeatoravoidwhenforagingfreely.Theythensetupa“foodstation”experiment,inwhichtheygaveelephantsaseriesofchoicesbasedonlyonsmell.(50)Theexperimentshowedthatelephantsmaywellusesmelltoidentifypatchesoftreesthataregoodtoeat,andsecondlytoassessthequalityofthetreeswithineachpatch.Free-rangingelephantspresumablyalsousethisinformationtolocatetheirpreferredfood.參考譯文：(46)它們有時(shí)跋涉六十多英里尋找食物或水，并且非常善于尋找其他大象的位置——即使它們不在視線范圍內(nèi)。(47)研究人員相信，大象總是知道它們相對(duì)于所有所需資源的準(zhǔn)確位置，