新高考英語備考科普類英語閱讀的解題鑰匙(說結(jié)構(gòu)模式、說解題策略模式、說干擾項七大規(guī)律)

#備考科普類英語閱讀的解題鑰匙（說結(jié)構(gòu)模式、說解題策略模式、說干擾項七大規(guī)律）高考即將來臨，我覺得一定要認真透析真題的規(guī)律，反復(fù)琢磨命題機理，這樣才有長足的進步。今天我來說說閱讀理解?？破諏嶒炍氖歉呖急乜碱}型，而且難度頗大。概念理解首先，我們要明白一個概念，叫圖式。通俗說，就是你聽到學校，就會馬上想到：教師、學生、寢室、食堂等等，這些不同的元素有序構(gòu)成了一個整體。在閱讀中，你看到AI,就會立即想到：大數(shù)據(jù)、個人隱私、就業(yè)、人力被代替等。你對AI越熟悉，那么這篇文章你就越容易懂。這叫內(nèi)容圖式。還有一類叫結(jié)構(gòu)圖式，譬如一看到勵志類的韓劇，你立馬就能大概想到：先是一個很平凡的姑娘，然后被豪門王子給看中，但是王子父母看不上她，千方百計刁難。眼看就要成功了，突然豪門姑娘生絕癥等等。這就是灰姑娘故事的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果你對每個題材的文章總結(jié)多了，大體就能知道同類話題文章的走勢。最后就是語言圖式，每個話題的語言風格大體也差不多。說了這么多，就高考而言，我們要認真研究一下高考所有科普實驗文的圖式，重點是：行文風格、命題風格。那么科普實驗文的特點到底是什么？簡單說起來就是：IEEC模式Introduction(ofthethemeorconceptorproblemorphenomenon)ExplanationExperiment(s)(Includingtheaim,procedure,result,reason,comment)Conclusion我用圖翻譯一下：科普實騏文的結(jié)構(gòu)圖式IIEEC模式）；, ,主題，概念、問題或迎更蛇上面的主題捶一步解釋，一般可忒喀讀J這UHUULL*；h".…?耳的、過程、母果、原因.評檢:、，■反用埼漆、熱點等V知道命題圖式有利于我們閱讀時把握重點信息，但是我們還要知道干擾項的特點，姑且稱之為：干擾圖式。以下七點也是真題中得出來的。我認真閱讀近六年的考試分析，畢竟這是官方命題人寫的，可以大概看出來一二。譬如：從中可以看出信息不全，無中生有，誘導(dǎo)式的相似聯(lián)想等都是干擾項的特征。.過程混淆解釋：一般問的是過程的總結(jié)步驟，但干擾下把前面的某個步驟拿出來。.限制脫落解釋：文章中對某一個名詞或句子會加上各種限制范圍的形容詞或副詞短語等，但干擾下直接說名詞。.觀點混淆解釋：作者的觀點很多，但突出的往往是最后一個觀點，干擾項就此進行混淆。.相似干擾解釋：這種往往是動詞上作文章，文章說的是接受，干擾項說是發(fā)出。更隱蔽的是這些動詞都在文章中出現(xiàn)，需要仔細辨認。這種實際上最難，有時還有利用讀者的定性思維模式誘導(dǎo)讀者進行錯誤聯(lián)想。.相反事實解釋：這個最簡單，就是完全和文章說的相反。.信息不全解釋：干擾下只是截取了信息的部分。.因果倒置解釋：把原因說出結(jié)果，或結(jié)果說成原因。例子1（江蘇B）Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教）,birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmoms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilarwerethebabies’beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom’svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“ ”.betheworstbethebestbejustasbadbejustasgoodWhatareKleindorfer’sfindingsbasedon?Similaritiesbetweenthecallsmomsandchicks.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.ThedatacollectedfromQueensland’slocals.Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.canreceivequalitysignalsareinneedoftrainingfittheenvironmentbetter

maketheloudestcall分析：題干干擾項特點規(guī)律TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means1f 圍罐主題的詞匯題WhatareKleindorfer*sfindingsbasedon?1.過程混淆工限制脫落(red^baekedfairyw「en)工總結(jié)性步驟干擾實驗的過程總結(jié)(最后一擰)Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidenilfythebabybirdswhich_.相似干擾：thebab/birdsthatmostclosefyimitatedtheirmom'svoic-J干擾：canr&ceIvequalitysignals真騏的啟發(fā)性結(jié)果2（江蘇B）Chimps（黑猩猩）willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.Butbeyondtheminimumrequirementsassocialbeings,theyhavelittleinstinct（本能）tohelponeanother.Chimpsinthewildseekfoodforthemselves.Evenchimpmothersregularlydeclinetosharefoodwiththeirchildren.Whoareablefromayoungagetogathertheirownfood.Inthelaboratory,chimpsdon’tnaturallysharefoodeither.Ifachimpisputinacagewherehecanpullinoneplateoffoodforhimselfor,withnogreateffort,aplatethatalsoprovidesfoodforaneighbortothenextcage,hewillpullatrandomhejustdoesn’tcarewhetherhisneighborgetsfedornot.Chimpsaretrulyselfish.Humanchildren,ontheotherhandareextremelycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydecidetohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotrainchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（認知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomtasell,thechildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtests,butwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.Thecoreofwhatchildren’smindshaveandchimps’don’tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa“we”,agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexperimentwithchimps?Chimpsseldomcareaboutothers’interests.Chimpstendtoprovidefoodfortheirchildren.Chimpsliketotakeintheirneighbors’food.Chimpsnaturallysharefoodwitheachother.MichaelTomasello’stestsonyoungchildrenindicatethatthey .havetheinstincttohelpothersknowhowtoofferhelptoadultsknowtheworldbetterthanchimpstrustadultswiththeirhandsfullThepassageismainlyabout .thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildrenwaystotrainchildren’ssharedintentionalitycooperationasadistinctivehumannaturethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren

分析：題干干擾項特點規(guī)律1.Whatcanwe白rn"Qmiheexperimentwithchimps?事實相反限制干優(yōu)（punatrmridDrn說成liketo1ake\nsb'sfood）實騏的結(jié)果【主題句定位）2.MlchaeIToma5elId'stestsonyoungchildrenind心業(yè)thatthey 過度鞋想（hetriedtohelp說成knewhowtoofferhelptoadulls）信息不全［thechlldrendidnobetterth日nthechimpsonthephysicalworldtest,butbetter…說成knowtheworldbetlerthanchimps）實驗的結(jié)果住趣向定位）3.Thepassageismainlyab□□1 .動詞語導(dǎo)的相似干擾（文章之說人類的分享?干擾項是如何訓(xùn)煉分享）文章的大意（對比類實驗對803（江蘇C）1Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen（氮）dissolved（溶解）inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles（氣泡）accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.2Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression（減壓）sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil（化石）bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.3BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.4Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen（標本）showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator（捕食動物）suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywereprey（獵物）aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymp